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EP0556531B1 - Tête de rasage, particulièrement une unité de lames pour rasoir mécanique - Google Patents

Tête de rasage, particulièrement une unité de lames pour rasoir mécanique Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0556531B1
EP0556531B1 EP92710005A EP92710005A EP0556531B1 EP 0556531 B1 EP0556531 B1 EP 0556531B1 EP 92710005 A EP92710005 A EP 92710005A EP 92710005 A EP92710005 A EP 92710005A EP 0556531 B1 EP0556531 B1 EP 0556531B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
razor
weight
protective
blades
steel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP92710005A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0556531A1 (fr
Inventor
Wolfgang Althaus
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Wilkinson Sword GmbH
Original Assignee
Wilkinson Sword GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Wilkinson Sword GmbH filed Critical Wilkinson Sword GmbH
Priority to DE59202090T priority Critical patent/DE59202090D1/de
Priority to AT92710005T priority patent/ATE121983T1/de
Priority to DK92710005.7T priority patent/DK0556531T3/da
Priority to ES92710005T priority patent/ES2073899T3/es
Priority to EP92710005A priority patent/EP0556531B1/fr
Priority to IL10153892A priority patent/IL101538A/en
Priority to JP14471692A priority patent/JP3326620B2/ja
Priority to CN92103097A priority patent/CN1028976C/zh
Priority to US07/877,438 priority patent/US5305526A/en
Priority to AU16076/92A priority patent/AU635681B1/en
Priority to SU925011442A priority patent/RU2062223C1/ru
Priority to BR929201804A priority patent/BR9201804A/pt
Priority to KR1019920011515A priority patent/KR930017684A/ko
Priority to MX9204446A priority patent/MX9204446A/es
Priority to CA002083767A priority patent/CA2083767C/fr
Publication of EP0556531A1 publication Critical patent/EP0556531A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0556531B1 publication Critical patent/EP0556531B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
    • B26B—HAND-HELD CUTTING TOOLS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B26B21/00—Razors of the open or knife type; Safety razors or other shaving implements of the planing type; Hair-trimming devices involving a razor-blade; Equipment therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
    • B26B—HAND-HELD CUTTING TOOLS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B26B21/00—Razors of the open or knife type; Safety razors or other shaving implements of the planing type; Hair-trimming devices involving a razor-blade; Equipment therefor
    • B26B21/40—Details or accessories
    • B26B21/4006—Blades or blade units with discontinuous cutting edges, e.g. wire-wrapped, notches

