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EP0593000A1 - Steels for rails - Google Patents

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Publication number
EP0593000A1
EP0593000A1 EP93116474A EP93116474A EP0593000A1 EP 0593000 A1 EP0593000 A1 EP 0593000A1 EP 93116474 A EP93116474 A EP 93116474A EP 93116474 A EP93116474 A EP 93116474A EP 0593000 A1 EP0593000 A1 EP 0593000A1
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Prior art keywords
tellurium
steel according
carbon
steels
manganese
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0593000B1 (en
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Wilhelm Heller
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NMH Stahlwerke GmbH
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NMH Stahlwerke GmbH
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/60—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing lead, selenium, tellurium, or antimony, or more than 0.04% by weight of sulfur
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S148/00—Metal treatment
    • Y10S148/902—Metal treatment having portions of differing metallurgical properties or characteristics
    • Y10S148/906—Roller bearing element

Definitions

  • the invention relates to steels for rails, wheel handlebars and rolling railway equipment such as wheel disks, wheel tires and solid wheels.
  • Such steels are known with different compositions; they must be weldable and, due to the high dynamic loads in the wheel / rail system, require a high yield strength, tensile strength and fatigue strength, break resistance and structural strength.
  • rail steels must have a high resistance to wear due to the high stress caused by friction.
  • the service life of rails is essentially determined by the wear resistance and the initial wear volume in the rail head, given the same mechanical stress. Under otherwise identical conditions, the wear resistance of rails with higher strength increases.
  • the strengths of 1,100 or 1,200 N / mm2 that can be achieved today are at the expense of toughness, weldability and break resistance.
  • the known steels normally unalloyed or alloyed with small amounts of manganese, chromium, vanadium and molybdenum, are used in the rolled state, ie without heat treatment; they have a pearlitic or ferritic-pearlitic structure which adjusts when cooled in air and are in "Draft European Rails Standard ", Part 1, December 1991 and March 1993 editions and contain 0.60 to 0.82% carbon, 0.13 to 0.60% silicon, 0.66 to 1.30% manganese, on average 0, 02 to 0.03% phosphorus and 0.008 to 0.030% sulfur, balance iron including impurities
  • the tensile strength of these steels is at least 800 to 1,130 N / mm2.
  • the invention is based on the problem of creating a steel with improved wear resistance as well as increased tensile strength and toughness without impairing weldability.
  • the solution to this problem is based on the knowledge that the transverse properties, that is to say the technological properties transverse to the rolling direction, have a decisive influence on the service life not only in the case of rail steels. This is based on the finding that under wear stress material particles detach in the transverse direction, the crack formation and the crack growth with fatigue damage, for example Shelling, runs in the longitudinal direction, but the fatigue strength is decisive in the transverse direction.
  • the invention shows a way how the transverse properties of rail steels can be significantly improved with simple metallurgical measures.
  • the steel according to the invention therefore contains up to 0.004%, preferably at least 0.00015 or 0.002% tellurium and preferably below 0.0015% oxygen and / or below 0.007% sulfur. Wear behavior is particularly favorable when the sulfur / tellurium ratio is approximately 0.1 to 0.6.
  • steels are preferably titanium-free since the cubic titanium carbides and carbonitides impair fatigue behavior.
  • steels with 0.53 to 0.62% carbon, 0.65 to 1.1% manganese, 0.8 to 1.3% chromium, 0.1 to 0.6% silicon, 0 are also suitable as tellurium-containing rail materials , 05 to 0.11% molybdenum, 0.05 to 0.11% vanadium and less than 0.02% phosphorus, balance iron including impurities due to melting.
  • the rail steels indicated above with their analysis can also contain 0.01 to 0.025% aluminum, preferably up to 0.004% aluminum.
  • the low sulfur content is of particular importance in that the wear resistance improves significantly as the sulfur content decreases. Since tellurium and sulfur act in the same direction, the steel according to the invention could also be tellurium-free if the sulfur content is correspondingly low.
  • the sulfur content was increased from usually about 0.022 to 0.052% for a 900A quality rail steel.
  • the composition of the standard steel 900A is shown in Table I below.
  • the rails in question were laid in a curve with a radius of 570m. After a load of about 92 x 106 t, the edge wear was measured; it was 3.5mm for the rails made of quality 900A with the usual sulfur content and 6mm for quality 900A with the above-mentioned increased sulfur content.
  • the accompanying diagram in FIG. 1 contains an evaluation of the test results.
  • the thickly drawn arrow line and point A illustrate the curve wear depending on the tensile strength in the strength range from 700 to 1,350 N / mm2 for radii from 300 to 350 m from previous studies.
  • the point entered in the diagram in FIG. 1 on the dashed straight line is representative of the usual rail steel 900A, while the cross shows the position of the test steel with the sulfur content increased to 0.052%.
  • the thinly drawn, vertical line indicates the wear of the test curve mentioned above. This wear behavior corresponds to rail steel quality 700 with its usual sulfur content.
  • the wear resistance can be increased by 50% and more with the help of the tellurium additive according to the invention.
  • the specific surface wear was 200 mm2 for a track curve with a curve radius of 350 m each 100 x 106 t load, but only 120 mm2 for a tellurium-containing steel.
  • Table III shows how the mechanical properties can be improved with the help of a limitation of the sulfur content and additionally with a tellurium addition of only 0.002%. This is particularly evident in the transverse properties and the elongation and contraction at break, which are of particular importance in view of the relatively high tensile strength.
  • the steel according to the invention can also contain further sulfur-affine elements such as zirconium, calcium, magnesium and rare earth metals.
  • the strength can also be reversed while maintaining the wear resistance, which is associated with the advantage of a lower content of carbon and alloying elements and an associated improvement in weldability and break resistance.
  • the steel according to the invention in any case has better transverse properties, in particular better tear strength, elongation at break and constriction of the fracture and accordingly an increased resistance to longitudinal cracks in the rail web.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
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Abstract

