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EP0246357B1 - System for controlling an electrical injector valve - Google Patents

System for controlling an electrical injector valve Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0246357B1
EP0246357B1 EP86116751A EP86116751A EP0246357B1 EP 0246357 B1 EP0246357 B1 EP 0246357B1 EP 86116751 A EP86116751 A EP 86116751A EP 86116751 A EP86116751 A EP 86116751A EP 0246357 B1 EP0246357 B1 EP 0246357B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
current
operating voltage
injection valve
peak value
analog
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP86116751A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0246357A1 (en
Inventor
Andreas Sausner
Heinz Höhne
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Mannesmann VDO AG
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Mannesmann VDO AG
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/20—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/20—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils
    • F02D2041/202—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils characterised by the control of the circuit
    • F02D2041/2024—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils characterised by the control of the circuit the control switching a load after time-on and time-off pulses
    • F02D2041/2027—Control of the current by pulse width modulation or duty cycle control
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/20—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils
    • F02D2041/202—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils characterised by the control of the circuit
    • F02D2041/2058—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils characterised by the control of the circuit using information of the actual current value
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D2200/00—Input parameters for engine control
    • F02D2200/50—Input parameters for engine control said parameters being related to the vehicle or its components
    • F02D2200/503—Battery correction, i.e. corrections as a function of the state of the battery, its output or its type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H47/00—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current
    • H01H47/22—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current for supplying energising current for relay coil
    • H01H47/32—Energising current supplied by semiconductor device
    • H01H47/325—Energising current supplied by semiconductor device by switching regulator

