EP0601972A1 - Agent à affinage des alliages de fonderie à base d'aluminium en particulier à base d'aluminium-silicium - Google Patents
Agent à affinage des alliages de fonderie à base d'aluminium en particulier à base d'aluminium-silicium Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0601972A1 EP0601972A1 EP93810820A EP93810820A EP0601972A1 EP 0601972 A1 EP0601972 A1 EP 0601972A1 EP 93810820 A EP93810820 A EP 93810820A EP 93810820 A EP93810820 A EP 93810820A EP 0601972 A1 EP0601972 A1 EP 0601972A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- weight
- alloy
- boron
- titanium
- aluminum
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 11
- 229910000789 Aluminium-silicon alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- CSDREXVUYHZDNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumanylidynesilicon Chemical compound [Al].[Si] CSDREXVUYHZDNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- -1 aluminum-titanium-boron Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 3
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- KMWBBMXGHHLDKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [AlH3].[Si] Chemical compound [AlH3].[Si] KMWBBMXGHHLDKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004512 die casting Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000002076 thermal analysis method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004781 supercooling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910016459 AlB2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 101000693961 Trachemys scripta 68 kDa serum albumin Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910018125 Al-Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021364 Al-Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018520 Al—Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000521 B alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QYEXBYZXHDUPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N B#[Ti]#B Chemical compound B#[Ti]#B QYEXBYZXHDUPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910033181 TiB2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000007730 finishing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/02—Alloys based on aluminium with silicon as the next major constituent
- C22C21/04—Modified aluminium-silicon alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/02—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting
- C22C1/03—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting using master alloys
Definitions
- the invention relates to hypoeutectic to near-eutectic aluminum-silicon casting alloys containing grain refining agents and a method for grain refinement of hypoeutectic to near-eutectic aluminum-silicon casting alloys by nucleating additives for the melt, and the use of the aluminum-silicon casting alloy.
- a coarse-grained structure can occur with aluminum alloys, which has lower strength and ductility than fine-grained structure.
- Nucleating additives to the melt can be used to achieve a fine-grained structure with better mechanical properties and improved castability.
- the added grain refining agents react in the melt after complex processes and act as foreign germs.
- Grain refining agents based on Al-5% Ti-1% B or Al-3% Ti-1% B are known for refining the primary grain and the eutectic grain in hypereutectic to near-eutectic Al-Si cast alloys.
- Al-3% Ti-3% B master alloys were also tested and found to be effective (AFS Transaction 85 172, pages 907 - 912).
- MA-PD 2 Rev. 1 aluminum-titanium-boron alloys as grain refiners and an alloy on sheet WLP-4M 7/90 according to the company publication "Aluminum Master Alloys" under the brand name TIBOR 2.5% Ti-2.5% B offered.
- the titanium content should be between 2.0 - 3.0% and boron between 2.0 - 3.0%.
- the grain refining agent contains a master alloy containing less than 2% by weight and at least 1% by weight titanium and less than 2% by weight and at least 1% by weight boron, and the rest aluminum, represents.
- the cast aluminum alloy contains a master alloy with 1.8% by weight or less titanium and 1.8% by weight or less boron.
- the cast aluminum alloy contains a master alloy with 1.3% by weight or more titanium and 1.3% by weight or more boron.
- the master alloy has a titanium / boron weight ratio of 0.8 to 1.2 and preferably 0.9 to 1.1.
- aluminum-silicon casting alloys are understood to be hypoeutectic to near-eutectic aluminum casting alloys with silicon as the main alloy element.
- the term aluminum-silicon cast alloys therefore also includes alloys with other alloying elements, special additives and commercially available impurities and includes both primary and secondary alloys.
- the silicon content of Aluminum-silicon cast alloys is, for example, 5 to 13% by weight, expediently 6 to 13% by weight, preferably over 7% by weight and up to 13% by weight and particularly preferably from 9 to 13% by weight .
- the preferred alloys include the aforementioned aluminum-silicon cast alloys with a magnesium content of, for example, 0.05 to 0.6% by weight, expediently 0.1 to 0.4% by weight and preferably from 0.15 to 0.35% by weight.
- the master alloy can also contain the usual traces and impurities.
- the addition of the master alloy is preferably carried out in an amount which corresponds to an addition of 0.05% by weight to 0.5% by weight of the master alloy, based on the total melt.
- An amount of about 0.1% by weight to 0.3% by weight of the master alloy is preferably sufficient.
