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EP0711822A2 - Composition d'huile lubrifiante - Google Patents

Composition d'huile lubrifiante Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0711822A2
EP0711822A2 EP95202994A EP95202994A EP0711822A2 EP 0711822 A2 EP0711822 A2 EP 0711822A2 EP 95202994 A EP95202994 A EP 95202994A EP 95202994 A EP95202994 A EP 95202994A EP 0711822 A2 EP0711822 A2 EP 0711822A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
group
alkyl
alkenyl
lubricating oil
oil composition
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP95202994A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0711822B1 (fr
EP0711822A3 (fr
Inventor
Nobuhiro Aoki
Yoshiharu Baba
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
Original Assignee
Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of EP0711822A2 publication Critical patent/EP0711822A2/fr
Publication of EP0711822A3 publication Critical patent/EP0711822A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0711822B1 publication Critical patent/EP0711822B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M141/00Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential
    • C10M141/06Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being an organic nitrogen-containing compound
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    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M169/00Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
    • C10M169/04Mixtures of base-materials and additives
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    • C10M129/00Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
    • C10M129/02Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
    • C10M129/26Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof
    • C10M129/28Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10M129/38Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having 8 or more carbon atoms
    • C10M129/40Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having 8 or more carbon atoms monocarboxylic
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    • C10M133/00Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
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    • C10M133/02Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
    • C10M133/04Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
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    • C10M133/16Amides; Imides
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    • C10M141/10Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being an organic phosphorus-containing compound
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    • C10M145/18Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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    • C10M2207/00Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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    • C10M2207/12Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
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    • C10M2223/043Ammonium or amine salts thereof
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2223/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2223/02Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
    • C10M2223/049Phosphite
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2223/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2223/10Phosphatides, e.g. lecithin, cephalin
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2225/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2225/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2225/02Macromolecular compounds from phosphorus-containg monomers, obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a lubricating oil composition, particularly for use in lubricating the slideway of a machine tool or injection moulding machine.
  • the lubricating oil composition of the present invention is more particularly for use in a machine tool for precise machining at a low feed speed.
  • Positioning of a machine tool table should be controlled accurately for precise machining.
  • various kinds of friction reducing agents are incorporated in lubricating oil compositions for use in slideways.
  • 0.1 to 10% by weight of fat esters, fat sulphides, fatty acids and/or phosphoric esters are incorporated in a base lubricating oil.
  • the present invention is aimed at providing a lubricating oil composition of a low cost which is particularly suitable for use in a machine tool for precise machining and improves the accuracy of positioning of sliding systems in such a tool, and which is substantially non-corrosive.
  • a lubricating oil composition comprising
  • the base oil (a) used in the present invention preferably has a kinematic viscosity of ISO VG 10 to 220 (at 40°C).
  • the mineral lubricating oil usable as the base oil (a) includes paraffinic and naphthenic mineral oils which are purified through solvent extraction and/or hydrogenation.