Definitions

  • the invention is based on a method for controlling an injection valve for an internal combustion engine according to the preamble of claim 1 (see, for example, GB-A-2 032 720, Fig. 2b, c or US-A-4173 030, Fig. 3) .
  • the solenoid of the injection valve is applied to an operating voltage in a pulsating manner with the aid of a semiconductor switch in such a way that a current sufficient to open the injection valve flows during a first time period and that a second time period dependent on the intended injection duration flows with a current sufficient to keep the valve open connects.
  • Injectors for internal combustion engines with a low internal resistance are controlled by a so-called current control.
  • To open the valve wait until the current through the solenoid of the valve has reached a predetermined value.
  • the current is then switched off and a pulsating voltage is applied as a function of the intended injection duration.
  • the rate of rise of the current during the first section depends on the level of the operating voltage, in particular on the state of charge and the further load on the vehicle battery. With a low operating voltage, it can take a long time to reach the specified peak value. This dependency is disruptive in electronically controlled fuel injection systems. For example, at low operating voltages, the first time period can be so long that the injection of small amounts of fuel cannot be controlled precisely.
  • the method according to the invention is characterized in that the peak value is a predetermined function of the operating voltage.
  • the specified function can depend in particular on the type of the injection valve. Basically, however, the function will be such that the peak current is higher for a higher operating voltage than for a lower operating voltage.
  • An advantageous circuit arrangement for carrying out the method according to the invention is that the solenoid coil of the injection valve is connected to an output stage and a current measuring resistor, that the current measuring resistor is connected to the input of a first analog / digital converter and the operating voltage source is connected to the output stage and the input of a second analog / Digital converter are connected, that the outputs of the analog / digital converter are connected to inputs of a processor, the output of which is connected to a control input of the output stage, and that the processor is also assigned a memory for the predetermined function.
  • FIG. 1 a shows the course of the voltage on a magnet coil during an injection process
  • FIG. 1 b shows the course of the current through the magnet coil during the same time.
  • a voltage Ub is applied to the magnetic coil, which results in an increase in the current I through the coil.
  • a predetermined peak value Is is reached at time t1, whereupon the voltage is switched off.
  • the coil is short-circuited at the same time via a further transistor, so that the current falls between t1 and t2.
  • a pulsating voltage causes a current that is sufficient to keep the injector open.
  • the current then drops to 0 again, so that the valve is closed.
  • the injection quantity is regulated by changing the time period between t1 and t3 accordingly. With a minimum injection quantity, the current I drops to 0 after switching off at t1.
  • FIG. 1c shows, with a changed time scale, the current increase after switching on at t0 for different operating voltages, namely for an average operating voltage Um, for a minimum operating voltage Umin and for a maximum operating voltage Umax. Points 1, 2, 3 at which the injection valve opens are marked on the individual curves. With the slow current rise caused by the lower operating voltage, the valve opens at a lower current.
  • the voltage is now switched off at different current values, which depend on the operating voltage.
  • the resulting points 4, 5, 6 on the curves still have a sufficient safety distance from points 1, 2, 3, which were determined for opening the valve.
  • the switch-off time is brought forward from t1 'to t1 ".
  • the solenoid coil 11 of an injection valve is connected in series with a current measuring resistor 22 in the output circuit of an output stage 12.
  • the operating voltage Ub is supplied at 13. while the end of the current measuring resistor 22 facing away from the magnet coil 11 is connected to ground potential.
  • Power amplifiers for injection valves are known per se and need not be explained in connection with the present invention.
  • the output 21 of the output stage 12 can be connected either to the operating voltage Ub supplied at 13 or to ground potential.
  • the operating voltage can be applied to the solenoid coil with a pulse supplied at 14, while a pulse supplied with 15 causes the solenoid coil 11 to be separated from the operating voltage Ub and a connection to ground.
  • both the operating voltage Ub is fed to a processor 18 via a first analog / digital converter 16 and the voltage drop across the current measuring resistor 22 is fed via a second analog / digital converter 17.
  • a non-volatile memory 19 is assigned to the processor 18, in which the function is stored according to which the peak current Is is to be controlled as a function of the operating voltage Ub.
  • the processor now reads a corresponding value Is from the memory 19 for the value of the operating voltage Ub supplied by the analog / digital converter 16 and compares it with the current value emitted by the analog / digital converter 17. If the value Is is reached, the processor 18 sends a pulse to the input 15 of the output stage, whereupon the latter separates the magnet coil 11 from the operating voltage Ub and switches it to ground, whereupon the current drops, as explained in connection with FIG. 1.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
  • Magnetically Actuated Valves (AREA)
  • Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung geht aus von einem Verfahren zur Ansteuerung eines Einspritzventils für eine Brennkraftmaschine gemäß Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 (siehe z. B. GB-A-2 032 720, Fig. 2b, c oder US-A-4173 030, Fig. 3). Die Magnetspule des Einspritzventils wird mit Hilfe eines Halbleiterschalters derart pulsierend an eine Betriebsspannung angelegt, daß während eines ersten Zeitabschnitts ein zum Öffnen des Einspritzventils ausreichender Strom fließt und daß sich daran gegebenenfalls ein von der vorgesehenen Einspritzdauer abhängiger zweiter Zeitabschnitt mit einem zum Offenhalten des Ventils ausreichenden Strom anschließt.The invention is based on a method for controlling an injection valve for an internal combustion engine according to the preamble of claim 1 (see, for example, GB-A-2 032 720, Fig. 2b, c or US-A-4173 030, Fig. 3) . The solenoid of the injection valve is applied to an operating voltage in a pulsating manner with the aid of a semiconductor switch in such a way that a current sufficient to open the injection valve flows during a first time period and that a second time period dependent on the intended injection duration flows with a current sufficient to keep the valve open connects.

Einspritzventile für Brennkraftmaschinen mit niedrigem Innenwiderstand werden mit einer sogenannten Stromregelung angesteuert. Um das Ventil zu öffnen, wird zunächst nach dem Einschalten solange abgewartet bis der Strom durch die Magnetspule des Ventils einen vorgegebenen Wert erreicht hat. Daraufhin wird der Strom abgeschaltet und in Abhängigkeit von der vorgesehenen Einspritzdauer eine pulsierende Spannung angelegt.Injectors for internal combustion engines with a low internal resistance are controlled by a so-called current control. To open the valve, wait until the current through the solenoid of the valve has reached a predetermined value. The current is then switched off and a pulsating voltage is applied as a function of the intended injection duration.