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a razor head, in particular a razor blade unit of a wet shaver to be arranged at the front end of a handle, in which a single or double razor blade made of steel is arranged in a plastic body that has a front guide strip and a rear cover cap, which can be detached by a knife over the cutting edges extending protective wire is protected, and wherein the cover can be provided with a sliding strip.
  • a razor head which carries a single or double razor blade, is arranged at the front end of a handle.
  • the front shaver head can be formed in one piece with the handle in the form of a molded plastic part. If the razor head is formed separately from the handle and can be exchangeably attached to it by means of a corresponding mechanism, one speaks of a razor blade unit in which a single or double razor blade is embedded in a plastic body so that it cannot be detached. With the handle, the razor blade unit is grasped from a dispenser in one-hand operation and then forms the razor as a whole. After the razor blade unit has worn out, it is separated from the handle and a new razor blade unit can be picked up via the coupling mechanism.
  • a razor head or a razor blade unit of the type mentioned is known from DE-GM 90 04 760.
  • a double razor blade is embedded in a base plastic body via a positive connection, which is unwound with a wire such that the windings of the wire, which are arranged parallel to one another and spaced apart from one another, run at right angles over the razor blade cutting edge and represent protection against injury.
  • the protective wire also provides a strength-providing connection between the double blade and the base plastic body.
  • the protective wire wrapping considerably improves the shaving properties in that it both reduces the frictional resistance during the shaving process and also prevents injuries today - even in the non-visible area. that it prevents the formation of skin folds in front of the cutting edges.
  • the protective wire prevents the user from accidentally cutting at the cutting edges if the razor blade unit is handled improperly.
  • the known razor blade unit has razor blades which consist of standard razor blade steel with a carbon content of approximately 0.67% by weight and a chromium content of approximately 13% by weight as well as a manganese content of 0.6% by weight.
  • both the corrosion resistance of these razor blade steels and the shaving properties of the blades made from them leave something to be desired, so that additional coating treatments are required.
  • the overall corrosion problem is neither solved nor can it be achieved to ensure a gentle and gentle shaving process by means of an appropriate sharpness of the blade. This also makes the fundamental problem acute, that a development towards sharper blades always involves an increase in the risk of injury.
  • the object of the invention is to achieve the frictional resistance in combination by a further improvement considerably reduce, thereby creating the possibility of sharpening the cutting edges of the blades than before and, in the sum of the properties, ensuring an even gentler and gentler sliding of the blade over the skin without there being any risk of injury.
  • the blade consists of a strip of steel strip with a width of less than 5 mm and a thickness between 0.05 and 0.25 mm made of a chromium-molybdenum steel alloy with a hardness greater than 620 Vickers units with a residual austenite content of less than 32% , in one piece without openings or holes or the like.
  • Holes which is mounted vibration-free in the plastic body, and that the protective wire by an arrangement at intervals greater than 2 mm and less than 5 mm to each other and by a minimum thickness greater than 0.1 mm, a protective bracket over the razor blade with the effect of a foil.
  • the use of a blade steel makes it possible to produce the blade from a strip of steel strip without perforations and to store it in the plastic body without vibration.
  • the combination of such a razor blade with a specific design of the protective wire to form a protective bracket has made it possible to make the cutting edges of the blades extraordinarily sharp, to dispense with a metal or ceramic coating on them and, together with the vibration-free storage of the cutting edges, to ensure a gentle and thorough shave
  • the protective bar not only ensures absolute skin protection during the shaving process, but also improves the sliding properties by reducing the frictional force and preventing the formation of skin folds in front of the shaver, as is achieved with dry shavers by the shaving blade lying over the cutting edges.
  • the term "shaving blade effect" in connection with the wet shaver head according to the invention illustrates a protective bracket formation over the cutting edges of the razor blades, in which the skin to be shaved is prevented from bulging too deeply into the cutting edge area and thus exposing itself to the risk of injury. Rather, it is ensured that the skin maintains a controlled and safe distance from the cutting edge over the cutting edge length, is tensioned many times by the large number of protective brackets, and there are no bulges inward toward the cutting edge.
  • the cutting edge is divided over the entire length of the blade into a number of small blade sections, between which, on the one hand, an extraordinarily favorable preparation for the shaving process is achieved by the protective brackets, any cutting is avoided and, on the other hand, the tension means that the hair to be cut is removed from the skin surface into the cutting area is lifted in.
  • the distances must not be too small or too large when using a protective wire in the formation of a protective bracket, and the wire must also have a certain thickness.