  • the vegetable lubricating oil includes rape seed oil, rice bran oil, soybean oil and others manufactured from vegetables.
  • the synthetic lubricating oil includes olefin oligomers, polybutenes, fatty acid esters such as esters of adipic, azelaic, phthalic, oleic or stearic acid, and polyol esters such as trimethyl propanol oleate, pentaerythritol oleate, neopentyl glycol oleate and trimethyl propanol isostearate.
  • base oils can be used individually or in combination.
  • R1 is a C4 ⁇ 20 alkyl group, a C16 ⁇ 20 alkenyl group, a C4 ⁇ 20 alkyl group to which 1 to 10 moles of polyoxyethylene is added, or a (C1 ⁇ 10 alkyl)phenyl group to which 1 to 10 moles of polyoxyethylene is added;
  • R2 is a C4 ⁇ 16 alkyl group or a phenyl group;
  • R3 is a methyl group;
  • R4 is a C8 ⁇ 14 alkyl group or a C16 ⁇ 20 alkenyl group;
  • R5 is a C8 ⁇ 20 alkyl group, a C10 ⁇ 20 alkenyl group or a sulphurised C16 ⁇ 18 alkenyl group;
  • R6 is a C10 ⁇ 18 alkyl group or a C16 ⁇ 20 alkenyl group;
  • R7 is a C10 ⁇ 18 alkyl group; and
  • R8 is a linear C8 ⁇ 20 alkyl group or C16 ⁇ 20
  • the one or more friction reducing agents are selected from: mono- or di-alkyl acid esters such as butyl acid phosphate, hexyl acid phosphate, octyl acid phosphate, 2-ethylhexyl acid phosphate, isodecyl acid phosphate, lauryl acid phosphate, stearyl acid phosphate, oleyl acid phosphate, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether acid phosphate, and polyoxyethylene isooctylphenyl ether acid phosphate; alkyl ammonium salts of such phosphoric acid esters obtained by neutralisation of these esters with butyl amine, dibutyl amine, octyl amine, trioctyl amine, 2-ethylhexyl amine, di-2-ethylhexyl amine, t-alkylamine represented by the formula R a R b R c CNH2 wherein R a , R b R
  • friction reducing agents can be used individually or in combination.
  • the one or more linear alkyl amines (c) are selected from: octyl amine, dioctyl amine, trioctyl amine, laurylamine, myristyl amine, palmityl amine, stearyl amine, oleyl amine, dioleyl amine, distearyl amine, dimethyl stearyl amine, dimethyl oleyl amine, and dimethyl coconut amine.
  • the one or more friction reducing agents (b) can be used in an amount of 0.05 to 10.0% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 5.0% by weight, based on the amount of base oil (a).
  • a lubricating oil composition containing less than 0.05% by weight of the friction reducing agent(s) (b) does not provide sufficient friction reducing effect, while a lubricating oil composition containing more than 10.0% by weight of the component (b) may corrode materials of a machine tool.
  • the amount of the one or more linear alkyl amines (c) is 0.1 to 20% by weight, preferably 1 to 10% by weight, based on the amount of the friction reducing agent (b).
  • the amount of the linear alkyl amine (c) is less than 0.1% by weight, the purpose of the present invention cannot be achieved.
  • the linear alkyl amine (c) is not dissolved well in the base oil (a) when the base oil (a) is a mineral lubricating oil and the acid phosphoric ester, phosphorous ester or fatty acid used as the friction reducing agent (b) has a linear alkyl group.
  • the activity of the friction reducing agent (b) is lowered and lubricity of the lubricating oil composition is adversely affected.
  • a publicly known lubricity improver can be optionally incorporated in the lubricating oil composition of the present invention.
  • the following additives are mentioned as the examples of the lubricity improver: oiliness improvers, extreme pressure additives and/or anti-wear additives; for example, higher alcohols, metal soaps of fatty acids, animal or vegetable fats and oils, fatty acid esters, sulphides of animal or vegetable fats and oils, ester sulphides, trialkyl phosphates, tricresyl phosphates, trialkyl phosphites, organomolybdenum friction reducing agents and zinc alkyl dithiophosphates.
  • antioxidants can be optionally incorporated.
  • rust inhibitors can be optionally incorporated.
  • detergents can be optionally incorporated.
  • viscosity index improvers can be optionally incorporated.
  • pour point depressants can be optionally incorporated.
  • metal deactivators can be optionally incorporated.
  • defoamers can be optionally incorporated.
  • the lubricating oil composition of the present invention wherein specific additives are combined with conventional ones, provides an excellent positioning accuracy which could not be obtained by lubricants containing a known additive individually. Therefore, machining accuracy of a machine tool can be remarkably improved by using the lubricating oil composition of the present invention.
  • the lubricating oil composition can be also preferably used as a lubricating oil for slideways of an injection moulding machine which is required to mould materials precisely.
