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EP0789368A1 - Superconducting installation with a superconducting device to be cooled indirectly and with a current supply system - Google Patents

Superconducting installation with a superconducting device to be cooled indirectly and with a current supply system Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0789368A1
EP0789368A1 EP97101229A EP97101229A EP0789368A1 EP 0789368 A1 EP0789368 A1 EP 0789368A1 EP 97101229 A EP97101229 A EP 97101229A EP 97101229 A EP97101229 A EP 97101229A EP 0789368 A1 EP0789368 A1 EP 0789368A1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
superconducting
vacuum housing
temperature
low
power supply
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EP97101229A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0789368B1 (en
Inventor
Florian Dr. Steinmeyer
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Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
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Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F6/00—Superconducting magnets; Superconducting coils
    • H01F6/06—Coils, e.g. winding, insulating, terminating or casing arrangements therefor
    • H01F6/065—Feed-through bushings, terminals and joints

Definitions

  • Indirect cooling of superconducting devices allows the construction of relatively small-volume, refrigerant-free cryostats without a coolant container and also makes the user independent of the replenishment of a cryogenic liquid.
  • the required cooling capacity can be applied by a generally multi-stage chiller, for example a cryocooler, which often works according to the so-called Gifford-McMahon principle. With a corresponding cryocooler, a first stage at approx. 60 K with typically 30 W and a second stage at 10 K with 1 W thermal power can be loaded. A special refrigerant reservoir is not available.
  • the cold thermal mass of the cryostat is essentially formed by the superconducting device to be cooled, whose heat capacity only then forms a buffer against temporarily increased heat losses if a reduction in the critical magnetic field of the superconducting material used is accepted.
  • Such indirect cooling can advantageously be provided in particular for superconducting magnetic devices, such as those used in particular in the field of medical diagnostics for magnetic resonance imaging (also as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance "or Magnetic Resonance Imaging ”) can be used.
  • a corresponding cooling technology can also be provided for other superconducting devices.
  • a superconducting device For supplying current to a superconducting device with its frozen superconductors, current supply devices are required via which an electrical current is supplied to these conductors from a power supply unit located at a higher temperature level, for example at room temperature.
  • the power supply device therefore has electrical conductor parts which run between a room temperature range and the superconductors of the superconducting device which are kept at a low temperature below the transition temperature of the superconducting material by the refrigerator. Considerable heat input into the low-temperature range is possible via these conductor parts of the power supply device, which are also highly thermally conductive. The corresponding warm leaks require a significant proportion of the cold power to be applied by the chiller.
  • conventional power supply devices with optimized metallic conductors for an operating current of 200 A burden the first stage of a known two-stage cryocooler with approx. 8 W, simply by introducing heat without the additional Joule losses the second stage is still loaded with 0.9 W.
  • the warm leak of this second stage can be reduced by an order of magnitude if, in a manner known per se, for example according to the US-A document mentioned at the beginning, the power supply device has at least two line sections, the section on the low temperature side having parts made of a metal oxide superconductor material with a high transition temperature, so-called HTS material.
  • an electrical isolating switch can be provided which, when open, allows heat input into the low-temperature range to be reduced during the corresponding cooling phase.
  • Such a circuit breaker is particularly advantageous if a superconducting magnetic device can be short-circuited by means of a continuous current switch during operation. Then the introduction of heat via the power supply device during this operating phase can be reduced accordingly.
  • the isolating switch is located in the evacuated interior of the vacuum housing of a cryostat between a line section on the room temperature side and a line section on the low temperature side at an intermediate temperature level which is maintained at about 60 K by the first cold stage of a refrigerator.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to design the superconducting technology system with the features mentioned at the outset in such a way that the introduction of heat into the interior of the vacuum housing is further reduced.
  • the superconducting technology system indicated in section in the figure, generally designated 2, contains a vacuum housing or vessel 3, in the evacuated interior 4 of which there is a superconducting device 5 to be cooled.
  • a vacuum housing or vessel 3 in the evacuated interior 4 of which there is a superconducting device 5 to be cooled.
  • any apparatus of superconducting technology that has superconducting material to be cooled can be provided as the superconducting device.
  • Their superconducting material can be so-called classic "(metallic) superconductor material with transition temperatures below 20 K or oxide-ceramic superconductor material with comparatively higher transition temperatures, for example above 77 K.
  • Examples of corresponding superconducting devices are electrical or magnetic devices or devices for short-circuit current limitation, for current transport or for voltage transformation.
  • a corresponding magnet device can in particular be at least one superconducting coil of a diagnostic system for magnetic resonance imaging. Such a magnet device is used as a basis for the exemplary embodiment below.
  • the magnet device 5 can preferably be used in a known manner in the superconducting operating state by means of a continuous current switch (cf. 27 07 589 C) must be short-circuited.
  • the magnetic device 5 is cooled indirectly by a refrigerator 6.
  • the chiller shown 6 can have several cold stages, for example two cold stages 7 and 8.
  • the refrigeration machine 6 is advantageously a so-called cryocooler of the Gifford-McMahon type. Other single-stage or multi-stage chiller types can also be used.
  • the refrigeration machine 6 is composed of a machine section 6a located in a room temperature range RT, and thus at the room temperature side, and a machine section 6b which comprises the two cooling stages 7 and 8 and which extends up to a low temperature range TT and thus has a low temperature range.
  • the low-temperature section 6b protrudes in a vacuum-tight manner through an opening 10 of the vacuum housing 3 into the interior 4 evacuated to a residual pressure p of an insulating vacuum. At the low-temperature end of the second cold stage 8, the section 6b is thermally coupled to the magnetic device 5 to be cooled.
  • the system 2 further comprises an inventive power supply device, generally designated 12. Parts of this device which are not described in more detail are known per se, so that their representation can be dispensed with.
  • the device 12 advantageously has a line section 12a on the room temperature side and a line section 12b on the low temperature side.
  • the power supply can also be subdivided into further line sections.
  • a connecting element for the electrical connection of these two line sections can advantageously be thermally coupled to the first cooling stage 7 of the cooling machine 6, which is located, for example, at approximately 60 K.
  • an electrical insulation 14 is provided between these parts, which at least largely permits heat exchange.
  • the low-temperature side line section 12a of the power supply device 12 can in the case that the magnet device classic superconductor material that is to be kept at a temperature below 20 K, advantageously have parts made of a metal oxide superconductor material, the transition temperature of which is in particular at least 77 K or higher.
  • Corresponding HTS materials are, for example, special bi- or y-cuprates.
  • the line section 12a of the power supply device 12 on the room temperature side which is expediently optimized with regard to the thermal losses in a manner known per se, is passed through an opening 15 of a radiation shield 16 which is thermally connected to the first cold stage 7 of the refrigerator 6.
  • This line section ends in the space between the radiation shield and the wall of the vacuum housing 3 which is at room temperature in a first contact piece 17a of a disconnector 17.
  • the disconnector shown in the figure in the open state can be a common embodiment of a switch.
  • the switch can have, for example, flat contact pieces which can be joined together, for example using a spring force, and of which one contact piece is designed to be stationary and the other contact piece is movable.
  • the movable contact piece can advantageously be arranged on the increasingly warmer side of the power supply device which leads to the outside.
  • the exemplary embodiment shown is based on a disconnector 17 with plug contacts.
  • Its first contact piece 17a is therefore designed as a contact pin, onto which a second contact piece 17b in the form of a contact socket or a contact shoe is plugged in order to close the disconnector.
  • the first contact piece is fixed in place and insulated via a holder 18 on the wall of the vacuum housing 3, it being possible for it to be located inside the vacuum housing.
  • the second contact piece 17b is then designed to be movable, the directions of movement being indicated by a double arrow b.
  • the second contact piece extends through an opening 19 of the vacuum housing 3.
  • a expansion bellows 20 For sealing the vacuum housing thereon Opening is a expansion bellows 20 which is closed at its end opposite the opening 19 with a cover part 21.
  • a connection part 12c of the power supply device connected to the second contact piece 17b is passed through this cover part.
  • the cover part 21 or the bellows 20 is at least partially insulating.
  • An external power supply device is connected to the connecting part 12c.
  • the opening of the disconnector 17 inevitably takes place in the warm state.
  • its colder contact piece 17a which is connected to the line section 12a, can optionally be heated by means of a special heating device in order to be at least approximately raised to its temperature level before contact with the warmer contact piece 17b.
  • switches can also be used instead of the disconnector 17 shown in the figure.
  • the power lines are electrically isolated practically at room temperature, that is to say above the line sections of the power supply line which extend through the colder regions of the vacuum space 4. This not only shortens the cooling time; but it can also increase the operating current of the superconducting device due to a lower end temperature or achieve a higher safety margin. This is a particularly important point with regard to a cooling capacity which decreases over the course of a longer operating time of a refrigeration machine.
  • a device can be switched off and removed in the event of repair, without the operation having to be interrupted.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Containers, Films, And Cooling For Superconductive Devices (AREA)
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging Apparatus (AREA)

