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EP0640995A1 - Résistance électrique et application de cette résistance dans un limiteur de courant - Google Patents

Résistance électrique et application de cette résistance dans un limiteur de courant Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0640995A1
EP0640995A1 EP93113545A EP93113545A EP0640995A1 EP 0640995 A1 EP0640995 A1 EP 0640995A1 EP 93113545 A EP93113545 A EP 93113545A EP 93113545 A EP93113545 A EP 93113545A EP 0640995 A1 EP0640995 A1 EP 0640995A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
resistance
polymer matrix
layer
resistance element
element according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP93113545A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0640995B1 (fr
Inventor
Tudor Dr. Baiatu
Felix Dr. Greuter
Ralf Dr. Strümpler
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ABB Research Ltd Switzerland
Original Assignee
ABB Research Ltd Switzerland
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ABB Research Ltd Switzerland filed Critical ABB Research Ltd Switzerland
Priority to EP93113545A priority Critical patent/EP0640995B1/fr
Priority to DE59306823T priority patent/DE59306823D1/de
Priority to US08/291,903 priority patent/US5602520A/en
Priority to CA002130622A priority patent/CA2130622A1/fr
Priority to JP6199857A priority patent/JPH07153604A/ja
Publication of EP0640995A1 publication Critical patent/EP0640995A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0640995B1 publication Critical patent/EP0640995B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/02—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient
    • H01C7/027—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient consisting of conducting or semi-conducting material dispersed in a non-conductive organic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/13—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material current responsive