The properties of ordinary steel for rails, check rails and rolling railway material can be improved by small quantities of tellurium. This applies in particular to the wear resistance and to the mechanical properties in the transverse direction and at oxygen contents below 0.0015 % and sulphur contents of up to 0.007 %. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf Stähle für Schienen, Radlenker und rollendes Eisenbahnzeug wie Radscheiben, Radreifen und Vollräder.The invention relates to steels for rails, wheel handlebars and rolling railway equipment such as wheel disks, wheel tires and solid wheels.

Derartige Stähle sind mit unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzung bekannt; sie müssen schweißbar sein und erfordern infolge der hohen dynamischen Beanspruchung im System Rad/Schiene eine hohe Streckgrenze, Zugfestigkeit und Dauerschwingfestigkeit, Bruchsicherheit und Gestaltfestigkeit. Darüber hinaus müssen Schienenstähle infolge der starken Beanspruchung durch Reibung einen hohen Verschleißwiderstand besitzen. Die Lebensdauer beispielsweise von Schienen wird bei gleicher mechanischer Beanspruchung im wesentlichen bestimmt durch den Verschleißwiderstand und das im Schienenkopf anfänglich vorhandene Verschleißvolumen. Unter sonst gleichen Bedingungen nimmt der Verschleißwiderstand von Schienen mit höherer Festigkeit zu. Die heute erreichbaren Festigkeiten von 1.100 oder auch 1.200 N/mm² gehen jedoch zu Lasten der Zähigkeit, Schweißeignung und Bruchsicherheit.Such steels are known with different compositions; they must be weldable and, due to the high dynamic loads in the wheel / rail system, require a high yield strength, tensile strength and fatigue strength, break resistance and structural strength. In addition, rail steels must have a high resistance to wear due to the high stress caused by friction. The service life of rails, for example, is essentially determined by the wear resistance and the initial wear volume in the rail head, given the same mechanical stress. Under otherwise identical conditions, the wear resistance of rails with higher strength increases. However, the strengths of 1,100 or 1,200 N / mm² that can be achieved today are at the expense of toughness, weldability and break resistance.