Abstract

A superconducting engineering installation in which a superconducting device is located within an evacuated inner space of a vacuum housing, and a refrigeration system is used to provide indirect cooling of the superconducting device and has its end, on its low-temp. side, in good heat-conducting arrangement with the superconducting device. A current supply device running between room temp. and low temp. is electrically connected to the superconducting device. A disconnector or isolator switch (17) associated with the current supply device (12) is arranged in the region of the latter's room-temp. side.

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine Anlage der Supraleitungstechnik mit

  • a) einer supraleitenden Einrichtung, die sich in einem evakuierbaren Innenraum eines Vakuumgehäuses befindet,
  • b) eine die supraleitende Einrichtung indirekt kühlende Kältemaschine, die in den Innenraum des Vakuumgehäuses hineinragt und mit ihrem tieftemperaturseitigen Ende gut wärmeleitend mit der supraleitenden Einrichtung verbunden ist,
    sowie
  • c) einer zwischen Raumtemperatur und Tieftemperatur verlaufenden Stromzuführungsvorrichtung, die elektrisch an die supraleitende Einrichtung angeschlossen ist, und einen elektrischen Trennschalter in dem Innenraum des Vakuumgehäuses aufweist.
Eine entsprechende Anlage geht aus der US 5 317 296 A hervor.The invention relates to a system of superconductivity technology
  • a) a superconducting device which is located in an evacuable interior of a vacuum housing,
  • b) a refrigeration machine that cools the superconducting device indirectly, which projects into the interior of the vacuum housing and is connected to the superconducting device with its thermally conductive end,
    such as
  • c) a current supply device running between room temperature and low temperature, which is electrically connected to the superconducting device and has an electrical isolating switch in the interior of the vacuum housing.
A corresponding system is shown in US 5 317 296 A.