Die Anstiegsgeschwindigkeit des Stroms während des ersten Abschnitts ist jedoch von der Höhe der Betriebsspannung, also insbesondere vom Ladezustand und von der weiteren Belastung der Fahrzeugbatterie, abhängig. So kann es bei niedriger Betriebsspannung recht lange dauern, bis der vorgegebene Spitzenwert erreicht ist. Diese Abhängigkeit tritt bei elektronisch geregelten Kraftstoffeinspritzsystemen störend in Erscheinung. So kann beispielsweise bei niedrigen Betriebsspannungen der erste Zeitabschnitt derart lang sein, daß die Einspritzung geringer Kraftstoffmengen nicht genau gesteuert werden kann.However, the rate of rise of the current during the first section depends on the level of the operating voltage, in particular on the state of charge and the further load on the vehicle battery. With a low operating voltage, it can take a long time to reach the specified peak value. This dependency is disruptive in electronically controlled fuel injection systems. For example, at low operating voltages, the first time period can be so long that the injection of small amounts of fuel cannot be controlled precisely.

Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Spitzenwert eine vorgegebene Funktion von der Betriebsspannung ist.The method according to the invention is characterized in that the peak value is a predetermined function of the operating voltage.

Es hat sich nämlich herausgestellt, daß bei einem langsamen Stromanstieg, wie er bei niedrigen Betriebsspannungen vorliegt, das Einspritzventil bereits bei einem geringeren Strom öffnet, als bei einem schnellen Stromanstieg. Bei bekannten Schaltungen, bei denen die Spannung bei einem vorgegebenen Spitzenstrom abgeschaltet wird, ist die Einschaltdauer bei niedrigen Betriebsspannungen größer als es für die Öffnung des Ventils erforderlich ist.It has been found that in the case of a slow current increase, as is the case at low operating voltages, the injection valve opens at a lower current than in the case of a rapid current increase. In known circuits in which the voltage is switched off at a predetermined peak current, the duty cycle is longer at low operating voltages than is required for opening the valve.

Die vorgegebene Funktion kann im einzelnen von der Art des Einspritzventils abhängen. Grundsätzlich wird die Funktion jedoch derart sein, daß der Spitzenstrom für eine höhere Betriebsspannung höher als für eine niedrigere Betriebsspannung ist.The specified function can depend in particular on the type of the injection valve. Basically, however, the function will be such that the peak current is higher for a higher operating voltage than for a lower operating voltage.

Eine vorteilhafte Schaltungsanordnung zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens besteht darin, daß die Magnetspule des Einspritzventils mit einer Endstufe und einem Strommeßwiderstand verbunden ist, daß der Strommeßwiderstand mit dem Eingang eines ersten Analog/Digital-Wandlers und die Betriebsspannungsquelle mit der Endstufe und dem Eingang eines zweiten Analog/Digital-Wandlers verbunden sind, daß die Ausgänge der Analog/Digital-Wandler an Eingänge eines Prozessors angeschlossen sind, dessen Ausgang mit einem Steuereingang der Endstufe verbunden ist, und daß ferner dem Prozessor ein Speicher für die vorgegebene Funktion zugeordnet ist.An advantageous circuit arrangement for carrying out the method according to the invention is that the solenoid coil of the injection valve is connected to an output stage and a current measuring resistor, that the current measuring resistor is connected to the input of a first analog / digital converter and the operating voltage source is connected to the output stage and the input of a second analog / Digital converter are connected, that the outputs of the analog / digital converter are connected to inputs of a processor, the output of which is connected to a control input of the output stage, and that the processor is also assigned a memory for the predetermined function.