Die bekannten, normalerweise unlegierten oder allenfalls mit geringen Mengen an Mangan, Chrom, Vanadium und Molybdän legierten Stähle kommen im Walzzustand, d.h. ohne Wärmebehandlung zur Verwendung; sie besitzen ein beim Abkühlen an Luft einstellendes perlitisches oder ferritisch-perlitisches Gefüge und sind in "Draft European Rails Standard", Teil 1, Ausgabe Dezember 1991 und März 1993 beschrieben und enthalten 0,60 bis 0,82% Kohlenstoff, 0,13 bis 0,60% Silizium, 0,66 bis 1,30% Mangan, im Mittel 0,02 bis 0,03% Phosphor und 0,008 bis 0,030% Schwefel, Rest Eisen einschließlich Verunreinigungen. Die Zugfestigkeit dieser Stähle liegt bei mindestens 800 bis 1.130 N/mm².The known steels, normally unalloyed or alloyed with small amounts of manganese, chromium, vanadium and molybdenum, are used in the rolled state, ie without heat treatment; they have a pearlitic or ferritic-pearlitic structure which adjusts when cooled in air and are in "Draft European Rails Standard ", Part 1, December 1991 and March 1993 editions and contain 0.60 to 0.82% carbon, 0.13 to 0.60% silicon, 0.66 to 1.30% manganese, on average 0, 02 to 0.03% phosphorus and 0.008 to 0.030% sulfur, balance iron including impurities The tensile strength of these steels is at least 800 to 1,130 N / mm².

Zum Stande der Technik gehören auch tellurhaltige Stähle; so beschreibt die US-Patentschrift 4 404 047 im Rahmen eines Verfahrens zur Wärmebehandlung niedriglegierte Stähle mit 0,042 bzw. 0,045% Tellur, ohne daß die Rolle des Tellurs deutlich wird. Des weiteren sind aus den deutschen Offenlegungsschriften 29 37 908, 30 09 491 und 30 18 537 Automatenstähle u.a. mit bis 0,6% Kohlenstoff, bis 0,5% oder bis 2,5% Silizium, bis 2,0% Mangan, 0,003 bis 0,04% oder bis 0,40% Schwefel und bis 0,03% Tellur bekannt, die auch erhebliche Mengen an Legierungsmitteln enthalten können. Das Tellur dient hier zur Verbesserung der Kaltverformbarkeit.Steels containing tellurium also belong to the prior art; US Pat. No. 4,404,047 describes a low-alloy steel with 0.042 or 0.045% tellurium in the context of a method for heat treatment, without the role of the tellurium becoming clear. In addition, 29 37 908, 30 09 491 and 30 18 537 free-cutting steels and the like are disclosed in the German published documents. with up to 0.6% carbon, up to 0.5% or up to 2.5% silicon, up to 2.0% manganese, 0.003 to 0.04% or up to 0.40% sulfur and up to 0.03% tellurium, which can also contain considerable amounts of alloying agents. The tellurium is used here to improve the cold formability.

Von diesem Stand der Technik ausgehend, liegt der Erfindung das Problem zugrunde, einen Stahl mit verbessertem Verschleißwiderstand sowie erhöhter Reißfestigkeit und Zähigkeit ohne Beeinträchtigung Schweißeignung zu schaffen.Starting from this prior art, the invention is based on the problem of creating a steel with improved wear resistance as well as increased tensile strength and toughness without impairing weldability.

Die Lösung dieser Aufgabe geht von der Erkenntnis aus, daß nicht nur bei Schienenstählen die Quereigenschaften, d.h. die technologischen Eigenschaften quer zur Walzrichtung, einen entscheidenden Einfluß auf die Lebensdauer ausüben. Dem liegt die Feststellung zugrunde, daß sich unter einer Verschleißbeanspruchung Materialpartikel in Querrichtung ablösen, die Rißbildung und das Rißwachstum bei Ermüdungsschäden, beispielsweise Shelling, zwar in Längsrichtung verläuft, dafür aber die Dauerschwingfestigkeit in Querrichtung maßgebend ist.The solution to this problem is based on the knowledge that the transverse properties, that is to say the technological properties transverse to the rolling direction, have a decisive influence on the service life not only in the case of rail steels. This is based on the finding that under wear stress material particles detach in the transverse direction, the crack formation and the crack growth with fatigue damage, for example Shelling, runs in the longitudinal direction, but the fatigue strength is decisive in the transverse direction.

Es ist zwar bekannt, daß die Werkstoffeigenschaften bei Schienenstählen zum Teil von der Probenlage in bezug auf die Walzrichtung abhängig sind. Dies gilt jedoch nicht für die Zugfestigkeit; die Streckgrenze ist hingegen quer zur Walzrichtung etwas höher, während die Dehnung in der Querrichtung etwa 50 bis 60% und die Brucheinschnürung etwa 65 bis 75% geringer sind als in Walzrichtung.It is known that the material properties of rail steels are partly dependent on the sample position with respect to the rolling direction. However, this does not apply to tensile strength; the yield strength, on the other hand, is somewhat higher transversely to the rolling direction, while the elongation in the transverse direction is approximately 50 to 60% and the breaking constriction is approximately 65 to 75% less than in the rolling direction.