Eine indirekte Kühlung von supraleitenden Einrichtungen erlaubt den Bau verhältnismäßig kleinvolumiger, kältemittelfreier Kryostate ohne Kühlmittelbehälter und macht zudem den Anwender unabhängig vom Nachschub einer Kryoflüssigkeit. Die erforderliche Kälteleistung läßt sich von einer im allgemeinen mehrstufig ausgebildeten Kaltemaschine aufbringen, z.B. von einem Kryokühler, der häufig nach dem sogenannten Gifford-McMahon-Prinzip arbeitet. Bei einem entsprechenden Kryokühler können eine erste Stufe bei ca. 60 K mit typischerweise 30 W und eine zweite Stufe bei 10 K mit 1 W thermischer Leistung belastet werden. Ein besonderes Kältemittelreservoir steht dabei nicht zur Verfügung. Die kalte thermische Masse des Kryostaten wird im wesentlichen von der zu kühlenden supraleitenden Einrichtung gebildet, deren Wärmekapazität nur dann einen Puffer gegen zeitweise erhöhte Wärmeverluste bildet, wenn man eine Verminderung des kritischen Magnetfeldes des verwendeten Supraleitermaterials in Kauf nimmt. Eine solche indirekte Kühlung läßt sich vorteilhaft insbesondere für supraleitende Magneteinrichtungen vorsehen, wie sie insbesondere auf dem Gebiet der medizinischen Diagnostik zur Kernspintomographie (auch als

Figure imgb0001
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance" oder
Figure imgb0001
Magnetic Resonance Imaging" bezeichnet) eingesetzt werden. Eine entsprechende Kühltechnik kann jedoch auch für andere supraleitende Einrichtungen vorgesehen werden.Indirect cooling of superconducting devices allows the construction of relatively small-volume, refrigerant-free cryostats without a coolant container and also makes the user independent of the replenishment of a cryogenic liquid. The required cooling capacity can be applied by a generally multi-stage chiller, for example a cryocooler, which often works according to the so-called Gifford-McMahon principle. With a corresponding cryocooler, a first stage at approx. 60 K with typically 30 W and a second stage at 10 K with 1 W thermal power can be loaded. A special refrigerant reservoir is not available. The cold thermal mass of the cryostat is essentially formed by the superconducting device to be cooled, whose heat capacity only then forms a buffer against temporarily increased heat losses if a reduction in the critical magnetic field of the superconducting material used is accepted. Such indirect cooling can advantageously be provided in particular for superconducting magnetic devices, such as those used in particular in the field of medical diagnostics for magnetic resonance imaging (also as
Figure imgb0001
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance "or
Figure imgb0001
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ") can be used. However, a corresponding cooling technology can also be provided for other superconducting devices.

Fur eine Stromeinspeisung in eine supraleitende Einrichtung mit ihren tiefgekühlten Supraleitern werden Stromzuführungsvorrichtungen benötigt, über die ein elektrischer Strom diesen Leitern von einer auf einem höheren Temperaturniveau, beispielsweise auf Raumtemperatur, befindlichen Stromversorgungseinheit zugeführt wird. Die Stromzuführungsvorrichtung weist deshalb elektrische Leiterteile, die zwischen einem Raumtemperatur-Bereich und den von der Kältemaschine auf einer Tieftemperatur unterhalb der Sprungtemperatur des supraleitenden Materials gehaltenen Supraleitern der supraleitenden Einrichtung verlaufen. Über diese auch thermisch gut leitenden Leiterteile der Stromzuführungsvorrichtung ist eine erhebliche Wärmeeinleitung in den Tieftemperaturbereich möglich. Die entsprechenden Warmelecks machen einen wesentlichen Anteil der von der Kaltemaschine aufzubringenden Kalteleistung erforderlich. So belasten z.B. herkömmliche Stromzuführungsvorrichtungen mit optimierten metallischen Leitern für einen Arbeitsstrom von 200 A, wie er typisch für Magneteinrichtungen der Kernspintomographie ist, allein durch Warmeeinleitung ohne die noch hinzukommenden Joule'schen Verluste die erste Stufe eines bekannten zweistufigen Kryokühlers mit ca. 8 W, während die zweite Stufe noch mit 0,9 W belastet wird. Das Warmeleck dieser zweiten Stufe kann noch um eine Größenordnung gesenkt werden, wenn in an sich bekannter Weise z.B. gemäß der eingangs genannten US-A-Schrift die Stromzuführungsvorrichtung mindestens zwei Leitungsabschnitte besitzt, wobei der tieftemperaturseitige Abschnitt Teile aus einem metalloxidischen Supraleitermaterial mit einer hohen Sprungtemperatur, sogenanntes HTS-Material aufweist.For supplying current to a superconducting device with its frozen superconductors, current supply devices are required via which an electrical current is supplied to these conductors from a power supply unit located at a higher temperature level, for example at room temperature. The power supply device therefore has electrical conductor parts which run between a room temperature range and the superconductors of the superconducting device which are kept at a low temperature below the transition temperature of the superconducting material by the refrigerator. Considerable heat input into the low-temperature range is possible via these conductor parts of the power supply device, which are also highly thermally conductive. The corresponding warm leaks require a significant proportion of the cold power to be applied by the chiller. For example, conventional power supply devices with optimized metallic conductors for an operating current of 200 A, as is typical for magnetic devices in magnetic resonance imaging, burden the first stage of a known two-stage cryocooler with approx. 8 W, simply by introducing heat without the additional Joule losses the second stage is still loaded with 0.9 W. The warm leak of this second stage can be reduced by an order of magnitude if, in a manner known per se, for example according to the US-A document mentioned at the beginning, the power supply device has at least two line sections, the section on the low temperature side having parts made of a metal oxide superconductor material with a high transition temperature, so-called HTS material.