- the present invention also relates to a method for grain refinement of hypoeutectic to near-eutectic aluminum-silicon cast alloys by nucleating additives of aluminum-titanium-boron master alloys for the melt.
- the melt is therefore, according to the present invention, with a master alloy containing less than 2% by weight and at least 1% by weight titanium and less than 2% by weight and at least 1% by weight boron and the rest aluminum merged.
- the melt is expediently combined with a master alloy containing 1.8% by weight or less titanium and 1.8% by weight or less boron and the rest aluminum.
- the melt is expediently combined with a master alloy containing 1.3% by weight or more titanium and 1.3% by weight or more boron and the rest aluminum.
- the melt is brought together with a master alloy containing titanium and boron in a weight ratio of titanium to boron of 0.9 to 1.1.
- the master alloy and the melt can be brought together, for example, by feeding the master alloy in the form of a pig to a crucible filled with melt, the master alloy melting and mixing.
- the master alloy can also be added to the melt in wire form, for example continuously in a casting trough.
- the melt can be cleaned and / or sodium or strontium refined, for example. Cleaning can also be carried out after Na or Sr finishing.
- the castings made of the alloy according to the present invention have an extremely fine-grained structure.
- the KF value is calculated from the width Gb of the primary solidification peak and, according to Jürgens and Günther, Giesserei, 71, 1984, pages 928ff, is very well linked to the microbial state of the melt or the grain size. The higher the KF value (theoretically it is between 5 and 15) or the lower the supercooling, the finer the grain.
- Devices for recording a cooling curve and evaluating the germ state are available on the market as thermal analysis systems.
- the intermetallic compounds AlB2, TiB2 and mixed borides of the type (Al, Ti) B2 form, which ensure an improved grain refinement effect.
- the lower proportion of titanium and boron compared to other grain refining agents prevents the occurrence of higher boron-containing intermetallic compounds that are not effective in grain refinement and the proportion of the compound AlB2 is kept within limits, since too high an AlB2 content makes the alloy refinable with Na and / or severely limits Sr.
- the advantageous properties are not only achieved immediately after the addition of the grain refining agent to the alloy and immediately after casting, the advantageous effect is also retained if the alloy containing the grain refining agent remains in the holding furnace for longer periods or during remelting or after remelting.
- the present invention also relates to the use of the aluminum-silicon casting alloy according to the invention, in particular for castings and molded parts for vehicles, such as wheels for, for example, passenger cars.
- the aluminum-silicon casting alloy according to the invention can preferably be processed into castings by means of a low-pressure mold casting process.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH375092 | 1992-12-07 | ||
| CH3750/92 | 1992-12-07 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0601972A1 true EP0601972A1 (fr) | 1994-06-15 |
Family
ID=4262693