Die Erfindung läßt zahlreiche Ausführungsformen zu. Eine davon ist schematisch in der Zeichnung an Hand mehrerer Figuren dargestellt und nachfolgend beschrieben. Es zeigt :

  • Fig. 1 den Verlauf der Spannung und des Stroms an einer Magnetspule eines Einspritzventils und
  • Fig. 2 ein Blockschaltbild einer Schaltungsanordnung zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens.
The invention allows numerous embodiments. One of them is shown schematically in the drawing using several figures and described below. It shows :
  • Fig. 1 shows the course of the voltage and current on a solenoid coil of an injection valve and
  • Fig. 2 is a block diagram of a circuit arrangement for performing the method according to the invention.

Fig. 1a stellt den Verlauf der Spannung an einer Magnetspule während eines Einspritzvorganges dar, während Fig. 1b den Verlauf des Stromes durch die Magnetspule während der gleichen Zeit zeigt. Zum Zeitpunkt t0 wird eine Spannung Ub an die Magnetspule gelegt, was einen Anstieg des Stromes I durch die Spule zur Folge hat. Zum Zeitpunkt t1 ist ein vorgegebener Spitzenwert Is erreicht, worauf die Spannung abgeschaltet wird. Bei den üblicherweise verwendeten Endstufen wird gleichzeitig über einen weiteren Transistor die Spule kurzgeschlossen, so daß der Strom zwischen t1 und t2 fällt. Bis zum Zeitpunkt t3 wird durch eine pulsierende Spannung ein Strom bewirkt, der zum Offenhalten des Einspritzventils genügt. Danach sinkt der Strom wieder auf 0, so daß das Ventil geschlossen wird. Die Einspritzmenge wird dadurch geregelt, daß der Zeitabschnitt zwischen t1 und t3 entsprechend verändert wird. Bei einer minimalen Einspritzmenge fällt der Strom I bereits nach dem Abschalten bei t1 auf 0.FIG. 1 a shows the course of the voltage on a magnet coil during an injection process, while FIG. 1 b shows the course of the current through the magnet coil during the same time. At time t0, a voltage Ub is applied to the magnetic coil, which results in an increase in the current I through the coil. A predetermined peak value Is is reached at time t1, whereupon the voltage is switched off. In the commonly used output stages, the coil is short-circuited at the same time via a further transistor, so that the current falls between t1 and t2. Up to time t3, a pulsating voltage causes a current that is sufficient to keep the injector open. The current then drops to 0 again, so that the valve is closed. The injection quantity is regulated by changing the time period between t1 and t3 accordingly. With a minimum injection quantity, the current I drops to 0 after switching off at t1.

Fig. 1c zeigt mit geändertem Zeitmaßstab den Stromanstieg nach dem Einschalten bei t0 für verschieden hohe Betriebsspannungen, und zwar für eine mittlere Betriebsspannung Um, für eine minimale Betriebsspannung Umin und für eine maximale Betriebsspannung Umax. Auf den einzelnen Kurven sind Punkte 1, 2, 3 markiert, bei denen sich das Einspritzventil öffnet. Bei dem durch die niedrigere Betriebsspannung bedingten langsamen Stromanstieg öffnet sich das Ventil bereits bei einem geringeren Strom.1c shows, with a changed time scale, the current increase after switching on at t0 for different operating voltages, namely for an average operating voltage Um, for a minimum operating voltage Umin and for a maximum operating voltage Umax. Points 1, 2, 3 at which the injection valve opens are marked on the individual curves. With the slow current rise caused by the lower operating voltage, the valve opens at a lower current.

Bei bekannten Schaltungsanordnungen ist nun für das Abschalten der Spannung ein konstanter Spitzenwert Is vorgesehen, der in Fig. 1c durch die gestrichelte Linie dargestellt ist. Demzufolge ändert sich der Abschaltzeitpunkt t1 bzw. t1' sehr stark in Abhängigkeit von der Betriebsspannung. Bei geringen Betriebsspannungen wird das Einspritzventil viel später abgeschaltet, als es zum Öffnen erforderlich ist.In known circuit arrangements, a constant peak value Is is now provided for switching off the voltage, which is shown in FIG. 1c by the dashed line. As a result, the switch-off instant t1 or t1 'changes very strongly as a function of the operating voltage. At low operating voltages, the injector is switched off much later than is required to open it.

