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EP0551260B1 - Chauffage au plasma dans un systeme de circulation fermee - Google Patents

Chauffage au plasma dans un systeme de circulation fermee Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0551260B1
EP0551260B1 EP91903960A EP91903960A EP0551260B1 EP 0551260 B1 EP0551260 B1 EP 0551260B1 EP 91903960 A EP91903960 A EP 91903960A EP 91903960 A EP91903960 A EP 91903960A EP 0551260 B1 EP0551260 B1 EP 0551260B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
gas
plasma
reaction
loop
gases
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP91903960A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0551260A1 (fr
Inventor
Norolf Henriksen
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Norsk Hydro ASA
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Norsk Hydro ASA
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Publication date
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Publication of EP0551260A1 publication Critical patent/EP0551260A1/fr
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/006—General arrangement of incineration plant, e.g. flow sheets
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/08—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating
    • F23G5/085—High-temperature heating means, e.g. plasma, for partly melting the waste
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2204/00—Supplementary heating arrangements
    • F23G2204/20—Supplementary heating arrangements using electric energy
    • F23G2204/201—Plasma

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the use of a plasma arch for the heating of gases, liquids and solid materials. More specifically the invention relates to such heating in a closed circulation system.
  • the plasma arch was originally used commercially to produce nitrous gases so called "noxes" NO1NO 2, N2O3 etc. Gases, i.e. air, were sent through a plasma arch reactor chamber at a reaction temperature of 4-5000° C.
  • the Plasma can be described as the state to which a gaseous phase of any chemical structure arrives when its molecules dissociate themselves and their atoms are polarized.
  • the plasma is formed by a mixture of electrical, neutral gas molecules and of molecules which are dissociated into positive ions and negative electrons.
  • a high polarity differential there is a viscous state at a temperature of 4000°C or higher.
  • the stability of the reactor may be affected, and it may shut down or stop at random.
  • the formation of noxes may be reduced or prevented when the gas stream which passes through the reactor consists of steam.
  • Such a method may be applicable for special processes, but may otherwise be unsuitable.
  • US patent No. 4.479.443 further discloses a plasma and reaction system involving a plasma arch furnace for raising the temperature of a reacting gas and a carrier gas to a desired high level, a reaction chamber and means for transporting the reacting gas through the reaction chamber.
  • This known solution does not have a closed circulation loop and there is no cooler to reduce the temperature and thereby prevent recombination of chemical compositions. Further, there is no bleed of combustion gases to control the mass balance of the system.
  • a closed circulation loop where the gases are controlled with regard to composition, pressure and temperature.
  • the reaction gas is fed in stochiometric quantities into the loop between the plasma are furnace and the reaction chamber to avoid simultaneous presence of nitrogen and oxygen in the plasma arch furnace, and there are provided coolers/heat exchangers and a blower to establish a high and a medium temperature zone so that the chemical reaction takes place at relevant conditions and enable a blower to circulate the medium hot gases, as defined in the accompanying claim 1.
  • Essential for the loop system is that it is operated with a controlled gas atmosphere as well as with regard to gas composition as with regard to pressure and temperature and typically with a carrier gas as well as a reaction gas.
  • the carrier gas may be provided from an external source and continuously be fed into the loop, or being gases produced in the loop reaction zone.
  • the reacting as air, O2 or H2.
  • Fig. 1 shows a flow diagram of a plasma are furnace waste disposal loop
  • Fig. 2 illustrates a plasma are disposal loop for the combustion of dioxin waste.
  • the main components of the loop system are a plasma are furnace 1, a gas blower or compressor 4 and heat exchangers/coolers 3 for the production of steam or hot water and a separate reactor 2.
  • the gas loop consists of two main temperature zones.
  • a high temperature zone with a temperature suitable to generate the combustion reaction or the chemical reaction required f.example 1000-2000°C.