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP93810820A Ceased EP0601972A1 (fr) | 1992-12-07 | 1993-11-25 | Agent à affinage des alliages de fonderie à base d'aluminium en particulier à base d'aluminium-silicium |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0601972A1 (fr) |
| NO (2) | NO303070B1 (fr) |
| ZA (1) | ZA938824B (fr) |
Cited By (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1029934A1 (fr) * | 1999-02-19 | 2000-08-23 | Norsk Hydro Asa | Alliage-mère pour l'affinage de grain d'alliages en aluminium |
| EP1443122A1 (fr) * | 2003-01-23 | 2004-08-04 | ALUMINIUM RHEINFELDEN GmbH | Alliage à coulée d'aluminium |
| US7108042B2 (en) * | 2004-06-29 | 2006-09-19 | Aluminum Rheinfelden Gmbh | Aluminum diecasting alloy |
| EP1838886A4 (fr) * | 2004-12-02 | 2009-03-11 | Cast Centre Pty Ltd | Alliage de fonderie d'aluminium |
| CN101338381B (zh) * | 2007-09-12 | 2011-05-25 | 浙江今飞凯达轮毂有限公司 | 一种铝钛碳锶合金细化剂的制备方法 |
| DE102013200847A1 (de) | 2013-01-21 | 2014-07-24 | Federal-Mogul Nürnberg GmbH | Aluminium-Gusslegierung, Kolben aus einer Aluminiumgusslegierung und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Aluminium-Gusslegierung |
| CN105369082A (zh) * | 2015-12-11 | 2016-03-02 | 天津爱田汽车部件有限公司 | 一种压铸铝合金 |
| CN106282686A (zh) * | 2016-11-10 | 2017-01-04 | 无锡市明盛强力风机有限公司 | 一种轮毂的铸造方法 |
| EP3162460A1 (fr) | 2015-11-02 | 2017-05-03 | Mubea Performance Wheels GmbH | Pièce coulée en alliage léger et procédé de sa fabrication |
| CN112981161A (zh) * | 2021-02-10 | 2021-06-18 | 大连交通大学 | 铝硅系合金真空熔炼用碘酸铯熔体净化剂及其加工方法 |
| CN112981162A (zh) * | 2021-02-10 | 2021-06-18 | 大连交通大学 | 6xxx系铝合金熔体纯化剂及其使用方法 |
| CN113005321A (zh) * | 2021-02-10 | 2021-06-22 | 大连交通大学 | 铝锌系合金真空熔炼纯化剂及其制备和使用方法 |
| CN113005311A (zh) * | 2021-02-10 | 2021-06-22 | 大连交通大学 | 5xxx系铝合金熔体净化剂及其制备方法 |
| CN114032425A (zh) * | 2021-11-04 | 2022-02-11 | 山西江淮重工有限责任公司 | 一种zl114a合金复合变质的方法及其所得产品 |
| CN114262810A (zh) * | 2021-11-25 | 2022-04-01 | 广州致远新材料科技有限公司 | 一种亚共晶压铸铝硅合金材料的制备方法 |
| CN115491535A (zh) * | 2022-09-27 | 2022-12-20 | 攀枝花学院 | 铝钛硼中间合金及其制备方法 |
| CN116287836A (zh) * | 2023-03-17 | 2023-06-23 | 昆明冶金研究院有限公司 | 一种铸造铝硅合金的复合细化变质剂及其应用 |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2090888A5 (fr) * | 1970-04-28 | 1972-01-14 | Graenges Aluminium Ab | |
| SU990856A1 (ru) * | 1981-09-18 | 1983-01-23 | Гомельский политехнический институт | Алюминиева лигатура |
| US4576791A (en) * | 1984-02-27 | 1986-03-18 | Anglo Blackwells Limited | Aluminium-strontium-titanium-boron master alloy |
| GB2174103A (en) * | 1985-03-25 | 1986-10-29 | Cabot Corp | Grain refiner for aluminum containing silicon |
| JPH04318143A (ja) * | 1991-04-16 | 1992-11-09 | Showa Denko Kk | アルミニウム結晶微細化剤 |
-
1993
- 1993-11-25 EP EP93810820A patent/EP0601972A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 1993-11-25 ZA ZA938824A patent/ZA938824B/xx unknown
- 1993-12-06 NO NO934418A patent/NO303070B1/no unknown
- 1993-12-06 NO NO934418D patent/NO934418D0/no unknown
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2090888A5 (fr) * | 1970-04-28 | 1972-01-14 | Graenges Aluminium Ab | |
| SU990856A1 (ru) * | 1981-09-18 | 1983-01-23 | Гомельский политехнический институт | Алюминиева лигатура |
| US4576791A (en) * | 1984-02-27 | 1986-03-18 | Anglo Blackwells Limited | Aluminium-strontium-titanium-boron master alloy |
| GB2174103A (en) * | 1985-03-25 | 1986-10-29 | Cabot Corp | Grain refiner for aluminum containing silicon |
| JPH04318143A (ja) * | 1991-04-16 | 1992-11-09 | Showa Denko Kk | アルミニウム結晶微細化剤 |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
