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EP0709310B1 - Dispositif pour vider des récipients à ordures dans un camion de collecte de déchets - Google Patents

Dispositif pour vider des récipients à ordures dans un camion de collecte de déchets Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0709310B1
EP0709310B1 EP94830515A EP94830515A EP0709310B1 EP 0709310 B1 EP0709310 B1 EP 0709310B1 EP 94830515 A EP94830515 A EP 94830515A EP 94830515 A EP94830515 A EP 94830515A EP 0709310 B1 EP0709310 B1 EP 0709310B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
skip
motor
lifting
overturning
vehicle
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP94830515A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0709310A1 (fr
Inventor
Giovanni Bragadina
Franco Savoldi
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Omb Brescia Srl
Original Assignee
Omb Brescia Srl
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Omb Brescia Srl filed Critical Omb Brescia Srl
Priority to ES94830515T priority Critical patent/ES2094632T3/es
Priority to DE69400579T priority patent/DE69400579T2/de
Priority to EP94830515A priority patent/EP0709310B1/fr
Priority to AT94830515T priority patent/ATE142977T1/de
Publication of EP0709310A1 publication Critical patent/EP0709310A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0709310B1 publication Critical patent/EP0709310B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65F—GATHERING OR REMOVAL OF DOMESTIC OR LIKE REFUSE
    • B65F3/00—Vehicles particularly adapted for collecting refuse
    • B65F3/02—Vehicles particularly adapted for collecting refuse with means for discharging refuse receptacles thereinto
    • B65F3/04—Linkages, pivoted arms, or pivoted carriers for raising and subsequently tipping receptacles
    • B65F3/041—Pivoted arms or pivoted carriers
    • B65F3/046—Pivoted arms or pivoted carriers with additional means for assisting the tipping of the receptacle after or during raising
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65F—GATHERING OR REMOVAL OF DOMESTIC OR LIKE REFUSE
    • B65F3/00—Vehicles particularly adapted for collecting refuse
    • B65F3/02—Vehicles particularly adapted for collecting refuse with means for discharging refuse receptacles thereinto
    • B65F2003/0223—Vehicles particularly adapted for collecting refuse with means for discharging refuse receptacles thereinto the discharging means comprising elements for holding the receptacle
    • B65F2003/0246—Means for locking the front, e.g. via a handle
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65F—GATHERING OR REMOVAL OF DOMESTIC OR LIKE REFUSE
    • B65F3/00—Vehicles particularly adapted for collecting refuse
    • B65F3/02—Vehicles particularly adapted for collecting refuse with means for discharging refuse receptacles thereinto
    • B65F2003/0263—Constructional features relating to discharging means
    • B65F2003/0276—Constructional features relating to discharging means capable of moving towards or away from the vehicle

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device for emptying rubbish skips onto a motor-vehicle designed to collect refuse, comprising a bearing framework, operatively mounted to said motor-vehicle; a grasping unit designed to removably engage a rubbish skip to be emptied into the motor-vehicle; a lifting unit carrying the grasping unit and selectively activated to bring the rubbish skip from a position in which it rests on the ground to a raised position in which the skip is hung above a charging hopper exhibited by the motor-vehicle; overturning means associated with the lifting unit for rotating the skip about a horizontal axis when said skip is at the raised position.
  • Said motor-vehicles are equipped with appropriate devices by which each rubbish skip is picked up from the ground for being emptied through overturning above a charging hopper arranged on the motor-vehicle, and subsequently laid down to the ground again.
  • a grasping unit is essentially provided and it consists of a pair of hooking elements carried by respective support arms and arranged to engage corresponding engagement pins projecting from the opposed side walls of the skip at a centered position relative to the vertical centre line of the walls themselves.
  • the support arms are connected to a lifting unit enabling a vertical movement of same so as to cause lifting of the skip from the ground, as well as to overturning means operating an angular rotation of the skip about said pins in order to empty the skip contents into a charging hopper arranged in the motor-vehicle.