  • the protective bar is preferably achieved with a protective wire whose distances from one another are 3 mm above the blade, the steel strip of the blade having a width of ⁇ 3 mm and a thickness of 0.1 mm.
  • the razor blade steel is preferably characterized by the following alloy composition: 0.45 to 0.55% by weight of carbon, 12.00 to 14.00% chromium by weight, 0.40 to 1.00% by weight silicon, 0.50 to 1.00% by weight manganese, 1.00 to 1.60% by weight of molybdenum, Remainder iron and melting-related impurities, the steel preferably being austenitized by heating to a temperature between 1,075 ° C and 1120 ° C and hardened by cooling to a temperature between minus 60 ° C and minus 80 ° C and then tempered at a temperature between 180 ° C and 400 ° C is such that the hardness HV is greater than 620 Vickers units.
  • This steel an extremely sharp blade can be achieved without a metal coating or ceramic coating, which, thanks to the excellent corrosion resistance, is retained even in micro areas over the life of the blade in the cutting area.
  • the razor blade steel is preferably characterized by the following alloy composition: carbon 0.50% chrome 13.58% Silicon 0.90% manganese 0.79% molybdenum 1.30% Remainder iron and melting impurities.
  • a polytetrafluoroethylene or silicone layer which reduces the side friction and is sintered with the strip of steel strip can additionally be provided.
  • the protective bar over the single or double blade acts, which preferably consists of individual wire bars made of stainless steel X 46 Cr 13 or quality 1.4034 of the 1989 steel key, which are arranged parallel to one another exclusively above the blade.
  • the spacing of the individual wire brackets from one another - neither too narrow nor too far - achieves the desired shaving blade effect. Without the slightest feeling being felt while shaving, the skin is held back and tensioned by the protective bars, the whiskers are fully gripped by the cutting edges and a gentle, gentle shave can therefore be carried out with the greatest skin protection.
  • a further expedient embodiment of the invention consists in designing the sliding strip on the cover cap of the razor blade unit to be convexly curved and thus also covering the rear side of the razor blade unit and the transition region of the cap. This further reduces the frictional resistance and further improves the sliding properties, which are already increased by the sharpness of the blade and the protective bracket.
  • a xerogel is preferably used as the lubricant in the lubricant strip, which, when water is taken up as the dispersant, changes into a lyogel with a coefficient of friction of less than 0.25, which is highly slidable on the skin of the user. This lubricant does not dissolve out of the sliding strip in contact with water, so that the sliding effect is maintained over the entire life of the blade (cf. DE-OS 37 43 298).
  • a razor head in the form of a razor blade unit for a wet shaver which can be attached to the front end of a handle, not shown, consists of a plastic body 1, in which two razor blades 2 are arranged, the cutting edges 3 of which run parallel and offset one behind the other.
  • the plastic body 1 consists of a base part 4 with the razor blades 2 and an upper part 5 placed on this base part 4.
  • the base part 4 of the plastic body 1 has through-openings 6 on the inside which flush the razor blade unit with water to clean the blades in free flow enable.
  • the base part 4 defines a platform 7 for the razor blades 2.
  • a spacer 8 is arranged in a sandwich-like manner, with which the razor blades 2 are firmly connected.
  • This razor blade / spacer / razor blade unit 9 is arranged on the platform 7 of the base part 4 and then covered from above by a cover cap 10, so that it is permanently integrated in the plastic body 1.
  • the razor blades 2 consist of a corrosion-resistant chromium-molybdenum steel alloy made of 0.50% carbon, 13.58% chromium, 0.90% silicon, 0.79% manganese, 1.3% molybdenum, the rest iron and melting-related impurities austenitized at a temperature of 1090 ° C and holding at this temperature for 30 to 40 seconds and quenched to a temperature of minus 70 ° C for hardening.
  • the blades 2 have a polytetrafluoroethylene or silicone layer, not shown, which reduces the side friction and is sintered on.
  • a protective bracket 11 is arranged above the razor blades 2. This consists of ten single brackets 11 made of stainless steel wire of greater than 0.1 mm in diameter, which are arranged parallel to one another at intervals A of between 2 mm and 3 mm and running at right angles to the cutting edges of the blades.
  • the protective brackets 11 are individually connected to the base part 4, the upper blade 2 and the upper part 5, but can also be designed in the form of a zigzag-shaped, one-piece wire in a manner known per se.
  • the upper part 5 is a one-piece plastic component and has a front guide bar 12. This extends parallel to the cutting edges 3 of the razor blades 2 and has a step-like longitudinal profile.
  • the upper part 5 is designed as a cover cap 10.
  • This has a sliding strip 13 on the upper side, which is convexly curved and thus covers the entire front area of the cover cap 10, the arc in the transition area and part of the rear side of the razor blade unit.
  • the sliding strip 13 is manufactured in the hot-molding process and glued to the cover cap 10.
  • the Xerogel integrated in it makes it slippery when in contact with water and significantly reduces frictional resistance.
  • the front guide bar 18 and the rear cap 10 are connected to each other by side walls 14 which protect the razor blades 2 between them in such a way that only the cutting edges 3 are exposed.