Da eine entsprechende Stromzuführungsvorrichtung während der Abkühlphase einer supraleitenden Einrichtung nicht erforderlich ist, kann ein elektrischer Trennschalter vorgesehen werden, der im geöffneten Zustand eine Wärmeeinleitung in den Tieftemperaturbereich während der entsprechenden Abkühlphase zu vermindern gestattet. Ein derartiger Trennschalter ist insbesondere dann von Vorteil, wenn eine supraleitende Magneteinrichtung im Betriebsfalle mittels eines Dauerstromschalters kurzgeschlossen werden kann. Dann läßt sich nämlich auch die Wärmeeinleitung über die Stromzuführungsvorrichtung während dieser Betriebsphase entsprechend vermindern.Since a corresponding power supply device is not required during the cooling phase of a superconducting device, an electrical isolating switch can be provided which, when open, allows heat input into the low-temperature range to be reduced during the corresponding cooling phase. Such a circuit breaker is particularly advantageous if a superconducting magnetic device can be short-circuited by means of a continuous current switch during operation. Then the introduction of heat via the power supply device during this operating phase can be reduced accordingly.

Bei der aus der eingangs genannten US-A-Schrift zu entnehmenden Stromzuführungsvorrichtung liegt der Trennschalter im evakuierten Innenraum des Vakuumgehäuses eines Kryostaten zwischen einem raumtemperaturseitigen Leitungsabschnitt und einem tieftemperaturseitigen Leitungsabschnitt auf einem Zwischentemperaturniveau, das von der ersten Kältestufe einer Kältemaschine auf etwa 60 K gehalten wird. Damit werden auch im geöffneten Zustand des Trennschalters noch erhebliche Wärmemengen über den raumtemperaturseitigen Leitungsabschnitt der Stromzuführungsvorrichtung in den Innenraum des Vakuumgehäuses eingeleitet, so daß eine entsprechende Kälteleistung zur Abführung dieser Wärmemengen erforderlich ist.In the case of the power supply device to be taken from the above-mentioned US-A document, the isolating switch is located in the evacuated interior of the vacuum housing of a cryostat between a line section on the room temperature side and a line section on the low temperature side at an intermediate temperature level which is maintained at about 60 K by the first cold stage of a refrigerator. Thus, even when the disconnector is open, considerable amounts of heat are introduced into the interior of the vacuum housing via the line section of the power supply device on the room temperature side, so that a corresponding cooling capacity is required to dissipate these amounts of heat.

Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es deshalb, die Anlage der Supraleitungstechnik mit den eingangs genannten Merkmalen dahingehend auszugestalten, daß die Wärmeeinleitung in den Innenraum des Vakuumgehäuses weiter vermindert ist.The object of the present invention is therefore to design the superconducting technology system with the features mentioned at the outset in such a way that the introduction of heat into the interior of the vacuum housing is further reduced.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß sich der Trennschalter der Stromzuführungsvorrichtung im Bereich ihres raumtemperaturseitigen Endes befindet.This object is achieved in that the disconnector of the power supply device is in the region of its room temperature end.

Mit dieser Ausgestaltung der Stromzuführung der erfindungsgemäßen Anlage der Supraleitungstechnik ergeben sich die folgenden Vorteile:

  • Der Trennschalter muß weder elektrisch noch thermisch optimiert sein: Bei einer richtig dimensionierten Stromzuführungsvorrichtung muß praktisch keine Wärmeleistung über den Schaltkontakt transportiert werden; ohmsche Verluste an den Kontaktwiderständen fallen bei Raumtemperatur an und belasten damit die Kältemaschine praktisch nicht.
  • Der Schaltvorgang kann im Warmen stattfinden. Der Schaltkontakt ist deshalb einfacher, zuverlässiger und verschleißärmer zu realisieren als ein auf einem Zwischentemneraturniveau von beispielsweise 60 K befindlicher Schaltkontakt.
  • Es können herkömmliche, kommerziell vertriebene Trennschalter zum Einsatz kommen.
  • Der abgetrennte Leitungsabschnitt der Stromzuführungsvorrichtung wird kalt im Gegensatz zu der bekannten Ausführungsform. Dadurch ergibt sich beim Einschalten des Trennschalters ein kleinerer
    Figure imgb0001
    Wärmeschock" auf die Kältemaschine und das Kryosystem, wodurch bei verhältnismäßig knappen Kühlmittelreserven die supraleitende Einrichtung thermisch weniger belastet wird.
  • Der Schaltmechanismus des Trennschalters erfordert keine besondere, sich in den kalten Bereich erstreckende Mechanik, die im geschlossenen Zustand des Schalters dauerhaft unter Last steht. Das damit verbundene Wärmeleck ist deshalb entsprechend verringert.
With this configuration of the power supply of the superconducting technology system according to the invention, the following advantages result:
  • The disconnector does not have to be electrically or thermally optimized: with a correctly dimensioned power supply device, practically no heat output has to be transported via the switch contact; ohmic losses at the contact resistances occur at room temperature and thus practically do not burden the chiller.
  • The switching process can take place in the warm. The switch contact is therefore easier, more reliable and less wear-resistant than a switch contact located at an intermediate temperature level of 60 K, for example.
  • Conventional, commercially available circuit breakers can be used.
  • The separated line section of the power supply device becomes cold in contrast to the known embodiment. This results in a smaller one when the disconnector is switched on
    Figure imgb0001
    Heat shock "on the refrigerator and the cryosystem, whereby the superconducting device is thermally less stressed when the coolant reserves are relatively scarce.
  • The switching mechanism of the disconnector does not require any special mechanics which extend into the cold area and which are permanently under load when the switch is closed. The associated heat leak is therefore reduced accordingly.

Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, wenn als supraleitende Einrichtung eine Magneteinrichtung vorgesehen ist, welche insbesondere im supraleitenden Betriebszustand kurzgeschlossen ist. Dann läßt sich auch in diesem Betriebszustand eine Wärmezufuhr in den Tieftemperaturbereich weitgehend unterbinden.It is particularly advantageous if a magnetic device is provided as the superconducting device, which is short-circuited in particular in the superconducting operating state. Then, even in this operating state, heat supply in the low temperature range can largely be prevented.

Weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der erfindungsgemäßen Anlage gehen aus den übrigen Unteransprüchen hervor.Further advantageous refinements of the system according to the invention emerge from the remaining subclaims.

Zur weiteren Erläuterung der Erfindung wird nachfolgend auf die Zeichnung Bezug genommen, in deren Figur schematisch ein Ausführungsbeispiel einer erfindungsgemäßen Anlage der Supraleitungstechnik veranschaulicht ist.To further explain the invention, reference is made below to the drawing, in the figure of which an embodiment of a system of superconductivity technology according to the invention is schematically illustrated.

Die in der Figur im Schnitt angedeutete, allgemein mit 2 bezeichnete, erfindungsgemäße Anlage der Supraleitungstechnik enthält ein Vakuumgehäuse- oder Gefäß 3, in dessen evakuiertem Innenraum 4 sich eine zu kühlende supraleitende Einrichtung 5 befindet. Prinzipiell kann als supraleitende Einrichtung jede Apparatur der Supraleitungstechnik vorgesehen sein, die zu kühlendes supraleitendes Material aufweist. Bei ihrem supraleitenden Material kann es sich um sogenanntes

Figure imgb0001
klassisches" (metallisches) Supraleitermaterial mit Sprungtemperaturen unter 20 K oder um oxidkeramisches Supraleitermaterial mit vergleichsweise höheren Sprungtemperaturen, beispielsweise über 77 K, handeln. Beispiele entsprechender supraleitender Einrichtungen sind elektrische oder magnetische Apparaturen oder Einrichtungen zu einer Kurzschlußstrombegrenzung, zu einem Stromtransport oder zu einer Spannungstransformation. Bei einer entsprechenden Magneteinrichtung kann es sich insbesondere um mindestens eine supraleitende Spule einer Diagnostikanlage zur Kernspintomographie handeln. Eine derartige Magneteinrichtung ist nachfolgend für das Ausführungsbeispiel zugrundegelegt. Die Magneteinrichtung 5 kann vorzugsweise im supraleitenden Betriebszustand in an sich bekannter Weise mittels eines Dauerstromschalters (vgl. z.B. DE 27 07 589 C) kurzgeschlossen sein.The superconducting technology system according to the invention, indicated in section in the figure, generally designated 2, contains a vacuum housing or vessel 3, in the evacuated interior 4 of which there is a superconducting device 5 to be cooled. In principle, any apparatus of superconducting technology that has superconducting material to be cooled can be provided as the superconducting device. Their superconducting material can be so-called
Figure imgb0001
classic "(metallic) superconductor material with transition temperatures below 20 K or oxide-ceramic superconductor material with comparatively higher transition temperatures, for example above 77 K. Examples of corresponding superconducting devices are electrical or magnetic devices or devices for short-circuit current limitation, for current transport or for voltage transformation. A corresponding magnet device can in particular be at least one superconducting coil of a diagnostic system for magnetic resonance imaging. Such a magnet device is used as a basis for the exemplary embodiment below. The magnet device 5 can preferably be used in a known manner in the superconducting operating state by means of a continuous current switch (cf. 27 07 589 C) must be short-circuited.

Die Magneteinrichtung 5 wird indirekt von einer Kältemaschine 6 gekühlt. Bei dieser Kühlungsart erfolgt im Gegensatz zu einer Badkühlung oder einer forcierten Kühlung kein direkter Wärmeaustausch zwischen einem Kühlmittel und den supraleitenden Teilen der Magneteinrichtung. Die gezeigte Kältemaschine 6 kann mehrere Kaltestufen, beispielsweise zwei Kältestufen 7 und 8 aufweisen. Vorteilhaft handelt es sich bei der Kältemaschine 6 um einen sogenannten Kryokühler vom Gifford-McMahon-Typ. Ebenso sind auch andere, ein- oder mehrstufige Kältemaschinentypen einsetzbar. Die Kältemaschine 6 setzt sich aus einem in einem Raumtemperaturbereich RT befindlichen, somit raumtemperaturseitigen Maschinenabschnitt 6a und einem die beiden Kältestufen 7 und 8 umfassenden, sich bis in einem Tieftemperaturbereich TT erstreckenden, somit tieftemperaturseitigen Maschinenabschnitt 6b zusammen. Der tieftemperaturseitige Abschnitt 6b ragt dabei vakuumdicht durch eine Öffnung 10 des Vakuumgehäuses 3 in dessen auf einen Restdruck p eines Isoliervakuums evakuierten Innenraum 4 hinein. An dem tieftemperaturseitigen Ende der zweiten Kältestufe 8 ist der Abschnitt 6b thermisch an die zu kühlende Magneteinrichtung 5 angekoppelt.The magnetic device 5 is cooled indirectly by a refrigerator 6. With this type of cooling, in contrast to bath cooling or forced cooling, there is no direct heat exchange between a coolant and the superconducting parts of the magnet device. The chiller shown 6 can have several cold stages, for example two cold stages 7 and 8. The refrigeration machine 6 is advantageously a so-called cryocooler of the Gifford-McMahon type. Other single-stage or multi-stage chiller types can also be used. The refrigeration machine 6 is composed of a machine section 6a located in a room temperature range RT, and thus at the room temperature side, and a machine section 6b which comprises the two cooling stages 7 and 8 and which extends up to a low temperature range TT and thus has a low temperature range. The low-temperature section 6b protrudes in a vacuum-tight manner through an opening 10 of the vacuum housing 3 into the interior 4 evacuated to a residual pressure p of an insulating vacuum. At the low-temperature end of the second cold stage 8, the section 6b is thermally coupled to the magnetic device 5 to be cooled.