Definitions

  • the invention is based on an electrical resistance element according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the invention also relates to the use of such a resistance element in a current limiter.
  • a resistance element of the type mentioned at the outset is known from EP 0 363 746 A1 and from the article by T. Hansson published in ABB Review 4/92 (1992), pp. 35-38, "Polyethylene current monitor for short-circuit protection".
  • This resistance element consists of a thin plastic plate made of filler-containing polyethylene, which is arranged between two comparatively thick electrodes. At room temperature, this resistance element has a very low resistance and can then easily carry the nominal current flowing in a low-voltage distribution network. The resistance element can also easily carry a nominal current that is several times higher for several seconds, since the comparatively thick electrodes can temporarily absorb the current heat generated in the resistance element.
  • the temperature of the resistance element rises very quickly in a very thin surface layer on the electrodes, which are preferably made of silver-plated copper, and melts the polyethylene in this layer.
  • the resistance of the resistance element increases abruptly and reaches approximately 30 times its initial value in less than a millisecond.
  • the short-circuit current is thereby greatly reduced and can now be switched off with a circuit breaker of low short-circuit switching capacity connected in series with the resistance element.
  • the invention has for its object to provide an electrical resistance element of the type mentioned, which can limit short-circuit currents permanently.
  • the object of the invention is also the use of this resistance element in a current limiter for nominal voltages of at least 500 V.
  • the electrical resistance element according to the invention can be produced in a simple and inexpensive manner from commercially available components, such as a polymer matrix and a suitable filler. In the low-resistance state, it has a lower specific resistance than the resistance element according to the prior art and can therefore carry larger nominal currents with the same geometric dimensions. In addition, such a resistance element can also switch off short-circuit currents without additional protective circuitry, such as switching devices connected in series with the resistance element.
  • a resistance element 10 shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 contains a resistance body 3 with PTC behavior arranged between two plate-shaped, solid, copper-containing electrodes 1, 2. Below a transition temperature T c , this resistance element 10 has a low specific cold resistance and, after installation in a current limiter, forms a path that runs between the two electrodes 1, 2 and that normally leads to the nominal current. Above the transition temperature T c changes the resistance element 10 abruptly changes its electrical conductivity and then has a high specific hot resistance compared to its specific cold resistance.
  • the resistance body 3 is formed from a polymer matrix preferably containing a thermosetting or thermoplastic or an elastomer. Two filler components formed by electrically conductive particles are embedded in this matrix, which typically consists of polyethylene.
  • a first of these filler components is a material which, like carbon in particular, in the resistance element 10 leads to the abrupt change in resistance known from the prior art due to a surface layer forming when a short-circuit current occurs.
  • the second filler component can be a metal, such as Ag, Au, Ni, Pd and / or Pt, and / or a boride, silicide, oxide and / or carbide, such as SiC, TiC, TiB2, MoSi2, WSi2, RuO2 or V2O3, each in undoped or doped form.
  • the proportion of filler is chosen to be high, for example between 30 and 50 percent by volume.
  • the size of the particles of the first filler component is typically up to 1 ⁇ m, that of the second filler component typically between 1 and 100 ⁇ m. Because the average size of particles of the first filler component is at least one order of magnitude smaller than the average size of particles of the second filler component, the particles of the first filler component are arranged in gaps between the particles of the second filler component.
  • the second filler component can thus form numerous percolating current paths, which are necessary for a high nominal current carrying capacity, at operating temperature. At the same time, however, there is also a sufficient amount of first filler component in the regions of the resistance body near the surface to form the current-limiting surface layer.
  • the first and second filler components are mixed into a polymer, such as in particular polyethylene, with a shear mixer or with an extruder.
  • a polymer such as in particular polyethylene
  • this composite is formed by hot pressing and in the case of epoxies by casting and subsequent curing at elevated temperature to form the plate-shaped resistance body 3.
  • the flat electrodes 1, 2 are constantly pressed against the end faces of the resistance body by means of spring pressure.
  • the second fillers provided in the resistance body 3 of the resistance element 10 form low-resistance current paths passing through the resistance body 3 with an order of magnitude lower specific resistance than a resistance element according to the prior art filled with a comparable amount, but exclusively with the first filler component.
  • a resistance element 10 therefore has a significantly increased nominal current carrying capacity.
  • This behavior of the resistance element 10 is achieved, as described above, by adding suitably sized and dimensioned filler components to the polymer.
  • at least one of the end faces of the resistance body 3 is formed by a thin layer 4 of the polymer matrix filled with the first filler component.
  • This layer 4 can be produced by diffusing or pressing carbon black into the filler-free or already filled with second filler component, such as in particular TiB2, polymer matrix.
  • Layer 4 should be as thin as possible, but still thick enough to withstand a required number of short-circuit actions. The thickness of layer 4 is typically a few ⁇ m.
  • the second filler component can be uniformly distributed in the polymer matrix.
  • the concentration of the second filler component can also be from the middle of the Gradually remove the resistance body towards electrode 1 and / or 2.
  • a particularly pronounced interface 41 is achieved between the layer 4 and the remaining layer of the resistance body 3 that is only doped with the second filler component.
  • the end face of the resistance body 3 contacted with the electrode 2 can also be formed as a thin layer filled with the first filler component. This layer is provided with the reference number 5.
  • Such a resistance element does have a somewhat greater resistance than the resistance element according to FIG. 2 during nominal current operation, but then forms two current-limiting surface layers connected in series when a short-circuit current occurs.
  • the boundary layer 41 and a boundary layer 51 provided between the layer 5 and the layer doped with the second filler component contain a metal grid and / or a flat metallization. This favors a uniform electrical field load on the individual layers of the resistance body 3.
  • the layers 4 and 5 have interruptions 6 which are filled with polymer containing only second filler component.
  • Such a resistance element is distinguished from the resistance element according to FIG. 1 by an increased nominal current carrying capacity.
  • the layers 4 and 5 here consist of regions 7, which also contain first and possibly also second filler component, which primarily serve to generate a plasma for forming the surface layer.
  • each of the electrodes 1, 2 facing away from the resistance body 3 can carry cooling fins 8.
  • each of the electrodes 1, 2 can also carry another heat sink, for example a liquid cooler.
  • Such heat sinks connected to the outer surface of at least one of the two electrodes 1, 2 can additionally increase the nominal current carrying capacity as a result of increased heat dissipation.
  • an intermediate layer 9 made of electrically insulating but thermally highly conductive material can be arranged between the electrodes and the heat sinks, for example the cooling fins 8, which provides the potential separation between the resistance element 10 and the heat sinks serves.
  • This layer can be formed by a filler, such as aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride and / or boron nitride, filled with silicone film or a ceramic disk, for example based on Al2O3 or AlN.
  • FIG. 4 shows a current limiter which can be used for nominal voltages up to 1.5 kV, in which three resistance elements 10 which are designed in accordance with the above embodiments and are connected to one another in series are used. Instead of three resistance elements 10, only two or possibly four or more resistance elements can also be used.
  • the electrodes 1, 2 of these resistance elements have extensions 11, 12. Between the two extensions 11 and 12 of the two electrodes 1, 2, a resistor 14 is clamped elastically resiliently with the aid of two resilient contact elements 13.
  • This resistor can have linear voltage behavior, but is advantageously a non-linear, voltage-dependent resistor, for example based on metal oxide.
  • a particularly space-saving design of the current limiter is achieved if the resistors 14 are arranged in a step-like manner, for example rotated by 90 ° and 180 ° relative to one another. With a suitable design of the electrodes 1, 2 and the intermediate insulation, the current-limiting resistance elements 10 and the resistors 14 can also be arranged one above the other. The current limiter then has a particularly easy to handle, columnar structure.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)
  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
EP93113545A 1993-08-25 1993-08-25 Résistance électrique et application de cette résistance dans un limiteur de courant Expired - Lifetime EP0640995B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP93113545A EP0640995B1 (fr) 1993-08-25 1993-08-25 Résistance électrique et application de cette résistance dans un limiteur de courant
DE59306823T DE59306823D1 (de) 1993-08-25 1993-08-25 Elektrisches Widerstandselement und Verwendung dieses Widerstandselementes in einem Strombegrenzer
US08/291,903 US5602520A (en) 1993-08-25 1994-08-18 Electrical resistance element and use of this resistance element in a current limiter
CA002130622A CA2130622A1 (fr) 1993-08-25 1994-08-22 Element de resistance electrique et utilisation de ladite resistance dans un limiteur de courant
JP6199857A JPH07153604A (ja) 1993-08-25 1994-08-24 電気的抵抗要素と電流制限器におけるこの抵抗要素の使用