Es hat daher nicht an Versuchen gefehlt, die Quereigenschaften von Schienenstählen zu verbessern. Diese Versuche haben jedoch nicht zum Erfolg geführt.There has been no shortage of attempts to improve the transverse properties of rail steels. However, these attempts have not been successful.

Die Erfindung zeigt einen Weg, wie sich mit einfachen metallurgischen Maßnahmen die Quereigenschaften von Schienenstählen wesentlich verbessern lassen.The invention shows a way how the transverse properties of rail steels can be significantly improved with simple metallurgical measures.

So haben Versuche gezeigt, daß Tellur die Warmfestikeit der Sulfide erhöht, die sich in Anwesenheit von Tellur beim Warmverformen nicht strecken, sondern ihre kugeligelliptische Form im wesentlichen beibehalten. Demgemäß geht von diesen Sulfiden eine weitaus geringere Kerbwirkung aus als bei den üblichen, sich beim Warmwalzen in Walzrichtung streckenden Sulfiden. Die Folge davon ist nicht nur ein besseres Verschleißverhalten, sondern auch eine Verbesserung der mechanischen Quereigenschaften, ohne daß dadurch die Schweißeignung leidet.Experiments have shown that tellurium increases the heat resistance of the sulfides, which do not stretch in the presence of tellurium when thermoformed, but essentially retain their spherical elliptical shape. Accordingly, these sulfides have a far less notching effect than the conventional sulfides that stretch in the rolling direction during hot rolling. The result of this is not only better wear behavior, but also an improvement in the mechanical transverse properties without the suitability for welding suffering.

Die Wirkung des Tellurs zeigt sich bei allen bekannten Schienenqualitäten, gleichviel ob deren Gefüge ferritisch-perlitisch, perlitisch, feinperlitisch, vergütet oder bainitisch ist.The effect of the tellurium is evident in all known rail qualities, regardless of whether their structure is ferritic-pearlitic, pearlitic, fine pearlitic, quenched and tempered or bainitic.

Der erfindungsgemäße Stahl enthält daher bis 0,004% vorzugsweise mindestens 0,00015 oder 0,002% Tellur und vorzugsweise unter 0,0015% Sauerstoff und/oder unter 0,007% Schwefel. Ein besonders günstiges Verschleißverhalten ergibt sich, wenn das Verhältnis Schwefel/Tellur etwa 0,1 bis 0,6 beträgt.The steel according to the invention therefore contains up to 0.004%, preferably at least 0.00015 or 0.002% tellurium and preferably below 0.0015% oxygen and / or below 0.007% sulfur. Wear behavior is particularly favorable when the sulfur / tellurium ratio is approximately 0.1 to 0.6.

Besonders geeignet sind Stähle mit 0,55 bis 0,75% Kohlenstoff, 0,10 bis 0,50% Silizium, 1,30 bis 1,70% Mangan und höchstens 0,05% Phosphor, Rest Eisen einschließlich erschmelzungsbedingter Verunreinigungen.Steels with 0.55 to 0.75% carbon, 0.10 to 0.50% silicon, 1.30 to 1.70% manganese and at most 0.05% phosphorus, the rest iron including melting-related impurities are particularly suitable.

Weiterhin eignen sich Stähle mit 0,60 bis 0,80% Kohlenstoff, 0,60 bis 1,20% Silizium, 0,80 bis 1,30% Mangan, höchstens 0,030% Phosphor und 0,70 bis 1,20% Chrom, Rest Eisen einschließlich erschmelzungsbedingter Verunreinigungen.Steels with 0.60 to 0.80% carbon, 0.60 to 1.20% silicon, 0.80 to 1.30% manganese, at most 0.030% phosphorus and 0.70 to 1.20% chromium are also suitable, Remainder iron including impurities due to melting.

