EP0540412A1 - High fire resistant storage building and procedure for its construction - Google Patents

Abstract

Storage building comprising a plurality of storage volumes each formed by elementary cells, the said building being formed by superimposed precast reinforced concrete columns (13, 22) provided with grooves or notches (20, 21, 23) for inserting therein precast cellular concrete wall panels (7, 8, 9). Precast reinforced concrete joists (16, 17) rigidly connect the columns together and support the precast floors made of cellular concrete or the like. Reinforced concrete spandrels (15) arranged at certain levels provide the transverse rigidity of the construction. <IMAGE>

Description

The invention relates to a new type of building and a method allowing the construction of such a building having good fire resistance, and in particular of industrial buildings, for example buildings for storing various materials such as chemical, pharmaceutical materials, archives. The invention relates more particularly to tall buildings, having good fire resistance, the construction of which is easy and rapid from prefabricated materials and the cost price of which remains relatively low taking into account the advantages obtained.

• hauteur de 10 m minimum
• longueur de 30 à 100 m ou plus
• largeur de 12 à 16 m ou plus

Broadly speaking, a high-rise storage building is a structure whose dimensional characteristics can be as follows:

• minimum height 10 m
• length from 30 to 100 m or more
• width 12 to 16 m or more

A very high storage consists of rows of storage cells, traversed between them by a transport member, for example a stacker crane or an automated pallet truck, the purpose of which is to drop off or pick up the stored packages.

• hauteur 1 m à 4 m de préférence 1 à 2 m,
• largeur de 1,5 à 4,5 m ou plus (possibilité de pose de 1 à 3 palettes),
• profondeur de 1 à 3 m, de préférence, 1,2 à 1,5 m,
• surcharge par alvéole de 1 à 10 tonnes ou plus, par exemple 4,5 t (1,5 t par palette)

The storage cells can have dimensions of the order of:

• height 1 m to 4 m preferably 1 to 2 m,
• width from 1.5 to 4.5 m or more (possibility of installing 1 to 3 pallets),
• depth of 1 to 3 m, preferably 1.2 to 1.5 m,
• overload per cell of 1 to 10 tonnes or more, for example 4.5 t (1.5 t per pallet)

Tall buildings and large dimensions, and in particular storage buildings are commonly made from various materials, some flammable such as wood, others non-flammable but which have only insufficient or not sufficiently long resistance to fire . This is particularly the case for metal frames whose fire resistance generally does not exceed 15 minutes; fireproofing of metal structures can be considered but its cost remains prohibitive.

With reinforced concrete, and provided that certain precautions are taken (increased coating of the steels and installation of a welded mesh on the surface to avoid cracking of the concrete), a fire resistance of 2 hours can be achieved. But the sections of the pieces (mainly sails and slabs), are greatly increased, hence higher weight.

In addition to fire resistance, a whole row of cells must be self-supporting (stacker crane passage).

In the case of a metal structure, this does not pose a problem, on the other hand, in the case of reinforced concrete, the necessary dimensions become very large, the enormous weight, the complicated implementation and the prohibitive cost.

The present invention remedies the shortcomings of the prior art by proposing a method of erecting buildings, and the resulting buildings, which do not have the above drawbacks. The construction cost remains reasonable for a building with good mechanical strength and high fire resistance, most often from 1 hour to several hours, usually 2 hours or more.

• a) une pluralité de poteaux principaux en béton armé, disposés sensiblement verticalement, joignant les fondations à la couverture et formés par superposition de poteaux élémentaires préfabriqués en béton armé, dont lajonction est effectuée sur place,
• b) une pluralité de poutrelles préfabriquées en béton armé, disposées sensiblement horizontalement et parallèlement audit premier axe du bâtiment, joignant deux poteaux principaux successifs à plusieurs niveaux, présentant des moyens pour supporter les dalles de planchers, et des extrémités capables de se fixer solidairement dans les poteaux élémentaires superposés associés,
• c) une pluralité de panneaux de parois préfabriqués en béton léger résistant au feu, disposés sensiblement verticalement, entre les poteaux élémentaires,
• d) une pluralité de dalles de plancher préfabriquées en béton léger résistant au feu, posées sensiblement horizontalement sur lesdits moyens de supports des poutrelles,
• e) une pluralité de poutres (murs ou tympans) en béton armé, préfabriquées ou coulées sur place, disposées dans une direction sensiblement horizontale et perpendiculaire audit premier axe, reliant entre eux de manière rigide le sommet de chaque poteau élémentaire à la base du poteau élémentaire qui lui est superposé et reliant la jonction ainsi réalisée à la jonction de même nature des poteaux voisins du même volume de stockage situés dans ladite direction perpendiculaire au premier axe, lesdites poutres contribuant à la rigidité transversale du bâtiment, et
• f) une pluralité de poutres en béton armé joignant les sommets d'au moins une partie des poteaux principaux et supportant la toiture, lesdits poteaux élémentaires étant munis de rainures ou d'encoches longitudinales en nombre suffisant pour permettre, entre au moins une partie des poteaux élémentaires voisins d'un volume de stockage, pris deux à deux, l'insertion et le maintien en place desdits panneaux de parois verticaux superposés en béton léger résistant au feu.