  • a lubricating oil composition according to the present invention for lubricating the slideway(s) of a machine tool or injection moulding machine.
  • the concentration of additives such as friction reducing agents can be reduced, while it was previously necessary to add conventional friction reducing agent in a high concentration for obtaining a desired lubricating performance. Therefore, the lubricating oil composition of the present invention can effectively prevent parts of a machine from corrosion caused by adding friction reducing agent in a high concentration. Further, the lubricating oil composition is inexpensive compared with conventional lubricating oil compositions.
  • a lubricating oil having a kinematic viscosity of ISO VG 68, a viscosity index of 110, a pour point of -15°C, a total acid number of 0.00 mgKOH/g and a sulphur content of 0.5% by weight was used as a base oil (a).
  • amine salt of phosphoric acid ester 1 alkyl ammonium salt of phosphoric acid ester obtained by mixing octyl acid phosphate (from Asahi Denka Kogyo K.K.) and ditridecyl amine (from BASF AG)
  • amine salt of phosphoric acid ester 2 alkyl ammonium salt of phosphoric acid ester obtained by mixing hexyl acid phosphate (from A.& W Co.) and tertiary C12 ⁇ 14 alkyl amine (from Rohm & Ha
  • lauryl amine from Kao Corporation
  • oleyl amine from Hoechst AG
  • tertiary C16 ⁇ 22 alkyl amine from Rohm & Haas Company
  • dilauryl hydrogen phosphite from Sakai Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.
  • a positioning test was carried out in accordance with the procedure of least input increment feed test of vertical type machining centre set forth in JIS B6338 Para. 2.8.
  • the machining centre was commanded through numeral control so as to feed 25 times by 1 ⁇ m/time at intervals of 10 seconds to the plus direction on Y axis, and then, to feed to the minus direction in the same manner. Actual displacement length was measured by a laser beam length measuring instrument.
  • the accuracy of the response of the feed of the machine table to a series of the numeral control commands was measured for the sample oil compositions of these examples and comparatives examples.
  • the feeding accuracy was evaluated by comparing backlash of least input increment, which was measured by counting the number of units necessary for shifting to the minus direction upon commanding to feed to the minus direction after commanding to feed to the plus direction.
  • the test was carried out in an air-conditioned room at 24°C plus or minus 0.2°C.
  • the machining centre was broken-in with the sample oil composition tested so as to lubricate the slideway surface sufficiently with the sample oil composition, and then the test was carried out 6 times. Then, the average of the results for each sample oil composition was obtained.
  • Example 1 The results of Examples 1 to 6 are shown in Table 1.
  • the results of Comparative Examples 1 to 8, 11 and 12 are shown in Table 2 and those of Examples 7 and 8 and Comparative Examples 9 and 10 are shown in Table 3.
  • Examples 1 to 8 relate to the lubricating oil composition of the present invention.
  • Comparative Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Example 9 and 10 relate to the lubricating oil compositions wherein no friction reducing agents were incorporated and/or wherein linear alkyl amines (c) of the present invention were deleted.
  • Comparative Examples 7 and 8 relate to the lubricating oil compositions wherein only specific linear alkyl amines were added. The results of the lubricating oil composition wherein branched alkyl amine was used instead of linear alkyl amine (c) were shown by Comparative Examples 11 and 12.
  • Example 1 Comparisons of Example 1 with Comparative Example 3, Example 2 with Comparative Example 4, Example 3 with Comparative Example 5, Examples 4, 5 and 6 with Comparative Example 6, Example 7 with Comparative Example 9, and Example 8 with Comparative Example 10 indicate that lubricating oil compositions of the present invention (Examples 1 to 8) provide the machining centre with smaller backlash upon positioning and therefore, provides better positioning accuracy, compared with the lubricant oil compositions without linear alkyl amine (Comparative Examples 3 to 6, 9 and 10).
  • Comparative Examples 1 and 7 and comparison of Comparative Examples 2 and 8 show that lubricant oil compositions containing the linear alkyl amine (c) only do not improve positioning accuracy of the machining centre.
  • Comparative Example 6 Comparison of Comparative Example 6 with Comparative Examples 11 and 12 indicates that the effect of the present invention cannot be obtained by using branched alkyl amines such as 2-ethylhexyl amine and tertiary C16 ⁇ 22 amine instead of the linear alkyl amines (c).
  • branched alkyl amines such as 2-ethylhexyl amine and tertiary C16 ⁇ 22 amine instead of the linear alkyl amines (c).