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP93113545A EP0640995B1 (fr) 1993-08-25 1993-08-25 Résistance électrique et application de cette résistance dans un limiteur de courant

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0640995A1 true EP0640995A1 (fr) 1995-03-01
EP0640995B1 EP0640995B1 (fr) 1997-06-25

Family

ID=8213204

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP93113545A Expired - Lifetime EP0640995B1 (fr) 1993-08-25 1993-08-25 Résistance électrique et application de cette résistance dans un limiteur de courant

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US5602520A (fr)
EP (1) EP0640995B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH07153604A (fr)
CA (1) CA2130622A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE59306823D1 (fr)

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5614881A (en) * 1995-08-11 1997-03-25 General Electric Company Current limiting device
EP0852385A1 (fr) * 1997-01-02 1998-07-08 General Electric Company Dispositif de limitation du courant
EP0836201A3 (fr) * 1996-10-10 1998-10-21 Abb Research Ltd. Résistance électrique CTP
US5867356A (en) * 1997-11-05 1999-02-02 General Electric Company Current limiting system and method
US5929744A (en) * 1997-02-18 1999-07-27 General Electric Company Current limiting device with at least one flexible electrode
US5978191A (en) * 1995-03-16 1999-11-02 Schneider Electric S.A. Electrical apparatus for differential protection with a test circuit
US5977861A (en) * 1997-03-05 1999-11-02 General Electric Company Current limiting device with grooved electrode structure
WO2000010177A1 (fr) * 1998-08-12 2000-02-24 General Electric Company Dispositif de limitation de courant muni d'une structure en toile
US6124780A (en) * 1998-05-20 2000-09-26 General Electric Company Current limiting device and materials for a current limiting device
US6191681B1 (en) 1997-07-21 2001-02-20 General Electric Company Current limiting device with electrically conductive composite and method of manufacturing the electrically conductive composite
US6290879B1 (en) 1998-05-20 2001-09-18 General Electric Company Current limiting device and materials for a current limiting device
US6323751B1 (en) 1999-11-19 2001-11-27 General Electric Company Current limiter device with an electrically conductive composite material and method of manufacturing
US6373372B1 (en) 1997-11-24 2002-04-16 General Electric Company Current limiting device with conductive composite material and method of manufacturing the conductive composite material and the current limiting device
US6535103B1 (en) 1997-03-04 2003-03-18 General Electric Company Current limiting arrangement and method