Die Anlage 2 umfaßt ferner eine erfindungsgemäß gestaltete, allgemein mit 12 bezeichnete Stromzuführungsvorrichtung. Nicht näher ausgeführte Teile dieser Vorrichtung sind an sich bekannt, so daß auf ihre Darstellung verzichtet werden kann. Die Vorrichtung 12 weist im evakuierten Innenraum 4 des Vakuumgehäuses 3 vorteilhaft einen raumtemperaturseitigen Leitungsabschnitt 12a und einen tieftemperaturseitigen Leitungsabschnitt 12b auf. Selbstverständlich kann noch eine Unterteilung der Stromzuführung in weitere Leitungsabschnitte vorgesehen sein. Ein Verbindungsglied zur elektrischen Verbindung dieser beiden Leitungsabschnitte kann vorteilhaft thermisch an die beispielsweise auf etwa 60 K befindliche erste Kältestufe 7 der Kältemaschine 6 angekoppelt sein. Zu einer galvanischen Trennung dieses Verbindungsgliedes 13 gegenüber dem elektrischen Potential der Kältestufe 7 ist zwischen diesen Teile eine elektrische Isolation 14 vorgesehen, welche einen Wärmeaustausch zumindest weitgehend zuläßt.The system 2 further comprises an inventive power supply device, generally designated 12. Parts of this device which are not described in more detail are known per se, so that their representation can be dispensed with. In the evacuated interior 4 of the vacuum housing 3, the device 12 advantageously has a line section 12a on the room temperature side and a line section 12b on the low temperature side. Of course, the power supply can also be subdivided into further line sections. A connecting element for the electrical connection of these two line sections can advantageously be thermally coupled to the first cooling stage 7 of the cooling machine 6, which is located, for example, at approximately 60 K. For a galvanic isolation of this connecting member 13 from the electrical potential of the cold stage 7, an electrical insulation 14 is provided between these parts, which at least largely permits heat exchange.

Der tieftemperaturseitige Leitungsabschnitt 12a der Stromzuführungsvorrichtung 12 kann im Falle, daß die Magneteinrichtung klassisches Supraleitermaterial besitzt, das auf einer Temperatur unterhalb von 20 K zu halten ist, vorteilhaft Teile aus einem metalloxidischen Supraleitermaterial aufweisen, dessen Sprungtemperatur insbesondere bei mindestens 77 K oder hoher liegt. Entsprechende HTS-Materialien sind beispielsweise spezielle Bi- oder Y-Cuprate.The low-temperature side line section 12a of the power supply device 12 can in the case that the magnet device classic superconductor material that is to be kept at a temperature below 20 K, advantageously have parts made of a metal oxide superconductor material, the transition temperature of which is in particular at least 77 K or higher. Corresponding HTS materials are, for example, special bi- or y-cuprates.