  • the side-hooking elements disposed at a raised position relative to the skip and spaced apart a greater distance than the width of said skip are lowered so as to be disposed side by side relative to the side walls of the skip until they reach a position below the side grasping pins exhibited by said skip.
  • the support arms are driven close to each other so that the hooking elements move close to the side walls of the skip in order to operatively engage the grasping pins following the subsequent lifting movement aiming to bring the skip to the same level as the charging hopper.
  • the operating means is operated and it causes emptying of the skip; afterwards the skip is laid down to the ground again following a reverse step sequence with respect to the preceding one.
  • the lifting unit and overturning means are made of one or more fluid-operated actuators directly acting on the support arms of the side-hooking elements to simultaneously cause lifting and overturning of the skip by a single rotational movement of the support arms about a pivot axis of same. Provision is also made for devices in which the engagement of the skip for lifting and overturning it is carried out by a grasping element substantially in the form of an upwardly facing shovel designed to be inserted in a seat arranged on the front wall of the skip and substantially in the form of a downwardly open pocket.
  • the skip is engaged at its front wall, there is an advantage as compared to the known art in that the picking up and laying down of the skip can occur even when said skip is located in side by side relation with other skips of the same type.
  • said skips can be disposed side by side thereby reducing the overall surface bulkiness taken up by same.
  • Patent document US-A-3 027 028 discloses a device for emptying rubbish skips according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • a device for emptying rubbish skips onto a motor-vehicle designed to collect municipal refuse according to the present invention has been generally identified by reference numeral 1.
  • the device 1 is mounted to a side of a motor-vehicle 2 designed to collect municipal refuse in order to convey them to the dumps,
  • the device 1 is mounted close to a recess 3a formed sideways in the box 3 of said motor-vehicle, which can be optionally provided with appropriate means for compacting the refuse introduced thereinto through a charging hopper 4 formed in the box itself.
  • the device 1 comprises a bearing framework 5 operatively mounted on the motor-vehicle flatbed.
  • the framework 5, as shown in Fig. 3 is preferentially provided to be slidably engaged to the flatbed 6 and be movable perpendicularly to the longitudinal extension of the motor-vehicle 2 upon command of one or more tranverse-movement actuators 7 or similar means, for the purposes better clarified in the following.
  • a lifting unit 8 Operatively mounted on the bearing framework 5 is a lifting unit 8 in turn carrying a grasping unit 9 designed to removably engage a rubbish skip 10 (Figs. 3, 4, 5), to enable the movement of same from a position in which it rests on the ground to a raised position above the charging hopper 4, upon the action of the lifting unit iself.
  • a grasping unit 9 designed to removably engage a rubbish skip 10 (Figs. 3, 4, 5), to enable the movement of same from a position in which it rests on the ground to a raised position above the charging hopper 4, upon the action of the lifting unit iself.
  • overturning means 11 designed to make the skip 10 rotate about a horizontal axis to cause emptying when the skip is to its raised position above the hopper 4.
  • the grasping unit 9 essentially comprises one or, as shown in the accompanying drawings, a pair of fitting pins 12 preferably disposed aligned in coaxial relation, facing each other, and provided with respective tapering ends 2a.
  • the fitting pins 12 are fastened to respective support arms 13 in the form of a broken line and engaged to a guide structure 14.
  • the guide structure 14 is preferably comprised of a first horizontal guide bar 15, rotatably engaged to the bearing framework 5 and a second guide bar 16 parallel to the first guide bar 15.
  • the support arms 13, slidably passed through by the guide bars 15, 16, are simultaneously movable upon command of at least one double-rod actuator 17 operatively engaged to the guide structure 14 and exhibiting two opposed rods 17 each connected to one of the support arms 13.