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
  • Machine Tool Units (AREA)
  • Valve-Gear Or Valve Arrangements (AREA)
EP95202994A 1994-11-09 1995-11-06 Procédé de lubrification de glissières Expired - Lifetime EP0711822B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP275185/94 1994-11-09
JP27518594A JP4142115B2 (ja) 1994-11-09 1994-11-09 潤滑油組成物

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0711822A2 true EP0711822A2 (fr) 1996-05-15
EP0711822A3 EP0711822A3 (fr) 1997-03-26
EP0711822B1 EP0711822B1 (fr) 2006-09-13

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Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0711822B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP4142115B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR960017826A (fr)
AT (1) ATE339489T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE69535220T2 (fr)
TW (1) TW294717B (fr)

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KR960017826A (ko) * 1994-11-09 1996-06-17 알베르루스 벨헬무스·요아네스 쩨스트라텐 윤활유 조성물
WO1998015605A1 (fr) * 1996-10-10 1998-04-16 Pennzoil - Quaker State Company Lubrifiants de cristaux liquides lamellaires non aqueux exempts de solvant
EP1386982A4 (fr) * 2001-05-09 2007-12-26 Citizen Holdings Co Ltd Composition d'abaissement de regime de pointe, piece a portion coulissante utilisant une telle composition, et procede d'emmanchement a la presse utilisant ladite composition
KR100816117B1 (ko) * 1997-11-27 2008-03-21 바이엘 크롭사이언스 게엠베하 액체 수성 제제를 위한 계면활성제 시스템
US20110021394A1 (en) * 2008-03-27 2011-01-27 Jx Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation Lubricant composition
CN104073320A (zh) * 2009-11-19 2014-10-01 株式会社捷太格特 润滑油、摩擦部件和齿轮式带限滑功能的差速器
US20190040336A1 (en) * 2016-02-25 2019-02-07 Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd, Lubricating oil composition
US20190352576A1 (en) * 2018-05-18 2019-11-21 Afton Chemical Corporation Slideway Lubricants
US11098263B2 (en) 2016-09-28 2021-08-24 Cosmo Oil Lubricants Co., Ltd. Lubricating oil composition for sliding guide surface

