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EP0743999B1 - Structure porteuse - Google Patents

Structure porteuse Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0743999B1
EP0743999B1 EP95937593A EP95937593A EP0743999B1 EP 0743999 B1 EP0743999 B1 EP 0743999B1 EP 95937593 A EP95937593 A EP 95937593A EP 95937593 A EP95937593 A EP 95937593A EP 0743999 B1 EP0743999 B1 EP 0743999B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
struts
strut
cubic
structures
structural frame
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP95937593A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0743999A1 (fr
Inventor
Charles R. Owens
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Individual
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Individual
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US08/338,408 external-priority patent/US5615528A/en
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP0743999A1 publication Critical patent/EP0743999A1/fr
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Publication of EP0743999B1 publication Critical patent/EP0743999B1/fr
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
    • E04B2001/1924—Struts specially adapted therefor
    • E04B2001/1927—Struts specially adapted therefor of essentially circular cross section
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
    • E04B2001/1978—Frameworks assembled from preformed subframes, e.g. pyramids
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
    • E04B2001/1981—Three-dimensional framework structures characterised by the grid type of the outer planes of the framework

Definitions

  • This invention relates in general to structures such as load bearing frames and trusses and more particularly to structures that provide an enhanced trade off between the stress that can be safely carried in relation to the amount of material required for the structure.
  • This enhanced strength to weight ratio is a goal of a large number of designs including many of those proposed and constructed by Richard Buckminster Fuller.
  • failure occurs because of a failure in tension rather than in compression.
  • the loads imposed primarily induce compressive stress in the material, that stress is resolved within the material by vectors which introduce tension.
  • a dome subject to load will tend to deflect in such a fashion as to introduce tension along the trusses that constitute the dome. Failure will occur because of a failure in tension.
  • a truss structure is also known from U.S. Patent No. 5,125,206.
  • This invention is in a framework type of structure composed of a plurality of struts.
  • Each strut is ideally equal in length and is deployed in such a fashion as to cause the stress applied to the structure to be resolved within the structure in a way that minimizes the creation of tensile stress.
  • the set of struts can be analyzed as a plurality of interconnected sets of building blocks. These building blocks which when interconnected constitute the framework of this invention can be looked at in three different ways. That is, depending upon where one breaks apart the set of struts which constitutes the framework of the invention, one can end up with any one of three distinctly different sets of building blocks. Two of these sets are true building blocks. The other is a bit more abstract in that individual struts do double duty and are considered as constituting edges of two or more of the particular sub frames involved.
  • a first set is a twenty strut building block which is called by Applicant a "Unicube". It is a frame in which twelve struts define a cube. From each of the eight corners of the cube, a single strut extends outward in such a fashion as to form an equal angle with each of three adjacent edge struts of the cube. A plurality of these unicubes connected by the outboard ends of the struts which extend from the corners of the cube creates a framework or truss in accordance with the teachings of this invention.
  • a second set is composed of two buildings blocks. They are tetrax frames and cubic frames.
  • Each tetrax frame is the four struts which extend from the center point of a tetrahedron to the four corners of a tetrahedron.
  • Each cubic frame is the twelve struts that define the edges of a cube. The outboard end of each tetrax strut is connected to the corner of a cubic frame and, correspondingly, each corner of a cubic frame is connected to the outboard end of a strut of a tetrax frame.
  • eight tetrax frames will extend outwardly.
  • a third set is not exactly a building block.
  • the third set is the edge frame of the truncated rhombic dodecahedron (TRD) that is disclosed in detail in the referenced patent application.
  • TRD truncated rhombic dodecahedron
  • a structure composed of the edge struts defining a plurality of truncated rhombic dodecahedra will generate the frame of this invention.
  • each edge would be common to three of these TRDs.
  • the framework of this invention is a framework which constitutes the common struts so that the three edges of adjacent TRDs are represented by a single strut rather than by three parallel coincident struts.
  • FIGs. 1 through 6 illustrate these three sets or building blocks.
  • FIGs. 1 and 2 show two views of a unicube.
  • FIGs. 3 and 4 show the tetrax and cubic frame, respectively.
  • FIGs. 5 and 6 show two views of a TRD frame.
  • FIGs. 5 shows an opaque TRD representing only the visible edges of the TRD.