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Forests & Forestry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Dry Shavers And Clippers (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Sheet Steel (AREA)

Claims (8)

  1. Tête de rasage, en particulier unité de lames d'un rasoir mécanique destinée à être montée à l'extrémité avant d'un manche, dans laquelle, dans un corps en matière plastique (1) possédant une barrette de guidage avant (12) et une coiffe arrière (10), est montée, sans possibilité de dépose, une lame simple ou double (2) en acier qui est protégée par un fil métallique protecteur (11) s'étendant sur les arêtes de coupe (3), caractérisée en ce que la lame (2) est réalisée d'une seule pièce, sans découpe, perçage ni perforation de ce type, dans une bande de feuillard d'une largeur (B) inférieure à 5 mm et d'une épaisseur (S) comprise entre 0,05 et 0,25 mm d'un acier allié au chrome-molybdène possédant une dureté supérieure à 620 unités Vickers et une teneur en austénite résiduelle inférieure à 32 %, ladite lame étant montée sans vibration dans le corps en matière plastique (1), et en ce que le fil métallique protecteur (11) forme, grâce à un agencement à intervalles (A) supérieurs à 2 mm et inférieurs à 5 mm et grâce à une épaisseur minimale supérieure à 0,1 mm, un étrier protecteur sur la lame (2) en créant un effet de lame tondeuse.
  2. Tête de rasage selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que la bande de feuillard d'acier de la lame (2) présente une largeur (B) inférieure à 3 mm et une épaisseur (S) de 0,1 mm, l'étrier protecteur étant formé par des fils métalliques protecteurs (11) disposés à des intervalles (A) d'environ 3 mm.
  3. Tête de rasage selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée par la composition suivante de l'alliage de la lame (2) :
       0,45 à 0,55 % en poids de carbone,
       12,00 à 14,00 % en poids de chrome,
       0,40 à 1,00 % en poids de silicium,
       0,50 à 1,00 % en poids de manganèse,
       1,00 à 1,60 % en poids de molybdène,
       le reste étant du fer et des impuretés provenant de l'élaboration,
    l'acier présentant, grâce à un traitement thermique, une dureté supérieure à 620 unités Vickers.
  4. Tête de rasage selon la revendication 3, caractérisée par la composition suivante de l'alliage de la lame (2) : carbone 0,5 % en poids chrome 13,58 % en poids silicium 0,90 % en poids manganèse 0,79 % en poids molybdène 1,30 % en poids le reste étant du fer et des impuretés provenant de l'élaboration,
       l'austénisation étant réalisée à une température comprise entre 1 075 °C et 1 120 °C, la trempe étant effectuée par un refroidissement brusque à une température comprise entre - 60 °C et - 80 °C, et le revenu étant ensuite mené à une température comprise entre 180 °C et 400 °C.
  5. Tête de rasage selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisée en ce qu'une couche de polytétrafluoroéthylène ou de silicone est appliquée sur les lames (2) et frittée.