Families Citing this family (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SE515262C2 (sv) * 1995-02-16 2001-07-09 Abb Research Ltd Anordning för strömbegränsning och skydd mot kortslutningsströmmar i en elektrisk anläggning
DE19525692A1 (de) * 1995-07-14 1997-01-16 Abb Research Ltd Elektrisch und thermisch leitfähiger Kunststoff und Verwendung dieses Kunststoffs
JPH09162004A (ja) * 1995-12-13 1997-06-20 Murata Mfg Co Ltd 正特性サーミスタ素子
US5841111A (en) * 1996-12-19 1998-11-24 Eaton Corporation Low resistance electrical interface for current limiting polymers by plasma processing
DE19754976A1 (de) * 1997-12-11 1999-06-17 Abb Research Ltd Schutzelement
US6128168A (en) 1998-01-14 2000-10-03 General Electric Company Circuit breaker with improved arc interruption function
US5993990A (en) * 1998-05-15 1999-11-30 Moltech Corporation PTC current limiting header assembly
DE19842125A1 (de) * 1998-09-15 2000-03-23 Moeller Gmbh Kontaktanordnung elektrisch leitfähiger Polymere
US6144540A (en) 1999-03-09 2000-11-07 General Electric Company Current suppressing circuit breaker unit for inductive motor protection
US6157286A (en) 1999-04-05 2000-12-05 General Electric Company High voltage current limiting device
US6411191B1 (en) * 2000-10-24 2002-06-25 Eaton Corporation Current-limiting device employing a non-uniform pressure distribution between one or more electrodes and a current-limiting material
CN103199491A (zh) * 2013-02-08 2013-07-10 萧志杰 家庭电器已漏电、不会触电的新设计
DE102017101946A1 (de) * 2017-02-01 2018-08-02 Epcos Ag PTC-Heizer mit verringertem Einschaltstrom
US10446345B2 (en) * 2018-01-09 2019-10-15 Littelfuse, Inc. Reflowable thermal fuse

Citations (7)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4064477A (en) * 1975-08-25 1977-12-20 American Components Inc. Metal foil resistor
US4910389A (en) * 1988-06-03 1990-03-20 Raychem Corporation Conductive polymer compositions
EP0363746A1 (fr) * 1988-10-13 1990-04-18 Asea Brown Boveri Ab Dispositif de protection contre les surintensités pour réseaux électriques et appareils
WO1991003822A1 (fr) * 1989-09-08 1991-03-21 Raychem Corporation Dispositif a polymere conducteur
WO1991019297A1 (fr) * 1990-06-05 1991-12-12 Asea Brown Boveri Ab Procede de fabrication d'un dispositif electrique
GB2253741A (en) * 1991-03-13 1992-09-16 Murata Manufacturing Co PTC circuit protector
EP0548606A2 (fr) * 1991-12-21 1993-06-30 Asea Brown Boveri Ag Résistance à comportement PTC

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US4560498A (en) * 1975-08-04 1985-12-24 Raychem Corporation Positive temperature coefficient of resistance compositions
US4545926A (en) * 1980-04-21 1985-10-08 Raychem Corporation Conductive polymer compositions and devices
DE3204207C2 (de) * 1982-02-08 1985-05-23 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Elektrischer Widerstand mit einem keramischen PTC-Körper und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
US4743321A (en) * 1985-10-04 1988-05-10 Raychem Corporation Devices comprising PTC conductive polymers
GB8604519D0 (en) * 1986-02-24 1986-04-03 Raychem Sa Nv Electrical devices
JP2810740B2 (ja) * 1989-12-27 1998-10-15 大東通信機株式会社 グラフト化法によるｐｔｃ組成物
DE4221309A1 (de) * 1992-06-29 1994-01-05 Abb Research Ltd Strombegrenzendes Element