  • the invention relates to a load bearing structural frame comprising twelve compression bearing struts defining the edges of a cubic frame having eight corners, and eight outwardly extending compression bearing struts, each extending outwardly from a seperate one of said eight corners, each of said outwardly extending struts having an outer end.
  • the invention also relates to suitable embodiments of this basic frame. Further, the invention relates to a method of constructing such load bearing frame.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the unicube in which the center cube is in opaque form so that only visible struts can be seen.
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the actual unicube showing all twelve struts of the center cube and the eight outwardly extending corner struts.
  • FIG. 3 shows two views of the four strut tetrax which is also referred to herein as the tetrax frame.
  • FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a cubic frame; this cubic frame being the center cube of a unicube.
  • FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an opaque truncated rhombic dodecahedron (TRD) thereby representing only the visible edges of an opaque TRD.
  • TRD opaque truncated rhombic dodecahedron
  • FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an actual TRD showing all edges thereof.
  • FIG. 7 is a two dimensional aggregation of the FIG. 1 unicubes showing the connection of the outwardly extending struts 14 of adjacent unicubes in essentially a shell.
  • a unicube consists of twenty equal struts connected to one another. Twelve of the struts define the edges of a cube and thus are a cubic frame. Eight of the struts extend outward from the eight corners of the cube in a direction so that each of these outwardly extending struts forms an equal angle with each of the three cubic frame struts to which it is connected.
  • the twelve struts that define the cube are called cubic struts and the eight struts that extend outward from the corners of the cube are called outwardly extending struts.
  • the outwardly extending struts of a single unicube each have an outer end.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a unicube.
  • a cubic frame consists of a set of struts defining the twelve edges of a cube.
  • a cubic frame constitutes one of two building blocks of an optimum structure of this invention. The other building block is the tetrax, defined below.
  • a cubic frame is illustrated in FIG. 4.
  • the tetrax is the four equal sized axes extending from the center point of a tetrahedron to the four corners of the tetrahedron.
  • the mutual angle between any two of the struts or legs of the tetrax is 109.47°.
  • a plurality of tetraxes and a plurality of cubic frames can be combined to create an optimum structural frame of the invention.
  • This tetrax is also called a tetrax frame herein.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a tetrax.
  • a tetrax structure is a four strut structure or building block that approximates a tetrax.
  • the four struts are all connected to a common point. But the struts may not be equal in length and may deviate somewhat from the 109.47° angle between any two of the struts.
  • a tetrax structure may be used as a building block in an embodiment of the invention which is less than optimum. The limits of how much a tetrax structure can deviate from a tetrax frame and still be usable in some embodiment of this invention is discussed in greater detail under the detailed description.
  • FIGs. 1 and 2 illustrate one form of the building block of the load bearing structural frame of this invention. It is referred to herein as a unicube 10. As shown in FIG. 1, there are twelve struts 12 which form the edges of a cube. There are eight struts 14 which extend outward from the eight corners of the cube. Each outwardly extending strut 14 forms an equal angle with each of the three cube edge struts 12 that form the corner from which the strut 14 extends. The struts 14 and 12 are all equal in length.
  • FIG. 1 shows the cube as opaque. Since the structure itself is a series of struts, FIG. 2 is the more accurate representation.
  • the outboard ends 14E of each of the struts 14 is attached to an outboard end 14E of three other unicubes.
  • FIG. 7 is designed to illustrate and suggest this arrangement. In FIG. 7 only three, not four, ends 14E are illustrated as being connected in order to provide a clearer presentation.
  • FIG. 2 unicubes 10 connected by their strut ends 14E to each other will create an optimum frame embodiment of this invention. It should be noted that each end 14E is connected to three other ends 14E of three other unicubes. Thus any set of four connected unicubes will share only one common point.
  • FIGs. 3 and 4 illustrate elements of the building blocks of this invention.
  • Each cubic frame consists of twelve struts 12 defining the edges of a cube.
  • Each cubic frame 16 has eight corners.
  • Each tetrax frame 18 is constituted by four struts 14 which comprise the corner axes of a tetrahedron.
  • the four struts are equal in length, extend out from a center point 14E to which all four struts are connected and in which any two of the struts have a mutual angle of 109.47°. That is, there are six angles involved in these four struts, taking two at a time. Each angle has a value of 109.47°.