Ebenso kommen für das erfindungsgemäße Legieren mit Tellur auch Stähle mit 0,70 bis 0,80% Kohlenstoff, 0,80 bis 1,20% Silizium, 0,80 bis 1,30% Mangan, höchstens 0,030% Phosphor, 0,80 bis 1,20% Chrom, bis 0,25% Titan und/oder Vanadium, Rest Eisen einschließlich erschmelzungsbedingter Verunreinigungen in Frage. Vorzugsweise sind Stähle jedoch titanfrei, da die kubischen Titankarbide und -karbonitide das Ermüdungsverhalten beeinträchtigen.Likewise, steels with 0.70 to 0.80% carbon, 0.80 to 1.20% silicon, 0.80 to 1.30% manganese, at most 0.030% phosphorus, 0.80 to 1.20% chromium, up to 0.25% titanium and / or vanadium, remainder iron including melting-related impurities. However, steels are preferably titanium-free since the cubic titanium carbides and carbonitides impair fatigue behavior.

Schließlich eignen sich als tellurhaltige Schienenwerkstoffe auch Stähle mit 0,53 bis 0,62% Kohlenstoff, 0,65 bis 1,1% Mangan, 0,8 bis 1,3% Chrom, 0,1 bis 0,6% Silizium, 0,05 bis 0,11% Molybdän, 0,05 bis 0,11% Vanadium und unter 0,02% Phosphor, Rest Eisen einschließlich erschmelzungsbedingter Verunreinigungen.Finally, steels with 0.53 to 0.62% carbon, 0.65 to 1.1% manganese, 0.8 to 1.3% chromium, 0.1 to 0.6% silicon, 0 are also suitable as tellurium-containing rail materials , 05 to 0.11% molybdenum, 0.05 to 0.11% vanadium and less than 0.02% phosphorus, balance iron including impurities due to melting.

Die vorstehend mit ihrer Analyse angegebenen Schienenstähle können zudem noch 0,01 bis 0,025% Aluminium, vorzugsweise bis 0,004% Aluminium enthalten.The rail steels indicated above with their analysis can also contain 0.01 to 0.025% aluminum, preferably up to 0.004% aluminum.

Den niedrigen Schwefelgehalt kommt insofern neben der günstigen Wirkung des Tellurs auf die Sulfide eine besondere Bedeutung zu, als sich der Verschleißwiderstand mit abnehmendem Schwefelgehalt wesentlich verbessert. Da Tellur und Schwefel in die gleiche Richtung wirken, könnte der erfindungsgemäße Stahl auch tellurfrei sein, wenn der Schwefelgehalt entsprechend gering ist.In addition to the beneficial effects of tellurium on the sulfides, the low sulfur content is of particular importance in that the wear resistance improves significantly as the sulfur content decreases. Since tellurium and sulfur act in the same direction, the steel according to the invention could also be tellurium-free if the sulfur content is correspondingly low.

Um die negative Wirkung des Schwefels auf die Zugfestigkeit in Querrichtung zu veranschaulichen, wurde bei einem Schienenstahl der Qualität 900A der Schwefelgehalt von üblicherweise etwa 0,022 auf 0,052% erhöht. Die Zusammensetzung des Normstahls 900A ergibt sich aus der nachfolgenden Tabelle I. Die betreffenden Schienen wurden in einer Kurve mit einem Radius von 570m verlegte. Nach einer Belastung von etwa 92 x 10⁶ t wurde der Kantenverschleiß gemessen; er betrug bei den Schienen aus der Qualität 900A mit üblichem Schwefelgehalt 3,5mm und bei der Qualität 900A mit dem vorerwähnten erhöhten Schwefelgehalt 6mm.

Figure imgb0001
In order to illustrate the negative effect of sulfur on the tensile strength in the transverse direction, the sulfur content was increased from usually about 0.022 to 0.052% for a 900A quality rail steel. The composition of the standard steel 900A is shown in Table I below. The rails in question were laid in a curve with a radius of 570m. After a load of about 92 x 10⁶ t, the edge wear was measured; it was 3.5mm for the rails made of quality 900A with the usual sulfur content and 6mm for quality 900A with the above-mentioned increased sulfur content.
Figure imgb0001