The building produced according to the invention comprises a plurality of elementary storage volumes, each formed of a plurality of elementary cells and arranged parallel to each other and parallel to a first axis of the building, said storage volumes being separated from each other. others by at least partly empty volumes, also with axes parallel to said first axis of the building, to allow the circulation of goods handling equipment, characterized in that each elementary storage volume comprises:

• a) a plurality of main reinforced concrete posts, arranged substantially vertically, joining the foundations to the cover and formed by superposition of prefabricated reinforced concrete post posts, the joining of which is carried out on site,
• b) a plurality of prefabricated reinforced concrete beams, arranged substantially horizontally and parallel to said first axis of the building, joining two successive main posts at several levels, having means for supporting the floor slabs, and ends capable of being fixed securely in the associated superimposed elementary posts,
• c) a plurality of prefabricated lightweight fire-resistant concrete wall panels, arranged substantially vertically, between the elementary posts,
• d) a plurality of prefabricated lightweight fire-resistant concrete floor tiles, placed substantially horizontally on said beam support means,
• e) a plurality of reinforced concrete beams (walls or eardrums), prefabricated or poured in place, arranged in a substantially horizontal direction and perpendicular to said first axis, rigidly connecting the top of each elementary post to the base of the post elementary which is superimposed on it and connecting the junction thus produced to the junction of the same kind of neighboring posts of the same storage volume located in said direction perpendicular to the first axis, said beams contributing to the transverse rigidity of the building, and
• f) a plurality of reinforced concrete beams joining the tops of at least part of the main posts and supporting the roof, said elementary posts being provided with longitudinal grooves or notches in sufficient number to allow, between at least part of the elementary posts adjacent to a storage volume, taken two by two, inserting and holding in place said panels of vertical walls superimposed in light fire-resistant concrete.

A light fire-resistant concrete is a concrete of specific weight at most equal to 800 kg per cubic meter and which withstands at least one hour at a fire of medium intensity. This can be done by incorporating low specific gravity or hollow materials in a cement mortar. However, we prefer above all cellular concrete which will be defined in detail below. In the following, specific mention will be made of cellular concrete, it being understood that other light concretes could be substituted for it.

Many variations can be considered, including the following:
The prefabricated vertical partitions made of aerated concrete can be arranged on one, two or three sides of an elementary storage cell, with the exception of one side facing an empty volume intended for the circulation of goods vehicles. They are lowered between the posts using the grooves provided for this purpose. They can then be blocked with a cement or mortar grout and / or introduce fire resistant joints.

The means for supporting the floor tiles are preferably lateral notches made on the beams defined in (b) above.

To make the construction even more rigid, it is also possible to provide, at the top of the main posts, and joining these tops together, reinforced concrete beams both in a direction parallel to the first axis of the building and in a direction perpendicular to this axis. .

The building cover can be made of any desired material. Very advantageously, it can also use cellular concrete slabs provided with fire-resistant seals.

The exterior walls of the building may also include cellular concrete wall slabs provided that they are weathertight, or they may consist of a reinforced concrete wall, breeze blocks or the like.

The fixing to the ground of the lower elementary posts of each main post can be done by any suitable means known to those skilled in the art, and for example by rigid fixing in a reinforced concrete footing or wall poured in place or in cells provided in concrete blocks with subsequent sealing, using the pending pins.

The dimensions of the various elements of the construction will be chosen to ensure both the rigidity of the construction, taking into account the weights of the materials to be stored and the desired fire protection duration, for example 2 hours. The calculation is within the competence of a person skilled in the art and will not be developed further here.

In what follows, "concrete" or "reinforced concrete" refers to traditional concrete, defined below. The use of another type of concrete, in particular aerated concrete, will be specifically indicated.

The traditional concrete constituting the basic material of prefabricated reinforced concrete elementary posts and beams arranged at the junction levels of these posts is a well-known material and whose density varies from approximately 1500 to approximately 3000 kg / m3 depending on whether '' it is low, medium or high density concrete. Concrete with a density between 2200 and 2800 kg / m3 is preferred in the invention.