  • the double-rod actuator 17, not shown in Figs. 4 and 5 is similar, from an operating point of view, to a pair of opposed fluid-operated actuators parallelly connected in circuit, so that the support arms 13 are simultaneously moved, while remaining mechanically disengaged and independent of each other.
  • the lifting unit 8 involves the presence of at least one lifting lever 20 fastened to the guide structure 14 and engaged to the bearing framework 5 according to a horizontal axis. More particularly, in the embodiment shown provision is made for a pair of lifting levers 20, fastened to the guide bars 15, 16.
  • a lifting actuator (exclusively shown in Fig. 2) operates between the bearing framework 5 and each lifting lever 20 and it is adapted to cause biomass of the guide structure 14 and, as a result, the support arms 13 about the pivot axis of the lifting levers 20, embodied by the geometrical axis of the first guide bar 15.
  • the overturning means 11 exhibits, at a position underlying the alignment axis of the fitting pins 12, at least one locating element 22 designed to act in thrust relation against the front wall 19 of the skip 10 so as to counteract the tendency to rotation of said skip about the pins 12 by effect ot the skip weight.
  • the positioning of the locating element is controlled by a driving mechanism comprising at least one connecting lever 23 pivotally mounted to the bearing framework 5 according to an axis parallel to and spaced apart from the pivot axis of said lifting lever 20, as well as at least one interconnection connecting rod 24 operatively fixed between the connecting lever 23 and lifting lever 20.
  • a driving mechanism comprising at least one connecting lever 23 pivotally mounted to the bearing framework 5 according to an axis parallel to and spaced apart from the pivot axis of said lifting lever 20, as well as at least one interconnection connecting rod 24 operatively fixed between the connecting lever 23 and lifting lever 20.
  • connection between the interconnection connecting rod 24 and lifting lever 20 takes place at the end of an extension portion 20a integral with the lifting lever itself, so that the interconnection connecting rod 24, forms a four-bar linkage together with the lifting lever 20, connecting lever 23 and bearing framework 5.
  • a thrust extension 25 that, by means of at least one overturning actuator 26, is interconnected to an auxiliary arm 27 carrying the locating element 22 at the end thereof.
  • the auxiliary arm 27 is fastened to the interconnection connecting rod 24 at a pivot point on the extension 20a being part of the lifting lever 20.
  • the overturning actuator 26 substantially acts as a connecting rod in order to define, together with the thrust extension 25, the interconnection connecting rod 24 and auxiliary arm 27, a driving mechanism in the form of a deformable articulated quadrilateral imparting the skip a preliminary rotation about the fitting pins 12 substantially through 90° and at all events of smaller amplitude than the rotation carried out by the support arms 13.
  • the overturning actuator 24 lends itself to be operated when the lifted position is reached by the skip 10, in order to transmit a final overturning rotation to the skip, as shown in Fig. 5 where by a broken line it is drawn the position of the skip 10 before its final overturning.
  • auxiliary actuator 28 operatively connected in the extension of the overturning actuator 16 and selectively operable for reducing the width of said premilinary rotation during the skip movement from the position in which it rests on the ground and the raised position.
  • all the component elements relating to said four-bar linkage and deformable articulated quadrilateral are preferably provided in pairs.
  • At least one hooking pin 29 be associated with the locating element 11, which pin is movable, upon command of a respective fluid-operated actuator not shown as known per se and conventional, between an operating position in which it projects sideways from the locating element itself to engage a grip handle 30 fastened to the lower part of the front wall 19 of the skip 10, arid a rest condition in which it is axially retracted inside the locating element 22 to enable free movement of the latter away from and close to the front wall 19.
  • the hooking pin 29 is directed and moves towards a horizontal direction, but it may also move vertically to engage a grip handle oriented horizontally on the front wall 19 of the skip 10.
  • said device During the motor-vehicle running, and at all events under non-use conditions of the device 1, said device has its support arms 13 and auxiliary arm 27 facing downwardly, the pins 12 being substantially at the same height as the tubular seats 18. Under this situation, the device 1 is completely contained within the outline of the motor-vehicle box 3.