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4064477A (en) * 1975-08-25 1977-12-20 American Components Inc. Metal foil resistor
US4910389A (en) * 1988-06-03 1990-03-20 Raychem Corporation Conductive polymer compositions
EP0363746A1 (fr) * 1988-10-13 1990-04-18 Asea Brown Boveri Ab Dispositif de protection contre les surintensités pour réseaux électriques et appareils
WO1991003822A1 (fr) * 1989-09-08 1991-03-21 Raychem Corporation Dispositif a polymere conducteur
WO1991019297A1 (fr) * 1990-06-05 1991-12-12 Asea Brown Boveri Ab Procede de fabrication d'un dispositif electrique
GB2253741A (en) * 1991-03-13 1992-09-16 Murata Manufacturing Co PTC circuit protector
EP0548606A2 (fr) * 1991-12-21 1993-06-30 Asea Brown Boveri Ag Résistance à comportement PTC

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
T. R. SHROUT ET AL.: "Composite PTCR thermistors utilizing conducting borides, silicides, and carbide powders.", JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE, vol. 26, 1991, LONDON GB, pages 145 - 154, XP000371800, DOI: doi:10.1007/BF00576045 *

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5978191A (en) * 1995-03-16 1999-11-02 Schneider Electric S.A. Electrical apparatus for differential protection with a test circuit
EP0762439A3 (fr) * 1995-08-11 1997-10-15 General Electric Company Dispositif limiteur de courant
US5614881A (en) * 1995-08-11 1997-03-25 General Electric Company Current limiting device
EP0836201A3 (fr) * 1996-10-10 1998-10-21 Abb Research Ltd. Résistance électrique CTP
EP0852385A1 (fr) * 1997-01-02 1998-07-08 General Electric Company Dispositif de limitation du courant
US5929744A (en) * 1997-02-18 1999-07-27 General Electric Company Current limiting device with at least one flexible electrode
US6535103B1 (en) 1997-03-04 2003-03-18 General Electric Company Current limiting arrangement and method
US5977861A (en) * 1997-03-05 1999-11-02 General Electric Company Current limiting device with grooved electrode structure
US6362722B1 (en) 1997-07-21 2002-03-26 General Electric Company Current limiting device with electrically conductive composite and method of manufacturing the electrically conductive composite
US6191681B1 (en) 1997-07-21 2001-02-20 General Electric Company Current limiting device with electrically conductive composite and method of manufacturing the electrically conductive composite
US5867356A (en) * 1997-11-05 1999-02-02 General Electric Company Current limiting system and method
US6540944B2 (en) 1997-11-24 2003-04-01 General Electric Company Current limiting device with conductive composite material and method of manufacturing the conductive composite material and the current limiting device
US6373372B1 (en) 1997-11-24 2002-04-16 General Electric Company Current limiting device with conductive composite material and method of manufacturing the conductive composite material and the current limiting device
US6366193B2 (en) 1998-05-20 2002-04-02 General Electric Company Current limiting device and materials for a current limiting device
US6290879B1 (en) 1998-05-20 2001-09-18 General Electric Company Current limiting device and materials for a current limiting device
US6124780A (en) * 1998-05-20 2000-09-26 General Electric Company Current limiting device and materials for a current limiting device
US6133820A (en) * 1998-08-12 2000-10-17 General Electric Company Current limiting device having a web structure
WO2000010177A1 (fr) * 1998-08-12 2000-02-24 General Electric Company Dispositif de limitation de courant muni d'une structure en toile
US6323751B1 (en) 1999-11-19 2001-11-27 General Electric Company Current limiter device with an electrically conductive composite material and method of manufacturing
US6711807B2 (en) 1999-11-19 2004-03-30 General Electric Company Method of manufacturing composite array structure

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2130622A1 (fr) 1995-02-26
DE59306823D1 (de) 1997-07-31
EP0640995B1 (fr) 1997-06-25
US5602520A (en) 1997-02-11
JPH07153604A (ja) 1995-06-16

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