Der raumtemperaturseitige Leitungsabschnitt 12a der Stromzuführungsvorrichtung 12, der zweckmäßig hinsichtlich der thermischen Verluste in an sich bekannter Weise optimiert ist, ist durch eine Öffnung 15 eines Strahlungsschildes 16 hindurchgeführt, der thermisch mit der ersten Kältestufe 7 der Kältemaschine 6 verbunden ist. Dieser Leitungsabschnitt endet im Raum zwischen dem Strahlungsschild und der auf Raumtemperatur befindlichen Wand des Vakuumgehäuses 3 in einem ersten Kontaktstück 17a eines Trennschalters 17. Bei dem in der Figur im geöffneten Zustand gezeigten Trennschalter kann es sich um eine gebräuchliche Ausführungsform eines Schalters handeln. Der Schalter kann beispielsweise flache Kontaktstükke aufweisen, die z.B. unter Anwendung einer Federkraft aneinanderfügbar sind und von denen ein Kontaktstück ortsfest und das andere Kontaktstück beweglich ausgebildet ist. Vorteilhaft kann dabei das bewegliche Kontaktstück auf der immer wärmeren, nach außen führenden Seite der Stromzuführungsvorrichtung angeordnet sein. Dem gezeigten Ausführungsbeispiel ist ein Trennschalter 17 mit Steckkontakten zugrundegelegt. Sein erstes Kontaktstück 17a ist deshalb als Kontaktstift gestaltet, auf den zum Schließen des Trennschalters ein zweites Kontaktstück 17b in Form einer Kontaktbuchse oder eines Kontaktschuhs aufgesteckt wird. Beispielsweise ist das erste Kontaktstück ortsfest und isoliert über eine Halterung 18 an der Wand des Vakuumgehäuses 3 befestigt, wobei es sich innerhalb des Vakuumgehäuses befinden kann. Das zweite Kontaktstück 17b ist dann beweglich ausgeführt, wobei die Bewegungsrichtungen durch einen Doppelpfeil b angedeutet sind. Das zweite Kontaktstück erstreckt sich durch eine Öffnung 19 des Vakuumgehäuses 3. Zur Abdichtung des Vakuumgehäuses an dieser Öffnung ist ein Dehnungsbalg 20 vorgesehen, der an seinem der Öffnung 19 gegenüberliegenden Ende mit einem Deckelteil 21 abgeschlossen ist. Durch diesen Deckelteil ist ein mit dem zweiten Kontaktstück 17b verbundener Anschlußteil 12c der Stromzuführungsvorrichtung hindurchgeführt. Zur galvanischen Trennung des zweiten Kontaktstückes und des Anschlußteils gegenüber dem Potential des Vakuumgehäuses ist beispielsweise der Deckelteil 21 oder der Balg 20 zumindest teilweise isolierend ausgeführt. Mit dem Anschlußteil 12c ist eine in der Figur nicht näher ausgeführte externe Stromversorgungseinrichtung verbunden.The line section 12a of the power supply device 12 on the room temperature side, which is expediently optimized with regard to the thermal losses in a manner known per se, is passed through an opening 15 of a radiation shield 16 which is thermally connected to the first cold stage 7 of the refrigerator 6. This line section ends in the space between the radiation shield and the wall of the vacuum housing 3 which is at room temperature in a first contact piece 17a of a disconnector 17. The disconnector shown in the figure in the open state can be a common embodiment of a switch. The switch can have, for example, flat contact pieces which can be joined together, for example using a spring force, and of which one contact piece is designed to be stationary and the other contact piece is movable. In this case, the movable contact piece can advantageously be arranged on the increasingly warmer side of the power supply device which leads to the outside. The exemplary embodiment shown is based on a disconnector 17 with plug contacts. Its first contact piece 17a is therefore designed as a contact pin, onto which a second contact piece 17b in the form of a contact socket or a contact shoe is plugged in order to close the disconnector. For example, the first contact piece is fixed in place and insulated via a holder 18 on the wall of the vacuum housing 3, it being possible for it to be located inside the vacuum housing. The second contact piece 17b is then designed to be movable, the directions of movement being indicated by a double arrow b. The second contact piece extends through an opening 19 of the vacuum housing 3. For sealing the vacuum housing thereon Opening is a expansion bellows 20 which is closed at its end opposite the opening 19 with a cover part 21. A connection part 12c of the power supply device connected to the second contact piece 17b is passed through this cover part. For the electrical isolation of the second contact piece and the connecting part from the potential of the vacuum housing, for example the cover part 21 or the bellows 20 is at least partially insulating. An external power supply device, not shown in detail in the figure, is connected to the connecting part 12c.

Das Öffnen des Trennschalters 17 findet zwangsläufig im warmen Zustand statt. Bei seinem Schließen kann gegebenenfalls sein kälteres, mit dem Leitungsabschnitt 12a verbundenes Kontaktstück 17a mittels einer besonderen Heizvorrichtung erwärmt werden, um so bereits vor der Berührung mit dem wärmeren Kontaktstück 17b auf dessen Temperaturniveau zumindest annähernd angehoben zu werden.The opening of the disconnector 17 inevitably takes place in the warm state. When it is closed, its colder contact piece 17a, which is connected to the line section 12a, can optionally be heated by means of a special heating device in order to be at least approximately raised to its temperature level before contact with the warmer contact piece 17b.

Selbstverständlich sind statt des in der Figur gezeigten Trennschalters 17 auch andere bekannte Ausführungsformen von Schaltern einsetzbar. Dies ist insbesondere dadurch ermöglicht, daß eine elektrische Trennung der Stromleitungen praktisch bei Raumtemperatur erfolgt, also oberhalb der sich durch die kälteren Bereiche des Vakuumraumes 4 erstreckenden Leitungsabschnitte der Stromzuführung. Dadurch läßt sich nicht nur die Abkühlzeit verkürzen; sondern es läßt sich auch der Betriebsstrom der supraleitenden Einrichtung aufgrund einer niedrigeren Endtemperatur erhöhen bzw. eine höhere Sicherheitsmarge erreichen. Dies ist im Hinblick auf eine im Laufe einer längeren Betriebszeit einer Kältemaschine nachlassende Kälteleistung ein besonders wichtiger Punkt. Darüber hinaus kann bei Systemen mit zwei Kältemaschinen im Reparaturfall ein Gerät abgeschaltet und ausgebaut werden, ohne daß der Betrieb unterbrochen werden muß.Of course, other known embodiments of switches can also be used instead of the disconnector 17 shown in the figure. This is made possible in particular by the fact that the power lines are electrically isolated practically at room temperature, that is to say above the line sections of the power supply line which extend through the colder regions of the vacuum space 4. This not only shortens the cooling time; but it can also increase the operating current of the superconducting device due to a lower end temperature or achieve a higher safety margin. This is a particularly important point with regard to a cooling capacity which decreases over the course of a longer operating time of a refrigeration machine. In addition, in systems with two chillers, a device can be switched off and removed in the event of repair, without the operation having to be interrupted.