  6. Tête de rasage selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisée par un acier de lame dont la proportion d'austénite résiduelle diminue avec la profondeur du matériau et est comprise entre 24 % et 32 % en surface et entre 6 % et 14 % à une profondeur de 50 »m en dessous de la surface, la proportion de carbure dans la structure étant comprise entre 100 et 150 particules pour 100 »m².
  7. Tête de rasage selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisée en ce que l'étrier protecteur est constitué d'étriers individuels en fil métallique (11) en acier inoxydable X 46Cr 13 qui sont disposés parallèlement les uns aux autres uniquement sur la lame (2).
  8. Tête de rasage selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisée par une bande glissante (13) qui est disposée sur la coiffe (10), qui présente une courbure convexe et qui recouvre la zone de transition avec la coiffe (10) ainsi que l'arrière du corps en matière plastique (1), l'agent glissant mis en oeuvre dans la bande glissante étant un xérogel qui, par absorption d'eau faisant fonction d'agent de dispersion, se transforme en un lyogel possédant une aptitude élevée au glissement sur la peau de l'utilisateur et un coefficient de frottement » inférieur à 0,25.
EP92710005A 1992-02-14 1992-02-14 Tête de rasage, particulièrement une unité de lames pour rasoir mécanique Expired - Lifetime EP0556531B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (15)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE59202090T DE59202090D1 (de) 1992-02-14 1992-02-14 Rasierapparatekopf, insbesondere Rasierklingeneinheit, eines Nassrasierapparates.
AT92710005T ATE121983T1 (de) 1992-02-14 1992-02-14 Rasierapparatekopf, insbesondere rasierklingeneinheit, eines nassrasierapparates.
DK92710005.7T DK0556531T3 (da) 1992-02-14 1992-02-14 Barbermaskinehoved, navnlig barberbladsenhed til en vådbarbermaskine
ES92710005T ES2073899T3 (es) 1992-02-14 1992-02-14 Cabezal de aparato de afeitar, especialmente unidad de cuchilla de afeitar, de un aparato de afeitar en humedo.
EP92710005A EP0556531B1 (fr) 1992-02-14 1992-02-14 Tête de rasage, particulièrement une unité de lames pour rasoir mécanique
IL10153892A IL101538A (en) 1992-02-14 1992-04-09 Shaver head, especially a razor blade unit for a wet shaver
JP14471692A JP3326620B2 (ja) 1992-02-14 1992-04-21 かみそり装置頭部
CN92103097A CN1028976C (zh) 1992-02-14 1992-04-27 剃刀头，尤其是湿式剃刀的剃刀刀片组件
US07/877,438 US5305526A (en) 1992-02-14 1992-04-30 Razor head, especially razor blade unit of a wet razor
AU16076/92A AU635681B1 (en) 1992-02-14 1992-05-07 Razor head, in particular a razor blade unit of a wet razor
SU925011442A RU2062223C1 (ru) 1992-02-14 1992-05-08 Головка безопасной бритвы
BR929201804A BR9201804A (pt) 1992-02-14 1992-05-13 Cabecote de aparelho de barbear,especialmente unidade de lamina de barbear,de um aparelho de barbear a umido
KR1019920011515A KR930017684A (ko) 1992-02-14 1992-06-30 습식 면도기의 면도날 유니트
MX9204446A MX9204446A (es) 1992-02-14 1992-07-30 Cabeza para navaja de afeitar
CA002083767A CA2083767C (fr) 1992-02-14 1992-11-25 Rasoir, notamment lame de rasoir pour rasoir mouillable