  • a low temperature zone where the temperature is lowered and limited to the highest temperature suitable for a gas blower, f.example 300-500°C.
  • a suitable carrier or circulation gas B is applied for the relevant process. If a special reaction gas is used this is introduced as A.
  • nitrous and nitric gases in the plasma furnace 1 can be eliminated and avoided by not permitting the presence of O2 or N2 simultaneously in the furnace.
  • O2-free circulation gas in the plasma furnace 1 is obtained with the introduction of air A between the plasma furnace and the reaction chamber and securing that added air is providing stochiometric amounts of oxygen.
  • a catalyst 5 of conventional type palladium
  • the loop system according to Fig. 1 has an outlet for ash E in the reaction chamber and an outlet D for combustion gases which passes through a cooler/condenser 6 with an extra outlet for condensate.
  • reaction gases such as O2
  • the energy balance is maintained because the spent or used electric energy plus/minus reaction energy are balanced by the continuous removal of the same amount of energy from the circuit as thermal energy, i.e. in the form of steam and hot water.
  • the mass balance is maintained through the system because the added mass, in the form of gases, liquids or solid materials are led out from the circuit through equivalent amounts of reaction products and lost carrier gases.
  • the closed loop system allows the use of expensive carrier gases, as f.ex. H2, A and CO2.
  • the release or losses of such gases may be kept low and sometimes at nearly zero level.
  • the intensity of the reaction can easily be controlled through the percentage of reactant gas in the circulating gas.
  • the reaction chamber may be constructed according to the type of materials to be processed. For solid waste material f.ex., it will be convenient to employ a rotating oven or a fluidized bed reactor.
  • the chemical reaction may take place in CO-current flow in a reaction tube, formed as serpentine with a cyclone at the outlet.
  • the sludge consists of inorganic salts and carbon, initially in the form of active carbon. Dioxin is also absorbed in the carbon and the whole mass has a ph of 4 or lower.
  • the total volume of liquid from the purification plant is appr. 360 m3/year.
  • the combustion was carried out in a waste disposal loop system according to Fig. 2.
  • the liquid sludge from the tank 9, segregation avoided by a stirrer was forwarded by a pump 8 and preheated by passing through the heat exchanger 3 into the reaction chamber 2 in the form of a serpentine tube.
  • the reaction products were led into the cyclone separator 7, with ash outlet at the bottom.
  • the reaction gases were led through heat exchanger 3 to preheat the liquid sludge, and thereafter through a boiler 10 incorporating a waste heat boiler system.
  • the bleed gas was passed through the cooler/condensator 6 where condensed H2O and HCl were drained out and the remaining CO vented to atmosphere.
  • a blower or compressor 4 provided in the low temperature part of the loop provided the necessary gas circulation through the system.
  • the destruction process was carried out in an atmosphere of O2 or air at a temperature of 1500° C or higher.
  • the resulting reaction products were CO2, H2O, HCL and solid ash (approx. 5% of total weight of waste) and consequently these gases were also utilized as circulation gas in the loop system.
  • the reaction chamber was formed as a serpentine tube, ending up in a cyclone for ash particles.
  • the ash collected in the cyclone is batchwise removed.
  • the gas is recirculated through heat exchanger/cooler and cooled down to 400° C before entering the gas blower 4.
  • the energy demand of the plasma heater is approximately 50 kW, which may be split on as 26 kW for the heat of evaporation and 15 kW for superheating to >2000° C. This is total energy requirement without heat recovery. If heat is recovered the energy consumption will be reduced to approx. 25 kW.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Furnace Details (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne l'utilisation d'un four à arc de plasma pour le chauffage de gaz, de liquides et de matières solides. Dans une boucle à circulation fermée, le gaz ou le mélange gazeux dans la boucle est contrôlé quant à sa composition, sa pression et sa température afin d'assurer un traitement chimique optimal des matières qui sont introduites dans la boucle. Le gaz de réaction est introduit dans la boucle dans des quantités stoechiométriques afin d'éviter la présence simultanée d'azote et d'oxygène dans le four à arc de plasma. Le gaz porteur de base peut être n'importe quel gaz qui s'avère le meilleur pour le procédé.