| Title |
|---|
| A.ABDEL-HAMID ET AL: "NATURE ET MORPHOLOGIE DES CRISTAUX EN TI ET B DANS LES ALLIAGES AL-TI-B RICHES EN AL", JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH, vol. 66, 1984, AMSTERDAM NL, pages 195 - 204, XP024421131, DOI: doi:10.1016/0022-0248(84)90091-5 * |
| CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, vol. 98, no. 24, 13 June 1983, Columbus, Ohio, US; abstract no. 202940, KARPENKO, M. I. ET AL.: "Aluminum master alloy" * |
| E.BRUNHUBER: "KURZ- UND LANGZEIT-VEREDELUNG VON ALUMINIUM-SILICIUM-GUSSLEGIERUNGEN", GIESSEREI-PRAXIS, no. 4, 1981, BERLIN DE, pages 61 - 66, XP001255762 * |
| PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 17, no. 154 (C - 1040) 26 March 1993 (1993-03-26) * |
Cited By (23)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1029934A1 (fr) * | 1999-02-19 | 2000-08-23 | Norsk Hydro Asa | Alliage-mère pour l'affinage de grain d'alliages en aluminium |
| EP1443122A1 (fr) * | 2003-01-23 | 2004-08-04 | ALUMINIUM RHEINFELDEN GmbH | Alliage à coulée d'aluminium |
| US6824737B2 (en) | 2003-01-23 | 2004-11-30 | Aluminium Rheinfelden Gmbh | Casting alloy |
| US7108042B2 (en) * | 2004-06-29 | 2006-09-19 | Aluminum Rheinfelden Gmbh | Aluminum diecasting alloy |
| EP1838886A4 (fr) * | 2004-12-02 | 2009-03-11 | Cast Centre Pty Ltd | Alliage de fonderie d'aluminium |
| US8097101B2 (en) | 2004-12-02 | 2012-01-17 | Cast Centre Pty Ltd | Aluminium casting alloy |
| CN101338381B (zh) * | 2007-09-12 | 2011-05-25 | 浙江今飞凯达轮毂有限公司 | 一种铝钛碳锶合金细化剂的制备方法 |
| DE102013200847A1 (de) | 2013-01-21 | 2014-07-24 | Federal-Mogul Nürnberg GmbH | Aluminium-Gusslegierung, Kolben aus einer Aluminiumgusslegierung und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Aluminium-Gusslegierung |
| DE102013200847B4 (de) * | 2013-01-21 | 2014-08-07 | Federal-Mogul Nürnberg GmbH | Aluminium-Gusslegierung, Kolben aus einer Aluminiumgusslegierung und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Aluminium-Gusslegierung |
| US10801089B2 (en) | 2015-11-02 | 2020-10-13 | Mubea Performance Wheels Gmbh | Light metal cast component |
| EP3162460A1 (fr) | 2015-11-02 | 2017-05-03 | Mubea Performance Wheels GmbH | Pièce coulée en alliage léger et procédé de sa fabrication |
| CN105369082A (zh) * | 2015-12-11 | 2016-03-02 | 天津爱田汽车部件有限公司 | 一种压铸铝合金 |
| CN106282686A (zh) * | 2016-11-10 | 2017-01-04 | 无锡市明盛强力风机有限公司 | 一种轮毂的铸造方法 |
| CN112981161A (zh) * | 2021-02-10 | 2021-06-18 | 大连交通大学 | 铝硅系合金真空熔炼用碘酸铯熔体净化剂及其加工方法 |
| CN112981162A (zh) * | 2021-02-10 | 2021-06-18 | 大连交通大学 | 6xxx系铝合金熔体纯化剂及其使用方法 |
| CN113005321A (zh) * | 2021-02-10 | 2021-06-22 | 大连交通大学 | 铝锌系合金真空熔炼纯化剂及其制备和使用方法 |
| CN113005311A (zh) * | 2021-02-10 | 2021-06-22 | 大连交通大学 | 5xxx系铝合金熔体净化剂及其制备方法 |
| CN114032425A (zh) * | 2021-11-04 | 2022-02-11 | 山西江淮重工有限责任公司 | 一种zl114a合金复合变质的方法及其所得产品 |
| CN114262810A (zh) * | 2021-11-25 | 2022-04-01 | 广州致远新材料科技有限公司 | 一种亚共晶压铸铝硅合金材料的制备方法 |
| CN114262810B (zh) * | 2021-11-25 | 2022-07-01 | 广州致远新材料科技有限公司 | 一种亚共晶压铸铝硅合金材料的制备方法 |
| CN115491535A (zh) * | 2022-09-27 | 2022-12-20 | 攀枝花学院 | 铝钛硼中间合金及其制备方法 |
| CN115491535B (zh) * | 2022-09-27 | 2023-11-24 | 攀枝花学院 | 铝钛硼中间合金及其制备方法 |
| CN116287836A (zh) * | 2023-03-17 | 2023-06-23 | 昆明冶金研究院有限公司 | 一种铸造铝硅合金的复合细化变质剂及其应用 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ZA938824B (en) | 1994-06-30 |
| NO303070B1 (no) | 1998-05-25 |
| NO934418L (no) | 1994-06-08 |
| NO934418D0 (no) | 1993-12-06 |
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