  • the motor-vehicle 2 is stopped in register with the skip itself so that the support arms 13 disposed in their maximum opening condition, have a substantially centered position relative to the longitudinal extension of the skip.
  • Suitable sensing means preferably consisting of an ultrasonic distance-measuring detector having an emitting/receiving member 31 located for example on the locating element 22, operate stopping of the side-movement actuator 7 and therefore displacement of the whole device 1 towards the skip 10, when the fitting pins 12 are substantially in alignment with the tubular seats 18 and the locating element 22 is close to the front wall 10 of the skip itself.
  • the engagement of the ultrasonic distance-measuring detector is advantageous in that, unlike it would happen in the case of use of a proximity switch or a mechanical microswitch, such a detector is capable of continuously detecting the distance of the front wall 19 from the skip 10 and therefore operate, if necessary, slowing down of the device movement during the final step of its moving close to the skip, thereby avoiding the contact of the locating element 22 with the front wall 19 taking place with strong shocks.
  • the hooking pin or pins 29 are caused to be axially extracted so that engagement of the locating element 22 with the grip handle or handles 30 arranged on the skip 10 occurs.
  • the driving mechanism 23, 24, 25, 26 and 27 acting on the locating element 22 imparts a preliminary rotation to the skip 10 towards the overturned condition.
  • the amplitude of said preliminary rotation is advantageously reduced as compared to the one performed by the lifting levers 20 and support arms 13, in order to avoid overturning of the skip contents before said skip 10 arrives at a position above the charging hooper 4.
  • operation of the auxiliary actuator 28, if present causes a slight straightening of the skip itself, in order to avoid any risk of early escape of the contents from same and/or shocks of the skip 10 against building walls or other hindrance disposed behind.
  • the auxiliary actuator 28 On reaching the lifted position, the auxiliary actuator 28 is brought back to the starting condition and the overturing actuator 26 is operated in order to obtain a complete rotation of the skip 10 about the fitting pins 12 and the subsequent emptying of the skip to the inside of the charging hopper 4.
  • An inverted operating sequence as compared to the one described above involves laying down of the skip 10 to the ground again, the device 1 coming back to its nonoperating conditions.
  • the invention achieves the intended purposes.
  • the device in reference combines the advantages of practical use typical of known devices provided with a front grip for the skip, with the advantages in terms of safety that can be found in the devices carrying out grasping of the skip at the side walls. It will be recognized that, since the fitting pins 12 are disposed, during the non-use step, at a height substantially corresponding to that of the tubular seat 18, the emptying cycle of the skip takes place in a remarkably shorter period of time than in the devices of the known art, in which the grasping elements are in a raised condition during the non-use steps.
  • the prelimitary rotation transmitted to the skip during the lifting step causes the immediately subsequent overturning step to be obtained through the use of actuators of relatively reduced sizes, as a result both of the fact that a shorter rotation must be covered and that most of the inertia to rotation exhibited by the skip at the beginning of the overturning step has already been overcome.