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP92710005A EP0556531B1 (fr) 1992-02-14 1992-02-14 Tête de rasage, particulièrement une unité de lames pour rasoir mécanique

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0556531A1 EP0556531A1 (fr) 1993-08-25
EP0556531B1 true EP0556531B1 (fr) 1995-05-03

Family

ID=8211852

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP92710005A Expired - Lifetime EP0556531B1 (fr) 1992-02-14 1992-02-14 Tête de rasage, particulièrement une unité de lames pour rasoir mécanique

Country Status (15)

Country Link
US (1) US5305526A (fr)
EP (1) EP0556531B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP3326620B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR930017684A (fr)
CN (1) CN1028976C (fr)
AT (1) ATE121983T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU635681B1 (fr)
BR (1) BR9201804A (fr)
CA (1) CA2083767C (fr)
DE (1) DE59202090D1 (fr)
DK (1) DK0556531T3 (fr)
ES (1) ES2073899T3 (fr)
IL (1) IL101538A (fr)
MX (1) MX9204446A (fr)
RU (1) RU2062223C1 (fr)

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JP2952587B1 (ja) * 1998-03-30 1999-09-27 株式会社貝印刃物開発センター 安全かみそり
US6032372A (en) * 1998-06-22 2000-03-07 Dischler; Louis Intrinsically fenced safety razor head
US6167625B1 (en) 1999-05-18 2001-01-02 Warner-Lambert Company Shaving implement
JP4845294B2 (ja) * 2001-07-16 2011-12-28 株式会社貝印刃物開発センター 安全かみそり
KR101123162B1 (ko) * 2003-06-26 2012-03-19 코닌클리케 필립스 일렉트로닉스 엔.브이. 구부러진 면도기 날과 이러한 면도기 날의 제조
US7284461B2 (en) * 2004-12-16 2007-10-23 The Gillette Company Colored razor blades
CN101578163B (zh) * 2006-08-25 2011-11-02 比克-维尔莱克 包含可移动修剪刀片保护装置的剃须刀片组合及剃须刀
PL2276591T3 (pl) * 2008-05-05 2013-11-29 Eveready Battery Inc Sposób wytwarzania ostrza golarki
US9079321B2 (en) * 2008-07-16 2015-07-14 The Gillette Company Razor blades
USD588744S1 (en) * 2008-09-02 2009-03-17 Eveready, Battery Company, Inc. Razor cartridge
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MX2014004039A (es) 2011-10-06 2014-05-30 Bic Violex Sa Cabezal de afeitar que tiene un angulo de afeitar bajo.
WO2014162997A1 (fr) 2013-04-01 2014-10-09 日立金属株式会社 Procédé de fabrication d'acier pour lame
JP5660416B1 (ja) * 2013-04-01 2015-01-28 日立金属株式会社 刃物用鋼及びその製造方法
EP3194127B1 (fr) * 2014-08-20 2020-03-18 Shavelogic, Inc. Cartouches de rasoir
US10773404B2 (en) * 2015-05-13 2020-09-15 The Gillette Company Llc Shaving razor cartridge
US20160361828A1 (en) * 2015-06-11 2016-12-15 The Gillette Company Razor blade steel
US11230025B2 (en) 2015-11-13 2022-01-25 The Gillette Company Llc Razor blade
US11654588B2 (en) 2016-08-15 2023-05-23 The Gillette Company Llc Razor blades
US10864611B2 (en) 2017-05-12 2020-12-15 Utitec, Inc. Method of sharpening hardened thin metal blades

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GB8806813D0 (en) * 1988-03-22 1988-04-20 Fenn D J Shaving device
DE9002710U1 (de) * 1990-03-08 1991-07-11 Wilkinson Sword GmbH, 5650 Solingen Rasierklingeneinheit
DE9004760U1 (de) * 1990-04-27 1991-08-29 Wilkinson Sword GmbH, 5650 Solingen Rasierapparatekopf, insbesondere Rasierklingeneinheit, eines Naßrasierapparates
ES2073899T3 (es) * 1992-02-14 1995-08-16 Wilkinson Sword Gmbh Cabezal de aparato de afeitar, especialmente unidad de cuchilla de afeitar, de un aparato de afeitar en humedo.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
MX9204446A (es) 1993-09-01
DK0556531T3 (da) 1995-09-04
JPH05277264A (ja) 1993-10-26
ATE121983T1 (de) 1995-05-15
AU635681B1 (en) 1993-03-25
CA2083767C (fr) 1998-09-15
CA2083767A1 (fr) 1993-08-15
IL101538A (en) 1996-07-23
DE59202090D1 (de) 1995-06-08
US5305526A (en) 1994-04-26
ES2073899T3 (es) 1995-08-16
CN1028976C (zh) 1995-06-21
JP3326620B2 (ja) 2002-09-24
RU2062223C1 (ru) 1996-06-20
CN1075280A (zh) 1993-08-18
BR9201804A (pt) 1993-08-24
KR930017684A (ko) 1993-09-20
EP0556531A1 (fr) 1993-08-25

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