Das beiliegende Diagramm der Fig. 1 enthält eine Auswertung der Versuchsergebnisse. Dabei veranschaulichen die dick ausgezogene Pfeillinie und der Punkt A den Kurvenverschleiß in Abhängigkeit von der Zugfestigkeit im Festigkeitsbereich von 700 bis 1.350 N/mm² für Radien von 300 bis 350 m aus früheren Untersuchungen. Der im Diagramm der Fig. 1 eingetragene Punkt auf der gestrichelten Geraden ist repräsentativ für den üblichen Schienenstahl 900A, während das Kreuz die Lage des Versuchsstahls mit dem auf 0,052% erhöhten Schwefelgehalt wiedergibt. Die dünn eingezeichnete, vertikal verlaufende Linie kennzeichnet den Verschleiß der oben erwähnten Versuchskurve. Dieses Verschleißverhalten entspricht der Schienenstahlqualität 700 mit ihrem üblichen Schwefelgehalt.The accompanying diagram in FIG. 1 contains an evaluation of the test results. The thickly drawn arrow line and point A illustrate the curve wear depending on the tensile strength in the strength range from 700 to 1,350 N / mm² for radii from 300 to 350 m from previous studies. The point entered in the diagram in FIG. 1 on the dashed straight line is representative of the usual rail steel 900A, while the cross shows the position of the test steel with the sulfur content increased to 0.052%. The thinly drawn, vertical line indicates the wear of the test curve mentioned above. This wear behavior corresponds to rail steel quality 700 with its usual sulfur content.

Um nun den günstigen Einfluß geringer Tellurgehalte nachzuweisen, wurden weitere Versuche mit den herkömmlichen Schienenstählen 900A, 900A mit Tellur, 800 mit Tellur und 700 durchgeführt. In der nachfolgenden Tabelle II sind die Eigenschaften von Längs- und Querproben der beiden erfindungsgemäßen tellurhaltigen Schienenstähle und der beiden Vergleichsstähle zusammengestellt. Eine graphische Darstellung des jeweiligen Verhältnisses der Quer- zu den Längseigenschaften gibt das Diagramm der Fig. 2 wieder.

Figure imgb0002
In order to prove the favorable influence of low tellurium contents, further tests were carried out with the conventional rail steels 900A, 900A with tellurium, 800 with tellurium and 700. The properties of longitudinal and transverse samples of the two tellurium-containing rail steels according to the invention and the two comparative steels are summarized in Table II below. The diagram in FIG. 2 shows a graphic representation of the respective ratio of the transverse to the longitudinal properties.
Figure imgb0002

Daraus ergibt sich, daß der Tellurzusatz die Quer-Zugfestigkeit Rm im Vergleich zu den Werten in Längsrichtung praktisch nicht beeinflußt, während sich die Quer-Streckgrenze Rp 0,2 geringfügig erhöht. Das Verhältnis der Reißfestigkeit in Quer- und in Längsrichtung erhöht sich von 0,88 bei den tellurfreien Vergleichsstählen auf 0,95 bei den tellurhaltigen Stählen, während sich die Bruchdehnung bei den 900-Stählen von 0,57 auf 0,91 und die Brucheinschnürung von 0,38 auf 0,74 erhöht.It follows from this that the tellurium addition practically does not influence the transverse tensile strength R m compared to the values in the longitudinal direction, while the transverse yield strength R p 0.2 increases slightly. The ratio of the tensile strength in the transverse and in the longitudinal direction increases from 0.88 for the tellurium-free comparative steels to 0.95 for the tellurium-containing steels, while the elongation at break in the 900 steels increases from 0.57 to 0.91 and the fracture constriction from 0.38 increased to 0.74.

Insgesamt hat sich bei Vergleichsversuchen gezeigt, daß sich der Verschleißwiderstand mit Hilfe des erfindungsgemäßen Tellurzusatzes um 50% und mehr erhöhen läßt. So betrug bei dem herkömmlichen Schienenstahl 900A der spezifische Flächenverschleiß bei einem Gleisbogen mit einem Kurvenradius von 350m je 100 x 10⁶ t Belastung 200 mm², bei einem erfindungsgemäßen tellurhaltigen Stahl hingegen nur 120 mm².Overall, it has been shown in comparative tests that the wear resistance can be increased by 50% and more with the help of the tellurium additive according to the invention. Thus, in the case of the conventional 900A rail steel, the specific surface wear was 200 mm² for a track curve with a curve radius of 350 m each 100 x 10⁶ t load, but only 120 mm² for a tellurium-containing steel.