Claims (14)

Anlage der Supraleitungstechnik mit a) einer supraleitenden Einrichtung, die sich in einem evakuierbaren Innenraum eines Vakuumgehäuses befindet, b) eine die supraleitende Einrichtung indirekt kühlende Kältemaschine, die in den Innenraum des Vakuumgehäuses hineinragt und mit ihrem tieftemperaturseitigen Ende gut wärmeleitend mit der surpaleitenden Einrichtung verbunden ist,
sowie c) einer zwischen Raumtemperatur und Tieftemperatur verlaufenden Stromzuführungsvorrichtung, die elektrisch an die supraleitende Einrichtung angeschlossen ist, und einen elektrischen Trennschalter in dem Innenraum des Vakuumgehäuses aufweist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sich der Trennschalter (17) der Stromzuführungsvorrichtung (12) im Bereich ihres raumtemperaturseitigen Endes befindet.Installation of superconductivity technology with a) a superconducting device which is located in an evacuable interior of a vacuum housing, b) a refrigeration machine that cools the superconducting device indirectly, which projects into the interior of the vacuum housing and is connected with its low-temperature end to the surpalconducting device with good heat conduction,
such as c) a current supply device running between room temperature and low temperature, which is electrically connected to the superconducting device and has an electrical disconnector in the interior of the vacuum housing, characterized in that the isolating switch (17) of the power supply device (12) is located in the region of its end on the room temperature side. Anlage nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die supraleitende Einrichtung zu einer Magnetfelderzeugung oder zu einer Kurzschlußstrombegrenzung oder zu einer Spannungstransformation oder zu einer Stromübertragung vorgesehen ist.System according to Claim 1, characterized in that the superconducting device is provided for generating a magnetic field or for short-circuit current limitation or for voltage transformation or for current transmission. Anlage nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die supraleitende Einrichtung eine Magneteinrichtung ist, die im supraleitenden Betriebszustand kurzgeschlossen ist.System according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the superconducting device is a magnetic device which is short-circuited in the superconducting operating state. Anlage nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ihre supraleitende Magneteinrichtung (5) Teil eines Gerätesystems zur Kernspintomographie ist.System according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that its superconducting magnetic device (5) is part of a device system for magnetic resonance imaging. Anlage nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Trennschalter (17) zwei Kontaktstücke (17a, 17b) aufweist, die über jeweilige Haltevorrichtungen (18 bzw. 20) von dem Vakuumgehäuse (3) gehalten sind.System according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the isolating switch (17) has two contact pieces (17a, 17b) which are held by the vacuum housing (3) via respective holding devices (18 or 20). Anlage nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß eines der Kontaktstücke (17b) des Trennschalters (17) beweglich ausgeführt ist und die zugeordnete Haltevorrichtung als Dehnungsbalg (20) gestaltet ist.System according to Claim 5, characterized in that one of the contact pieces (17b) of the disconnector (17) is designed to be movable and the associated holding device is designed as an expansion bellows (20). Anlage nach Anspruch 5 oder 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das tieftemperaturseitige Kontaktstück (17) mit einer Heizvorrichtung versehen ist.System according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that the low-temperature contact piece (17) is provided with a heating device. Anlage nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Trennschalter als Steckvorrichtung gestaltet ist.System according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the disconnector is designed as a plug-in device. Anlage nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Stromzuführungsvorrichtung (12) in dem Innenraum (4) des Vakuumgehäuses (3) mindestens zwei Leitungsabschnitte (12a, 12b) besitzt, von denen der tieftemperaturseitige Leitungsabschnitt (12b) an die Magneteinrichtung (5) angeschlossen ist.System according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the power supply device (12) in the interior (4) of the vacuum housing (3) has at least two line sections (12a, 12b), of which the low-temperature line section (12b) to the magnet device (5) is connected. Anlage nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ein elektrisches Verbindungsglied (13) zwischen den beiden Leitungsabschnitten (12a, 12b) der Stromzuführungsvorrichtung (12) von der Kältemaschine (6) auf einem Zwischentemperaturniveau zwischen Raumtemperatur (RT) und Tieftemperatur (TT) gehalten ist.System according to Claim 9, characterized in that an electrical connecting member (13) between the two line sections (12a, 12b) of the power supply device (12) is kept at an intermediate temperature level between room temperature (RT) and low temperature (TT) by the refrigeration machine (6) . Anlage nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das elektrische Verbindungsglied (13) thermisch an eine Kältestufe (7) der Kältemaschine (6) angekoppelt ist, die sich auf dem Zwischentemperaturniveau befindet.System according to claim 10, characterized in that the electrical connecting member (13) is thermally coupled to a cold stage (7) of the refrigerating machine (6) which is at the intermediate temperature level. Anlage nach einem der Ansprüche 9 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der tieftemperaturseitige Leitungsabschnitt (12b) der Stromzuführungsvorrichtung (12) Teile aus einem metalloxidischen Supraleitermaterial mit einer Sprungtemperatur von mindestens 77 K enthält.Installation according to one of claims 9 to 11, characterized in that the low-temperature line section (12b) of the power supply device (12) contains parts made of a metal oxide superconductor material with a transition temperature of at least 77 K. Anlage nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Kältemaschine mehrstufig gestaltet ist, wobei eine der Kältestufen (7) thermisch mit einem Strahlungsschild (16) verbunden ist, der sich im Innenraum (4) des Vakuumgehäuses (3) zwischen einer raumtemperaturseitigen Vakuumgehäusewand und der Magneteinrichtung (5) befindet.System according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the refrigeration machine is designed in several stages, one of the refrigeration stages (7) being thermally connected to a radiation shield (16) which is located in the interior (4) of the vacuum housing (3) between a Room temperature-side vacuum housing wall and the magnet device (5). Anlage nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Kältemaschine (3) ein Kryokühler vom Gifford-McMahon-Typ ist.Installation according to one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the refrigerating machine (3) is a Gifford-McMahon type cryocooler.
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