Aerated concrete is a well-known cement-based material which can be obtained by incorporating additives into the cement mortar which cause foaming of the mortar. After hardening the concrete to a cellular structure. Its density is usually between 300 and 800 kg / m3. It can be armed or unarmed.

For a description of the various types of cements, mortars and concrete, reference may be made to basic works, for example to the Encyclopedia Kirk and Othmer, vol. 5, p. 164-193, or to the Ullmann Encyclopedia, English edition, vol. A5, p. 489-537.

• Composition : sable siliceux, ciment, chaux, poudre d'aluminium et adjuvants.
• Masse volumique normale: 400 à 450 kg/m3.
• Point de fusion: 1.100 °C à 1.200°C.
• Réaction et résistance au feu : Incombustible (MO), classé matériau dur, par l'Assemblée plénière des Sociétés d'Assurances contre l'incendie.
• Résistance à la compression, 30 à 35 kg/cm² en moyenne.
• Résistance à la traction : 5 à 7 kg/cm².
• Coefficient de transmission thermique surfacique d'un mur de façade de 15 cm d'épaisseur: de 0,7 à 0,85 W/m². OC°.
• Procès verbal d'essai de résistance au feu sur un mur en dalles en béton cellulaire armées de 15 cm d'épaisseur: classement coupe-feu : 6 heures.

A typical cellular concrete, given as an example, is defined below

• Composition: silica sand, cement, lime, aluminum powder and additives.
• Normal density: 400 to 450 kg / m3.
• Melting point: 1,100 ° C to 1,200 ° C.
• Reaction and resistance to fire: Incombustible (MO), classified as hard material, by the Plenary Assembly of Fire Insurance Companies.
• Compressive strength, 30 to 35 kg / cm² on average.
• Tensile strength: 5 to 7 kg / cm².
• Coefficient of surface thermal transmission of a 15 cm thick facade wall: from 0.7 to 0.85 W / m². OC °.
• Fire resistance test report on a wall of reinforced cellular concrete slabs 15 cm thick: fire rating: 6 hours.

• Le béton armé assure la stabilité de l'ensemble et le report des charges verticales et horizontales sur les fondations.
• Le béton cellulaire assure la tenue au feu (isolation contre le feu de chaque cellule) et grâce à sa faible densité (4 à 5 fois inférieure à celle du béton armé), diminue considérablement l'influence des charges verticales.

In the structure of the invention:

• Reinforced concrete ensures the stability of the whole and the transfer of vertical and horizontal loads on the foundations.
• Aerated concrete ensures fire resistance (insulation against fire in each cell) and thanks to its low density (4 to 5 times lower than that of reinforced concrete), considerably reduces the influence of vertical loads.

The implementation to be done for example as follows:

1st step :

The posts are prefabricated by unitary sections of, for example, 4 to 8 m, preferably about 6 m, then sealed on the foundations and kept in vertical position in their lower part, for example by the walls of the alveoli in poured concrete on site, over a height of approximately 0.5 to 1.5 m, for example 1 m (lower part of the cells not used).

These walls have an important role in the stability of the structure by ensuring good embedding at the base of the structure.

The prefabricated reinforced concrete beams, supports of the cellular concrete slabs of the floor of each cell are sealed on the posts so as to create an embedding at each level between beams and posts. This can be achieved by any suitable known means, for example by keying, engaging in notches provided in advance, pouring mortar into a set of concrete irons left waiting, etc.

The prefabricated vertical aerated concrete slabs are slid from top to bottom in the notches of the posts with preferably the installation of fire-resistant joints.

The prefabricated cellular concrete slabs of the floor of each cell are preferably put in place as they go along, so as to create working platforms to guide the installation of the vertical plates, as well as those seals.

The floor slabs can be simply laid on the beams, using the notches in the beams, or better rigidly or elastically fixed to these beams.

The order of placement of the floor tiles and wall panels is not critical.

2nd step :

The elementary posts of a second section are placed vertically on the posts of the first section (1st floor), then the transverse reinforced concrete beams (walls) defined in paragraph (e) above are poured, which seal the junction of the posts two by two and also give transverse rigidity to the building.

The height of the beam, as for the base wall, can be 0.5 to 1.5, preferably about 1 m.

We then continue the work as for the first stage by laying the reinforced concrete beams, etc ...