  • these four struts are the four lines which extend from the center of the tetrahedron to the four vertices of the tetrahedron.
  • each tetrax is connected to a corner of a cubic frame and the corner of each cubic frame is connected to an end point 14c of a tetrax. Since there are four end points 14C to each tetrax and eight corners to a cubic frame, there are twice as many tetrax frames as there are cubic frames in the structure of this invention.
  • the tetrax frame is a true tetrax in which each strut is equal in length and has internal angles of 109.47°.
  • the internal angle is the angle between any two of the four struts.
  • Each strut 14 of a 'tetrax is an outwardly extending strut of a unicube in the assembled structure.
  • FIG. 7 may aid in seeing this relationship.
  • the same reference number "14" is used for the struts.
  • the cubic struts 12 of the unicube are the cubic frame 16 in the assembled structure.
  • the end point 14E of the strut 14 in the unicube is the center point of the tetrax struts.
  • the end point 14C of the tetrax struts is the corner point of the cubic frame 16.
  • center point of the cubic frames 16 is the center point of the cubes of the unicube.
  • the center point of all of the cubic frames 16 is a set of points having a relationship to each other such that each member of this set of center points will be equal distant from the twelve neighboring members of the set of points. This relationship is important because that set of points must always be spaced from the set of struts 12, 14 so as to avoid transmission of forces along a strut through those points. By avoiding the transmission of forces through the set of center points, the forces are steered in such a fashion as to minimize the development of tension.
  • tetrax structure is used herein to refer to a four strut structure based on the tetrax 18 but having less than ideal equal length struts and/or less than ideal internal angles.
  • a tetrax structure is a tetrax modelled structure that provides a significant improvement in the stress steering.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a panel approximately two unicubes deep constructed in accordance with the teachings of this invention.
  • This network of struts 12, 14 can be used to produce a number of a wide range of building structures such as a wall truss, a floor truss, a dome and an arch as well as many other structural components.
  • the structures can be made extremely light compared to comparable structures made by other techniques because they resolve loads in terms of compression rather than in terms of tension. Thus the structures take full advantage of the high compressive strength to weight ratios as opposed to much lower tensile strength to weight ratios.
  • the struts can be made of any suitable material such as steel, aluminum, fiber, reinforced plastic or ordinary plastic struts.
  • the strut material as well as its length and cross-sectional size will be a function of the particular design requirements of the structure involved.
  • the struts can be joined to one another using any known technique such as bolting, welding, or being cast as integral cubic and tetrax building blocks.
  • the surface of the structural frame created in accordance with this invention would normally be closed and preferably smooth in some sense.
  • the struts 12 or 14 will connect to some structure that is not part of the structural frame of this invention.
  • the framework of this invention steers stresses due to loads in such a fashion as to minimize the development of tension and resolve these stresses as stresses in compression.
  • the TRD is a closed structure having six square frames and twelve hexagon frames. Pairs of these square frames and pairs of the hexagon frames are parallel to one another. All edges are exactly equal in length.
  • the set of struts 12, 14 that form an optimum embodiment of this invention (that is, true cubic frames and tetraxes with all equal struts) will also define TRDs.
  • the TRDs are not strictly building blocks because each strut 12 and 14 will be common to three TRDs.
  • additional reinforcing struts that do not conform to the pattern of the struts described above will normally provide no useful benefit and will usually result in some degradation from optimum performance.
  • a diagonal strut along the surface of the cubic frame 16 might appear to provide additional rigidity and strength.
  • Applicant believes that the main result of such an additional strut would be to deflect the optimum force steering created by the struts 12, 14 of this invention and thereby increase the development of tension in certain strut members. At the best such additional struts would provide no improvement in reducing tension yet create additional cost and weight.
  • the tetrax and cubic frame strut building blocks are so connected that each end point of a tetrax leg or strut is connected to a corner of a cubic frame strut and each corner of a cubic frame strut is connected to an end point of a tetrax strut.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
  • Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)
  • Door And Window Frames Mounted To Openings (AREA)
  • Buildings Adapted To Withstand Abnormal External Influences (AREA)
  • Panels For Use In Building Construction (AREA)
  • Audible-Bandwidth Dynamoelectric Transducers Other Than Pickups (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Claims (13)