Ein wesentlich besseres Verschleißverhalten ergibt sich auch dann, wenn der Stahl 900A zwar tellurfrei ist, jedoch nur 0,003% Schwefel enthält. Insoweit läßt sich die der Erfindung zugrundeliegende Aufgabe auch mit einer Begrenzung des Schwefelgehalts auf unter 0,007% erreichen, wenngleich nicht in dem Maße wie bei einem erfindungsgemäßen Stahl mit bis 0,004% Tellur.A much better wear behavior also results if the steel 900A is tellurium-free but only contains 0.003% sulfur. In this respect, the object on which the invention is based can also be achieved by limiting the sulfur content to below 0.007%, although not to the same extent as for a steel according to the invention with up to 0.004% tellurium.

Die nachfolgende Tabelle III zeigt, wie sich die mechanischen Eigenschaften mit Hilfe einer Begrenzung des Schwefelgehalts und zusätzlich mit einem Tellurzusatz von nur 0,002% verbessern lassen. Dies zeigt sich insbesondere an den Quereigenschaften sowie der Bruchdehnung und -einschnürung, denen angesichts der verhältnismäßig hohen Zugfestigkeit eine besondere Bedeutung zukommt.

Figure imgb0003
The following Table III shows how the mechanical properties can be improved with the help of a limitation of the sulfur content and additionally with a tellurium addition of only 0.002%. This is particularly evident in the transverse properties and the elongation and contraction at break, which are of particular importance in view of the relatively high tensile strength.
Figure imgb0003

Außer Tellur kann der erfindungsgemäße Stahl noch weitere schwefelaffine Elemente wie Zirkonium, Calcium, Magnesium und seltene Erdmetalle enthalten.In addition to tellurium, the steel according to the invention can also contain further sulfur-affine elements such as zirconium, calcium, magnesium and rare earth metals.

Insgesamt zeigen die Versuche, daß sich der Verschleißwiderstand ohne eine Erhöhung der Zugfestigkeit in Längsrichtung wesentlich erhöhen läßt. Damit ist der Vorteil verbunden, daß die Schweißbarkeit und die Zähigkeit nicht beeinträchtigt werden; denn eine Erhöhung der Festigkeit zur Verbesserung des Verschleißverhaltens wäre mit einer Beeinträchtigung der Schweißbarkeit und der Zähigkeit verbunden.Overall, the tests show that the wear resistance can be increased significantly without increasing the tensile strength in the longitudinal direction. This has the advantage that the weldability and toughness are not impaired; because an increase in strength to improve wear behavior would be associated with an impairment of weldability and toughness.

Andererseits läßt sich aber auch umgekehrt unter Beibehaltung des Verschleißwiderstandes die Festigkeit absenken, was mit dem Vorteil eines geringeren Gehaltes an Kohlenstoff und Legierungselementen sowie einer damit verbundenen Verbesserung der Schweißbarkeit und der Bruchsicherheit verbunden ist.On the other hand, the strength can also be reversed while maintaining the wear resistance, which is associated with the advantage of a lower content of carbon and alloying elements and an associated improvement in weldability and break resistance.

Unabhängig von den beiden vorerwähnten Möglichkeiten, die Eigenschaften des erfindungsgemäßen Stahls gezielt einzustellen, besitzt der erfindungsgemäße Stahl in jedem Falle bessere Quereigenschaften, insbesondere eine bessere Reißfestigkeit, Bruchdehnung und Brucheinschnürung und demgemäß einen erhöhten Widerstand gegen Längsrisse im Schienensteg. Hinzu kommt eine um etwa 20% höhere Dauerschwingfestigkeit in Querrichtung und der daraus resultierende höhere Widerstand gegen Ermüdungsschäden, der sich sonst nur durch eine Erhöhung der Zugfestigkeit um 20 N/mm² erreichen läßt.Regardless of the two above-mentioned ways of specifically adjusting the properties of the steel according to the invention, the steel according to the invention in any case has better transverse properties, in particular better tear strength, elongation at break and constriction of the fracture and accordingly an increased resistance to longitudinal cracks in the rail web. In addition, there is about 20% higher fatigue strength in the transverse direction and the resulting higher resistance to fatigue damage, which can otherwise only be achieved by increasing the tensile strength by 20 N / mm².