Claims (2)

  1. Système de chauffage et de réaction à plasma, comprenant un four à arc de plasma pour augmenter la température d'un gaz réactionnel et d'un gaz véhiculaire à un niveau élevé souhaité, une chambre réactionnelle et des moyens pour acheminer les gaz à travers la chambre réactionnelle,
    caractérisé en ce que :
    il y a une boucle à circulation fermée dans laquelle on contrôle les gaz en terme de composition, de pression et de température, le gaz réactionnel est acheminé en quantité stoechiométriques dans la boucle entre le four à arc de plasma (1) et la chambre réactionnelle (2) pour éviter la présence simultanée d'azote et d'oxygène dans le four à arc de plasma, et il est prévu des systèmes de refroidissement ou échangeurs de chaleur (3, 10) et une soufflerie pour établir une zone de température élevée et une zone de température moyenne de telle sorte que la réaction chimique ait lieu dans les conditions requises et permette à la soufflerie (4) de faire circuler les gaz chauds.
  2. Système selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que :
    le gaz réactionnel est de l'air, de l'oxygène ou de l'hydrogène.
EP91903960A 1990-02-23 1991-02-22 Chauffage au plasma dans un systeme de circulation fermee Expired - Lifetime EP0551260B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NO900861 1990-02-23
NO900861A NO172704C (no) 1990-02-23 1990-02-23 Lysbue oppvarmings- og reaksjonssystem
PCT/NO1991/000025 WO1991013292A1 (fr) 1990-02-23 1991-02-22 Chauffage au plasma dans un systeme de circulation fermee

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0551260A1 EP0551260A1 (fr) 1993-07-21
EP0551260B1 true EP0551260B1 (fr) 1995-09-13

Family

ID=19892924

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91903960A Expired - Lifetime EP0551260B1 (fr) 1990-02-23 1991-02-22 Chauffage au plasma dans un systeme de circulation fermee

Country Status (8)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0551260B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH05503571A (fr)
BR (1) BR9106059A (fr)
CA (1) CA2076630A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE69113056T2 (fr)
FI (1) FI923785A7 (fr)
NO (1) NO172704C (fr)
WO (1) WO1991013292A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA2240283C (fr) 1995-12-20 2005-04-19 Alcan International Limited Reacteur thermique a plasma et procede de traitement d'eau de decharge
US7828061B2 (en) * 2009-04-03 2010-11-09 Nitra-Gen Llc Method and apparatus for on-site nitrate production for a water processing system

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4479443A (en) * 1982-03-08 1984-10-30 Inge Faldt Method and apparatus for thermal decomposition of stable compounds
CA1225441A (fr) * 1984-01-23 1987-08-11 Edward S. Fox Incineration des dechets par pyrolyse avec apport de plasma
US4896614A (en) * 1988-09-15 1990-01-30 Prabhakar Kulkarni Method and apparatus for treatment of hazardous waste in absence of oxygen
FI88199B (fi) * 1988-12-15 1992-12-31 Tampella Oy Ab Braennfoerfarande foer reducering av kvaeveoxidbildningen vid foerbraenning samt apparatur foer tillaempning av foerfarandet

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69113056D1 (de) 1995-10-19
NO172704B (no) 1993-05-18
NO900861D0 (no) 1990-02-23
BR9106059A (pt) 1992-12-01
DE69113056T2 (de) 1996-03-14
FI923785L (fi) 1992-08-21
FI923785A0 (fi) 1992-08-21
EP0551260A1 (fr) 1993-07-21
WO1991013292A1 (fr) 1991-09-05
JPH05503571A (ja) 1993-06-10
NO900861L (no) 1991-08-26
CA2076630A1 (fr) 1991-08-24
NO172704C (no) 1993-08-25
FI923785A7 (fi) 1992-08-21

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