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JP4963531B2 (ja) * 2001-03-19 2012-06-27 Jx日鉱日石エネルギー株式会社 摺動面用潤滑油組成物
JP4608129B2 (ja) * 2001-05-11 2011-01-05 昭和シェル石油株式会社 潤滑油組成物
JP4524102B2 (ja) * 2003-12-25 2010-08-11 新日本石油株式会社 潤滑油組成物
US20080058235A1 (en) * 2004-03-25 2008-03-06 Katsuya Takigawa Lubricative Composition for Industrial Machinery and Equipment
JP4565612B2 (ja) * 2004-03-31 2010-10-20 Jx日鉱日石エネルギー株式会社 すべり案内面用潤滑油組成物
JP2005290235A (ja) * 2004-03-31 2005-10-20 Nippon Oil Corp すべり案内面用潤滑油組成物
US8193129B2 (en) 2006-07-06 2012-06-05 Nippon Oil Corporation Refrigerator oil, compressor oil composition, hydraulic fluid composition, metalworking fluid composition, heat treatment oil composition, lubricant composition for machine tool and lubricant composition
JP4778491B2 (ja) * 2007-10-09 2011-09-21 昭和シェル石油株式会社 潤滑油組成物
JP2009235268A (ja) * 2008-03-27 2009-10-15 Nippon Oil Corp 潤滑油組成物
JP5473240B2 (ja) * 2008-03-27 2014-04-16 Jx日鉱日石エネルギー株式会社 潤滑油組成物
JP5489615B2 (ja) * 2009-09-28 2014-05-14 Jx日鉱日石エネルギー株式会社 潤滑油組成物
JP5225343B2 (ja) * 2010-09-10 2013-07-03 昭和シェル石油株式会社 潤滑油組成物
JP5809090B2 (ja) 2012-03-21 2015-11-10 Jx日鉱日石エネルギー株式会社 工作機械用潤滑油組成物
JP6680612B2 (ja) * 2016-05-12 2020-04-15 Jxtgエネルギー株式会社 相対運動する二つの金属表面を馴染ませるのに好適な潤滑油組成物
JP2018080216A (ja) * 2016-11-14 2018-05-24 コスモ石油ルブリカンツ株式会社 滑り案内面用潤滑油組成物
JP7190213B2 (ja) * 2020-12-16 2022-12-15 スギムラ化学工業株式会社 塑性加工用潤滑剤組成物

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR960017826A (ko) * 1994-11-09 1996-06-17 알베르루스 벨헬무스·요아네스 쩨스트라텐 윤활유 조성물
WO1998015605A1 (fr) * 1996-10-10 1998-04-16 Pennzoil - Quaker State Company Lubrifiants de cristaux liquides lamellaires non aqueux exempts de solvant
KR100816117B1 (ko) * 1997-11-27 2008-03-21 바이엘 크롭사이언스 게엠베하 액체 수성 제제를 위한 계면활성제 시스템
EP1386982A4 (fr) * 2001-05-09 2007-12-26 Citizen Holdings Co Ltd Composition d'abaissement de regime de pointe, piece a portion coulissante utilisant une telle composition, et procede d'emmanchement a la presse utilisant ladite composition
CN101981170B (zh) * 2008-03-27 2014-03-12 吉坤日矿日石能源株式会社 润滑油组合物
CN101981170A (zh) * 2008-03-27 2011-02-23 吉坤日矿日石能源株式会社 润滑油组合物
US20110021394A1 (en) * 2008-03-27 2011-01-27 Jx Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation Lubricant composition
US9163195B2 (en) 2008-03-27 2015-10-20 Jx Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation Lubricant composition
CN104073320A (zh) * 2009-11-19 2014-10-01 株式会社捷太格特 润滑油、摩擦部件和齿轮式带限滑功能的差速器
EP2502976A4 (fr) * 2009-11-19 2015-06-17 Jtekt Corp Huile lubrifiante, élément de friction et différentiel à engrenages et à glissement limité
US20190040336A1 (en) * 2016-02-25 2019-02-07 Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd, Lubricating oil composition
US11111457B2 (en) 2016-02-25 2021-09-07 Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. Lubricating oil composition
US11098263B2 (en) 2016-09-28 2021-08-24 Cosmo Oil Lubricants Co., Ltd. Lubricating oil composition for sliding guide surface
US20190352576A1 (en) * 2018-05-18 2019-11-21 Afton Chemical Corporation Slideway Lubricants
US11072757B2 (en) * 2018-05-18 2021-07-27 Afton Chemical Corporation Slideway lubricants

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0711822B1 (fr) 2006-09-13
ATE339489T1 (de) 2006-10-15
EP0711822A3 (fr) 1997-03-26
JPH08134488A (ja) 1996-05-28
DE69535220D1 (de) 2006-10-26
KR960017826A (ko) 1996-06-17
DE69535220T2 (de) 2007-10-11
JP4142115B2 (ja) 2008-08-27
TW294717B (fr) 1997-01-01

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