We mark the 2nd stage as many times as necessary to obtain the desired height. In the last step, the reinforced concrete roof beams are put in place fixed at the top of the posts, either only transversely or both transversely and longitudinally, and roof tiles are laid, preferably also made of cellular concrete. , ensuring the necessary seal.

Figures 1 to 8 illustrate various modes of implementation of the invention.

Figure 1 is a side view of the building.

Figure 2 is an end view of the building.

Figure 3 is a horizontal section of the building.

Figure 4 is a vertical section of the building along AA in Figure 3.

Figure 5 is a vertical section of the building along BB of Figure 3.

Figure 6 is a vertical section of the building along CC of Figure 3.

Figure 7 shows a vertical section of a span.

Figure 8 shows a horizontal section of a span.

In the following description, the figures are illustrative and non-limiting.

In Figure 1, we see the building seen from the outside, from the side of its largest dimension (length). The level of foundations 1 is at - 4.50 m. We can see the ground level 2 and the top of the building 3, as well as the main posts such as 4 and the walls which here are in precast panels of aerated concrete 6. The roof is represented by 5.

Figure 2 shows the same building, seen from the outside, at one of its ends. We find the same elements as in Figure 1.

Figure 3 is a horizontal section of the building at an intermediate level, for example halfway up an individual cell (or cell) for storage. We can see the individual cells such as 10 delimited by partitions in aerated concrete such as 7, 8 and 9. The posts are not visible because of the scale of the figure.

Figure 4 is a vertical section of the building along AA (fig. 3).

It shows a plurality of individual cells such as 10.

In Figure 5 (section along BB of Figure 3), we find the individual cells such as 10 with their partitions.

In FIG. 6 (section along CC of FIG. 3), we see the floor slab of an elementary cell 11, a main post 12, formed by superposition of elementary prefabricated posts in reinforced concrete such as 13 and 14 (2e and 3rd stages of construction) and a beam (wall or tympanum) 15 ensuring the transverse rigidity and the junction of the elementary posts.

Each stage of construction, from the second begins with the installation of additional elementary posts superimposed on the previous ones, and their fixing in the corresponding beams such as 15. These posts are in reinforced concrete poured on site or in precast concrete, assembly being done by pouring concrete.

FIG. 7 represents a vertical section of a current span and FIG. 8 a horizontal section of the same span. In 11 we see a cellular concrete floor slab and in 7, 8 and 9 wall slabs in aerated concrete. We see in 16 and 17 the beams having a notch such as 18 and a nose or spoiler 19 to support a floor slab.

Grooves or notches such as 20, 21 are formed in the main beams such as 13 to pass and maintain the partitions in aerated concrete. Similarly in the edge beams such as 22 (groove 23).

For example, we could make a building 20 m high above ground with 4 m in the basement.

The main posts may have a section of 30 x 30 cm. Their length (elementary post) to be 5 to 7 m.

The cellular concrete walls of the cells may be 10 to 20 cm thick, the floors 15 to 25 cm thick.

Other advantageous embodiments are described below:
In one embodiment, the support beams for the floor slabs have a spoiler (or nose) on the underside forming with the underside of the cellular concrete slab a rebate with a minimum height of 5 cm, at least on the front face of the cell, this rebate forming an obstacle to the flow of smoke and the flow of flames.

In a variant, at least one water distribution device selectively actuated in the burning cell is placed in the rebates formed by the spoilers, the object of which is to protect the beam from an excessive rise in temperature, to participate in the extinguishing the fire and reducing the temperature of the fumes escaping from the cell.

In yet another variant, part or all of the water devices of the cells stacked in the same column arranged in the front rebate of the said cells are fitted with a control system enabling this system to be triggered on part or all cells in the same column to create a curtain of water opposing the transmission of fire from a cell to the upper cells by the flames and hot smoke from the hearth.

In another embodiment, at least part of the reinforcement in the main posts is arranged in the vicinity of the vertical sections of the cellular concrete panels. This part of the reinforcement forming a core capable of withstanding at least the compression forces in the event of fire.

In yet another embodiment, an internal metallic reinforcement is used for the cellular concrete floor slabs, this reinforcement being isolated from the faces exposed to fire by more than 2 cm of cellular concrete.

In another preferred variant, use is made of autoclaved aerated concrete floor panels and slabs having a fireproof degree according to Standard at least double that of the structural elements in concrete.

By autoclaved aerated concrete means aerated concrete poured into molds which are then placed in steel autoclaves where the temperature can vary from 120 ° to 190 ° C, and the pressure from 2 to 20 bars, the treatment time is short , half an hour to a few hours. High resistances are thus obtained because, in addition to the hydration reactions of the cement, reactions occur between the constituents of the cement and the finest grains of the sand.