  • the device in question can be mounted to advantage not only on one side of the vehicle, as in the example herein described, but also, if necessary, on the rear or on the front of the vehicle itself.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Refuse-Collection Vehicles (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Dispositif pour vider des récipients à ordures dans un camion de récolte de déchets comprenant:
    - un bâti support (5) monté de manière opérationnelle sur ledit camion (2);
    - un groupe de préhension (9) destiné à engager de manière amovible un récipient à ordures (10) à vider dans le camion (2) et comprenant au moins une broche d'emmanchement (12) portée par un respectif bras de support (13) mobile;
    - un groupe de levage (8) portant le groupe de préhension (9) et susceptible d'être actionné pour déplacer le récipient à ordures (10) entre une position d'appui au sol et une position de levage où le récipient est suspendu au-dessus d'une trémie de chargement (4) dont le camion (2) est équipé;
    - des moyens de renversement (11) associés au groupe de levage (8) pour causer la rotation du récipient à ordures (10) autour d'un axe horizontal quand ce dernier se trouve à sa position levée,
    caractérisé en ce que ledit au moins un bras de support (13) est engagé de manière coulissante le long d'une structure de guidage (14) dans une direction horizontale parallèle à une paroi de face du récipient à ordures (10) pour causer l'introduction et le dégagement en sens axial de la broche d'emmanchement par rapport à au moins un correspondant siège tubulaire d'engagement (18) formé dans ladite paroi de face (19) du récipient à ordures (10), lesdits moyens de renversement (11) ayant, à une position au-desous de l'axe de ladite broche d'emmanchement, au moins un élément de butée (22) destiné à agir en relation de poussée sur ladite paroi de face (19) du récipient à ordures (10) de manière à contrebalancer la tendance à la rotation du récipient autour desdites borches, par effet du poids du récipient lui-même.
  2. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'audit élément de butée (22) est associée au moins une broche d'accrochage (29) mobile sur commande d'un actionneur hydraulique d'accrochage entre une position de repos dans laquelle elle libère le mouvement de l'élément de butée par rapport à la paroi de face (19) du récipient à ordures (10) et une position de fonctionnement dans laquelle elle fait saillie de l'élément de butée (22) pour engager une poignée de préhension (30) fixée à ladite paroi de face (19) quand l'élément de butée se trouve en appui sur ladite paroi de face.
  3. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que ledit groupe de levage (8) comporte:
    - au moins un levier de levage (20) monté à pivotement sur le bâti support (5) suivant un axe horizontal et fixé à ladite structure de guidage (14);
    - au moins un actionneur de levage agissant entre le bâti support (5) et le levier de levage (20) pour déplacer la structure de guidage et les bras de support (13) autour de l'axe d'articulation du levier de levage (20) sur le bâti support (5).
  4. Dispositif selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens de renversement (11) comportent:
    - au moins un levier de liaison (23) monté à pivotement sur ledit bâti support (5), suivant un axe parallèle à, et espacé de l'axe d'articulation du levier de levage (20);
    - au moins une bielle de liaison (24) fixée de manière opérationnelle entre ledit levier de liaison (23) et ledit levier de levage (20) pour définir, ensemble avec ces derniers et avec ledit bâti support (5), un mécanisme d'actionnement à parallélogramme articulé;
    - une extension de poussée (25) s'étendant à la fin du levier le liaison (23) au-delà du point d'articulation de la bielle de liaison (24);
    - au moins un bras auxiliaire (27) portant ledit élément de butée (22) à son extrémité;
    - au moins un actionneur de renversement (26) engagé de manière opérationnelle entre l'extension de poussée (25) et le bras auxiliaire (27) pour définir, ensemble avec ces derniers et avec ladite bielle de liaison (24), un mécanisme d'actionnement à quadrilatère déformable pour imprimer une rotation préliminaire audit récipient à ordures (20) pendant son mouvement de la position d'appui au sol à la position levée; ledit actionneur de renversement (26) étant actionné pour transmettre une rotation finale de renversement au récipient à ordures (10) quand ce dernier a atteint la position levée.
  5. Dispositif selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte en outre au moins un actionneur auxiliaire (28), s'étendant de manière opérationnelle dans le prolongement de l'actionneur de renversement (26) pour réduire l'amplitude de ladite rotation préliminaire pendant le mouvement du récipient à ordures (10) de sa position d'appui au sol à sa position levée.
  6. Dispositif selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte en outre au moins un actionneur à deux tiges (17) engagé de manière opérationnelle à la structure de guidage (14) et présentant deux tiges opposées (17a) chacune reliée à l'un desdits bras de support (13) pour les déplacer simultanément en les éloignant l'un de l'autre le long de ladite structure de guidage.