Claims (11)

Stahl für Schienen, Radlenker und rollendes Eisenbahnzeug mit bis 0,82% Kohlenstoff, gekennzeichnet durch einen Tellurgehalt unter 0,004% und/oder einen Schwefelgehalt bis 0,007%.Steel for rails, wheel handlebars and rolling stock with up to 0.82% carbon, characterized by a tellurium content below 0.004% and / or a sulfur content up to 0.007%. Stahl nach Anspruch 1, gekennzeichnet durch einen Sauerstoffgehalt unter 0,0015%.Steel according to claim 1, characterized by an oxygen content below 0.0015%. Stahl nach einem der Ansprüche 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Verhältnis Tellur/Schwefel 0,1 bis 0,6 beträgt.Steel according to one of claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the tellurium / sulfur ratio is 0.1 to 0.6. Stahl nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, gekennzeichnet durch 0,6 bis 0,8% Kohlenstoff, bis 0,50% Silizium, 0,80 bis 1,30% Mangan und höchstens 0,05% Phosphor, Rest Eisen einschließlich erschmelzungsbedingter Verunreinigungen.Steel according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by 0.6 to 0.8% carbon, up to 0.50% silicon, 0.80 to 1.30% manganese and at most 0.05% phosphorus, the rest iron including melting-related impurities . Stahl nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, gekennzeichnet durch 0,5 bis 0,75% Kohlenstoff, 0,10 bis 0,50% Silizium, 1,30 bis 1,70% Mangan und höchstens 0,05% Phosphor, Rest Eisen einschließlich erschmelzungsbedingter Verunreinigungen.Steel according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by 0.5 to 0.75% carbon, 0.10 to 0.50% silicon, 1.30 to 1.70% manganese and at most 0.05% phosphorus, the rest iron including contamination from melting. Stahl nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, gekennzeichnet durch 0,60 bis 0,80% Kohlenstoff, 0,60 bis 1,20% Silizium, 0,80 bis 1,30 % Mangan, höchstens 0,030% Phosphor und 0,70 bis 1,20% Chrom, Rest Eisen einschließlich erschmelzungsbedingter Verunreinigungen.Steel according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by 0.60 to 0.80% carbon, 0.60 to 1.20% silicon, 0.80 to 1.30% manganese, at most 0.030% phosphorus and 0.70 to 1.20% chromium, the rest iron including melting-related Impurities. Stahl nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, gekennzeichnet durch 0,70 bis 0,80% Kohlenstoff, 0,80 bis 1,20% Silizium, 0,80 bis 1,30% Mangan, höchstens 0,030% Phosphor, 0,80 bis 1,20% Chrom, bis 0,25% Titan und/oder Vanadium, Rest Eisen einschließlich erschmelzungsbedingter Verunreinigungen.Steel according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by 0.70 to 0.80% carbon, 0.80 to 1.20% silicon, 0.80 to 1.30% manganese, at most 0.030% phosphorus, 0.80 to 1.20% chromium, up to 0.25% titanium and / or vanadium, remainder iron including impurities due to melting. Stahl nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, gekennzeichnet durch 0,53 bis 0,62% Kohlenstoff, 0,65 bis 1,1% Mangan, 0,8 bis 1,3% Chrom, 0,1 bis 0,6% Silizium, je 0,05 bis 0,11% Molybdän und Vanadium sowie unter 0,02% Phosphor, Rest Eisen einschließlich erschmelzungsbedingter Verunreinigungen.Steel according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by 0.53 to 0.62% carbon, 0.65 to 1.1% manganese, 0.8 to 1.3% chromium, 0.1 to 0.6% silicon , 0.05 to 0.11% each of molybdenum and vanadium and less than 0.02% phosphorus, the rest iron including impurities due to melting. Stahl nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, gekennzeichnet durch 0,01 bis 0,25% Aluminium.Steel according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized by 0.01 to 0.25% aluminum. Stahl nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, gekennzeichnet durch unter 0,004% Aluminium.Steel according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized by less than 0.004% aluminum. Verwendung eines Stahls nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10 als Werkstoff für Schienen, Radlenker und rollendes Eisenbahnzeug.Use of a steel according to one of claims 1 to 10 as a material for rails, wheel control arms and rolling railway equipment.
EP93116474A 1992-10-15 1993-10-12 Steels for rails Expired - Lifetime EP0593000B1 (en)

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