Claims (12)

Fire-resistant storage building comprising a plurality of elementary storage volumes, each formed of a plurality of elementary cells and arranged parallel to each other and parallel to a first axis of the building, said storage volumes being separated from each other by at least partially empty volumes, also with axes parallel to said first axis of the building, for example to allow the circulation of goods handling equipment, characterized in that each elementary storage volume comprises: a) a plurality of main reinforced concrete posts, arranged substantially vertically, joining the foundations to the cover and formed by superposition of prefabricated reinforced concrete post posts, the joining of which is carried out on site, b) a plurality of prefabricated reinforced concrete beams, arranged substantially horizontally and parallel to said first axis of the building, joining two by two the successive main posts at several levels of said posts, having means for supporting the floor slabs and ends capable of be fixed securely in the associated superimposed elementary posts, so as to create a recess making it possible to ensure the longitudinal stability of the building. c) a plurality of prefabricated wall panels of cellular fire-resistant concrete, arranged substantially vertically, between the elementary posts, d) a plurality of prefabricated fire-resistant cellular concrete floor slabs, placed substantially horizontally on said beam support means, e) a plurality of reinforced concrete beams (walls or eardrums), prefabricated or poured in place, arranged in a substantially horizontal direction and perpendicular to said first axis, rigidly connecting the top of each elementary post to the base of the post elementary which is superimposed on it and connecting the junction thus produced to the junction of the same kind of neighboring posts of the same storage volume located in said direction perpendicular to the first axis, said beams contributing to the transverse rigidity of the building, and f) a plurality of reinforced concrete beams joining the tops of at least part of the main posts and supporting the roof, said elementary posts being provided with longitudinal grooves or notches in sufficient number to allow, between at least part of the elementary posts adjacent to a storage volume, taken two by two, the insertion and holding in place of said vertical wall panels superimposed in cellular fire-resistant concrete. The building of claim 1, wherein the aerated concrete is an autoclaved aerated concrete. Building according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the means for supporting the floor slabs are lateral notches, formed on the beams. Building according to claim 3 characterized in that the beams supporting the floor slabs have a spoiler or nose on the underside forming with the underside of the cellular concrete slab a rebate with a minimum height of 5 cm, at least on the front face of the cell, this rebate forming an obstacle to the flow of smoke and the path of the flames. Building according to claim 4 characterized in that one places in the rebates formed by the spoilers at least one water distribution device actuated selectively in the burning cell and having the object of protecting the beam from an elevation excessive temperature, participate in extinguishing the fire and reduce the temperature of the fumes escaping from the cell. Building according to claim 5 characterized in that one equips part or all of the water distribution devices of the superimposed cells of the same column disposed in the front rebate of the said cells with a control system making it possible to trigger this system on part or all of the cells of the same column to create a curtain of water opposing the transmission of fire from one cell to the upper cells by the flames and hot smoke from the hearth. Building according to one of claims 1 to 6 characterized in that at least part of the reinforcement in the main posts is arranged in the vicinity of the vertical sections of the cellular concrete panels, this part of the reinforcement forming a core capable of withstanding at least compression forces in case of fire. Building according to Claim 1, characterized in that an internal metallic reinforcement is used for the cellular concrete floor slabs, this reinforcement being isolated from the faces exposed to fire by more than 2 cm of cellular concrete. Building according to Claim 1, characterized in that autoclaved cellular concrete floor panels and slabs are used, having a fire-rated degree according to Standard at least twice that of the structural elements in concrete. Building according to any one of Claims 1 to 9, in which the aerated concrete has a density of 300 to 800 kg / m3, preferably 400 to 450 kg / m3 and the concrete present in the reinforced concrete has a density of 1500 to 3000 kg / m3, preferably 2200 to 2800 kg / m3. Building according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the fixing of the beams on the elementary posts is done by keying. Method of erecting a building according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that, in a first step, foundations are poured in place and a first group of prefabricated reinforced concrete elementary posts is sealed therein, fixed the beams rigidly to the posts in the longitudinal direction, the floors of fire-resistant cellular concrete are laid between the neighboring elementary posts and the wall elements of cellular concrete are placed between the longitudinal grooves or notches formed on the elementary posts; then in one or more subsequent stages, transverse reinforced concrete beams are put in place at the junction of two posts superimposed and the said junction is sealed therein, and the operations of fixing the beams, laying the floors and placing the wall elements of the first step are repeated; finally, in a final step, the posts are connected at their upper end by the reinforced concrete beams, at least in a transverse direction.

Images