  1. Charpente de construction qui soutient la charge, comprenant :
    douze barres (12) qui soutiennent la compression et qui définissent les coins d'une charpente cubique (16) ayant huit coins, et
    huit barres (14) soutenant la compression et s'étendant vers l'extérieur, dont chacune s'étend vers l'extérieur à partir d'un autre desdits huit coins (14C) et présente une extrémité extérieure (14E).
  2. Charpente de construction qui soutient la charge selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle chacune des douze barres (12) présente la même longueur.
  3. Charpente de construction qui soutient la charge selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle les angles entre chacune desdites barres (14) s'étendant vers l'extérieur et les trois barres cubiques (12) auxquelles elle est connectée sont tous égaux.
  4. Disposition d'une charpente de construction qui soutient la charge, comprenant :
    une multiplicité de charpentes (16) selon la revendication 1, chaque extrémité extérieure (14E) de chacune des barres (14) s'étendant vers l'extérieur étant connectée à trois autres extrémités extérieures (14E) des barres s'étendant vers l'extérieur, formant ainsi une structure (18) se composant de quatre barres.
  5. Disposition d'une charpente de construction qui soutient la charge, selon la revendication 4, comprenant :
    au moins six structures (18) espacées l'une de l'autre se composant de quatre barres, lesdites structures (18) présentant quatre barres soutenant la compression (14) qui partent d'une même origine, chacune desdites barres dans chacune des structures à quatre barres (18) présentant un point terminal,
    lesdits points terminaux des barres de huit structures adjacentes des structures (18) à quatre barres constituant un premier jeu de huit points, et il y a une pluralité de ces premiers jeux de huit points, et
    chaque premier jeu des huit points terminaux étant interconnecté par une structure prédéterminée soutenant la compression.
  6. Disposition d'une charpente de construction qui soutient la charge, selon la revendication 4, dans laquelle ladite structure prédéterminée qui relie est un jeu de barres qui interconnectent dont chacune relie des points terminaux (14E) de barres (14) de structures séparées parmi les structures (18) à quatre barres.
  7. Disposition d'une charpente de construction qui soutient la charge, selon la revendication 4, dans laquelle chaque barre (14) de cette structure (18) se composant de quatre barres s'étend pour l'essentiel à 109,47° par rapport à chacune des trois autres barres qui relient de ladite structure à quatre barres.
  8. Disposition d'une charpente de construction qui soutient la charge, selon la revendication 4, dans laquelle chaque barre (14) de la structure (18) à quatre barres présente pour l'essentiel la même longueur.
  9. Disposition d'une charpente de construction qui soutient la charge, selon la revendication 6, dans laquelle la structure prédéterminée qui soutient la compression et qui relie est la charpente cubique (16).
  10. Disposition d'une charpente de construction qui soutient la charge, selon l'une quelconque des revendications 4 à 9, comprenant :
    une multiplicité de structures (18) interconnectées présentant quatre barres et de charpentes cubiques (16), chaque structure à quatre barres (18) présentant quatre barres (14) qui soutiennent la compression et qui partent d'une même origine et chaque charpente cubique (16) présentant douze barres de coin (12), et toutes les barres desdites charpentes cubiques et des structures à quatre barres étant pour l'essentiel égales l'une à l'autre,
    les charpentes cubiques (16) et les structures à quatre barres (18) étant interconnectées de telle manière que l'extrémité extérieure de chaque barre (14) d'une structure (18) qui présente quatre barres est connectée à un coin (14C) d'une charpente cubique (16) et que le coin (14C) de chaque charpente cubique (16) est connecté à l'extrémité extérieure d'une barre (14) d'une structure à quatre barres (18),
    chaque barre d'une structure à quatre barres (18) partant du centre de chaque structure à quatre barres (18), et, excepté sur les extrémités extérieures de la structure, chaque barre d'une structure à quatre barres (18) partant du coin de chaque charpente cubique (16),
    le jeu des points déterminés par le centre de chaque charpente cubique est tel que chaque membre dudit jeu des points présente une distance égale de douze et seulement douze membres adjacents dudit jeu des points.
  11. Procédé de fabrication d'une disposition d'une charpente de construction qui soutient la charge, selon l'une quelconque des revendications 4 à 10, caractérisé par les étapes suivantes :
    choisir un jeu de barres (12, 14) soutenant la compression et présentant une stabilité appropriée ainsi qu'une grandeur pour l'essentiel égale,
    créer dudit jeu des barres un jeu de blocs de construction, chaque bloc ayant douze barres (12) définissant les coins d'un cube et huit barres diagonales (14) qui s'étendent vers l'extérieur à partir de chacun des huit coins des barres (12) définissant les coins du cube, et chacune des huit barres (14) qui s'étendent vers l'extérieur présentant une extrémité extérieure,
    assembler ledit jeu de blocs de construction en reliant les extrémités extérieures d'une barre s'étendant vers l'extérieur (14) de quatre blocs séparés de construction, de telle manière que la barre s'étendant vers l'extérieur, de chaque coin de chaque bloc de construction forme une barre d'une structure à quatre barres (18) avec trois barres s'étendant vers l'extérieur, de trois autres blocs adjacents de construction.
  12. Procédé de fabrication d'une disposition d'une charpente de construction qui soutient la charge, selon la revendication 11, caractérisé par
       connecter un premier jeu choisi de barres (12, 14) qui soutiennent la compression, pour obtenir un jeu de charpentes cubiques (16),
       connecter un deuxième jeu choisi de barres (12, 14) qui soutiennent la compression, pour obtenir un jeu de charpentes de structures à quatre barres, le nombre des structures à quatre barres (18) étant approximativement deux fois plus grand que le nombre des charpentes cubiques (16),
       connecter un point terminal de chaque barre de chaque structure à quatre barres (18) à un coin d'une charpente cubique (16) et connecter chaque coin d'une charpente cubique (16) à un point terminal d'une structure (18) ayant quatre barres.
  13. Procédé de fabrication d'une disposition d'une charpente de construction qui soutient la charge, selon les revendications 11 et 12, caractérisé par
       assembler un premier jeu desdites barres (12, 14) pour obtenir un jeu de structures à quatre barres (18),
       assembler un deuxième jeu desdites barres (12, 14) pour obtenir un deuxième jeu de structures prédéterminées, ayant huit points prédéterminés de coin, et
       connecter une extrémité d'une barre de huit structures séparées parmi les structures à quatre barres (18) aux huit points de coin de chacun dudit deuxième jeu de structures, ladite étape de connecter incluant le fait de connecter l'extrémité de barre de chaque structure à quatre barres (18) à un point de coin de l'un dudit deuxième jeu de structures.
EP95937593A 1994-11-14 1995-10-20 Structure porteuse Expired - Lifetime EP0743999B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/338,408 US5615528A (en) 1994-11-14 1994-11-14 Stress steering structure
US338408 1994-11-14
US08/399,048 US5660003A (en) 1994-11-14 1995-03-08 Structural frame based on plurality of tetrax structures
US399048 1995-03-08
PCT/US1995/013614 WO1996015333A1 (fr) 1994-11-14 1995-10-20 Structure porteuse