  7. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que ladite structure de guidage (14) comporte une première et une deuxième barre de guidage (15, 16) horizontales et parallèles, engageant lesdits bras de support (13) et ledit au moins un levier de levage (20), ladite première barre de guidage (15) étant montée à pivotement sur le bâti support (5) pour définir l'axe d'articulation des bras de support et du levier de levage.
  8. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte en outre des moyens de mouvement latéral (7) agissant entre le camion (2) et ledit bâti support (5) pour déplacer le dispositif (1) de côté par rapport au camion lui-même, des moyens capteurs (31) étant prévus pour commander l'arrêt des moyens de mouvement latéral (7) quand les broches d'emmanchement (12) sont en alignement avec les sièges d'engagement (18) du récipient à ordures (10).
  9. Dispositif selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens capteurs comportent un dispositif ultrasonique de détection pour mesurer les distances lequel a au moins un organe émetteur/récepteur (31) monté de manière opérationnelle sur ledit élément de butée (22).
EP94830515A 1994-10-28 1994-10-28 Dispositif pour vider des récipients à ordures dans un camion de collecte de déchets Expired - Lifetime EP0709310B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ES94830515T ES2094632T3 (es) 1994-10-28 1994-10-28 Dispositivo para descargar cubos de basura en un vehiculo a motor diseñado para recoger desechos.
DE69400579T DE69400579T2 (de) 1994-10-28 1994-10-28 Kippvorrichtung zum Entleeren von Müllbehältern in ein Müllfahrzeug
EP94830515A EP0709310B1 (fr) 1994-10-28 1994-10-28 Dispositif pour vider des récipients à ordures dans un camion de collecte de déchets
AT94830515T ATE142977T1 (de) 1994-10-28 1994-10-28 Kippvorrichtung zum entleeren von müllbehältern in ein müllfahrzeug

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP94830515A EP0709310B1 (fr) 1994-10-28 1994-10-28 Dispositif pour vider des récipients à ordures dans un camion de collecte de déchets

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0709310A1 EP0709310A1 (fr) 1996-05-01
EP0709310B1 true EP0709310B1 (fr) 1996-09-18

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EP94830515A Expired - Lifetime EP0709310B1 (fr) 1994-10-28 1994-10-28 Dispositif pour vider des récipients à ordures dans un camion de collecte de déchets

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Country Link
EP (1) EP0709310B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE142977T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE69400579T2 (fr)
ES (1) ES2094632T3 (fr)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL1011031C2 (nl) * 1999-01-14 2000-07-17 Geesink Bv Afvalinzamelvoertuig met zijbeladingsinrichting.
DE20005955U1 (de) 2000-04-03 2000-08-24 Hüffermann Fahrzeugtechnik GmbH, 27793 Wildeshausen Vorrichtung zum Aufnehmen und Entleeren von Müllbehältern
ES2560978B1 (es) * 2015-10-08 2016-11-30 Fm5 Industrial Developments, S.A. Sistema para manipular contenedores de basura en vehículos de carga lateral
CN109178728B (zh) * 2018-06-29 2021-08-20 长沙中联重科环境产业有限公司 无人上料垃圾车的作业系统、方法和垃圾车

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3027028A (en) * 1957-04-19 1962-03-27 City Tank Corp Disposal mechanism and canister construction therefor
IT1082021B (it) * 1977-04-26 1985-05-21 Omb Srl Veicolo con attrezzatura per il trasporto,il ribaltamento,il deposito a terra ed il nuovo prelievo di un contenitore,particolarmente per la raccolta di rifuiti

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0709310A1 (fr) 1996-05-01
ES2094632T3 (es) 1997-01-16
DE69400579T2 (de) 1997-03-06
DE69400579D1 (de) 1996-10-24
ATE142977T1 (de) 1996-10-15

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