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0743999A1 EP0743999A1 (fr) 1996-11-27
EP0743999B1 true EP0743999B1 (fr) 2003-04-09

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EP95937593A Expired - Lifetime EP0743999B1 (fr) 1994-11-14 1995-10-20 Structure porteuse

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EP (1) EP0743999B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP3773952B2 (fr)
CN (2) CN1074490C (fr)
AT (1) ATE237044T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU700621B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2180638C (fr)
DE (1) DE69530287T2 (fr)
IL (1) IL115937A (fr)
WO (1) WO1996015333A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2194128C2 (ru) * 2000-11-02 2002-12-10 Максименко Владимир Петрович Пространственный каркас сооружения
JP4108101B2 (ja) * 2006-04-21 2008-06-25 積水化学工業株式会社 立体チューブ建築構造体
EP2716828B1 (fr) * 2012-10-02 2017-08-23 FESTO AG & Co. KG Structure de construction légère
CN109162347B (zh) * 2018-10-12 2023-09-26 北京科技大学 一种模块化搭建张拉整体结构的方法
CN109853725A (zh) * 2018-12-12 2019-06-07 南京工业大学 一种适用于无粘结预应力混凝土框架的自控耗能元件

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US4809146A (en) * 1986-04-07 1989-02-28 Johnson David W Enclosure with interlocking frame joints
US5125206A (en) * 1987-08-27 1992-06-30 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Truss structure

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US3139959A (en) * 1961-06-12 1964-07-07 United Aircraft Corp Construction arrangement
US3354591A (en) * 1964-12-07 1967-11-28 Fuller Richard Buckminster Octahedral building truss
US3757476A (en) * 1970-12-17 1973-09-11 Nasa Expandable space-frames
WO1981000130A1 (fr) * 1979-07-03 1981-01-22 Allied Chem Element de structure, armature tetraedrique construite a partir de celui-ci et procede de construction
US4903452A (en) * 1987-11-24 1990-02-27 Huang Yen T Modular space framed earthquake resistant structure

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US4809146A (en) * 1986-04-07 1989-02-28 Johnson David W Enclosure with interlocking frame joints
US5125206A (en) * 1987-08-27 1992-06-30 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Truss structure

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Publication number Publication date
CN1074490C (zh) 2001-11-07
CA2180638C (fr) 2007-07-31
JPH09507889A (ja) 1997-08-12
IL115937A0 (en) 1996-01-31
DE69530287T2 (de) 2004-02-12
AU700621B2 (en) 1999-01-07
CN1312419A (zh) 2001-09-12
CA2180638A1 (fr) 1996-05-23
CN1179104C (zh) 2004-12-08
CN1140479A (zh) 1997-01-15
ATE237044T1 (de) 2003-04-15
JP3773952B2 (ja) 2006-05-10
EP0743999A1 (fr) 1996-11-27
IL115937A (en) 1999-11-30
WO1996015333A1 (fr) 1996-05-23
AU3965895A (en) 1996-06-06
DE69530287D1 (de) 2003-05-15

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