Gemäß der Erfindung wird nun die Spannung bei unterschiedlichen Stromwerten abgeschaltet, welche von der Betriebsspannung abhängig sind. Die sich daraus ergebenden Punkte 4, 5, 6 auf den Kurven haben noch einen ausreichenden Sicherheitsabstand zu den Punkten 1, 2, 3, welche für das Öffnen des Ventils ermittelt wurden. Bei minimaler Betriebsspannung ist der Abschaltzeitpunkt von t1' auf t1" vorverlegt.According to the invention, the voltage is now switched off at different current values, which depend on the operating voltage. The resulting points 4, 5, 6 on the curves still have a sufficient safety distance from points 1, 2, 3, which were determined for opening the valve. With a minimum operating voltage, the switch-off time is brought forward from t1 'to t1 ".

Bei der in Fig. 2 dargestellten Schaltungsanordnung ist die Magnetspule 11 eines Einspritzventils in den Ausgangskreis einer Endstufe 12 in Reihe mit einem Strommeßwiderstand 22 geschaltet. Die Betriebsspannung Ub wird bei 13 zugeführt. während das von der Magnetspule 11 abgewandte Ende des Strommeßwiderstandes 22 mit Massepotential verbunden ist. Endstufen für Einspritzventile sind an sich bekannt und brauchen im Zusammenhang mit der vorliegenden Erfindung nicht näher erläutert zu werden. Mit Hilfe eines Transistors kann der Ausgang 21 der Endstufe 12 wahlweise mit der bei 13 zugeführten Betriebsspannung Ub oder mit Massepotential verbunden werden. Mit einem bei 14 zugeführten Impuls kann die Magnetspule mit der Betriebsspannung beaufschlagt werden, während ein bei 15 zugeführter Impuls eine Trennung der Magnetspule 11 von der Betriebsspannung Ub und eine Verbindung mit Masse bewirkt.In the circuit arrangement shown in FIG. 2, the solenoid coil 11 of an injection valve is connected in series with a current measuring resistor 22 in the output circuit of an output stage 12. The operating voltage Ub is supplied at 13. while the end of the current measuring resistor 22 facing away from the magnet coil 11 is connected to ground potential. Power amplifiers for injection valves are known per se and need not be explained in connection with the present invention. With the aid of a transistor, the output 21 of the output stage 12 can be connected either to the operating voltage Ub supplied at 13 or to ground potential. The operating voltage can be applied to the solenoid coil with a pulse supplied at 14, while a pulse supplied with 15 causes the solenoid coil 11 to be separated from the operating voltage Ub and a connection to ground.

Zur Ermittlung des Zeitpunktes t1 (Fig. 1) wird sowohl die Betriebsspannung Ub über einen ersten Analog/Digital-Wandler 16 als auch der Spannungsabfall am Strommeßwiderstand 22 über einen zweiten Analog/-Digital-Wandler 17 einem Prozessor 18 zugeführt.To determine the point in time t1 (FIG. 1), both the operating voltage Ub is fed to a processor 18 via a first analog / digital converter 16 and the voltage drop across the current measuring resistor 22 is fed via a second analog / digital converter 17.

Dem Prozessor 18 ist ein nichtflüchtiger Speicher 19 zugeordnet, in welchem die Funktion abgelegt ist, nach welcher der Spitzenstrom Is in Abhängigkeit von der Betriebsspannung Ub gesteuert werden soll. Vom Prozessor wird nunmehr für den vom Analog/Digital-Wandler 16 zugeführten Wert der Betriebsspannung Ub ein entsprechender Wert Is aus dem Speicher 19 ausgelesen und mit dem jeweils vom Analog/Digital-Wandler 17 abgebenen Stromwert verglichen. Ist der Wert Is erreicht, so gibt der Prozessor 18 einen Impuls zum Eingang 15 der Endstufe, worauf diese die Magnetspule 11 von der Betriebsspannung Ub trennt und gegen Masse schaltet, worauf der Strom wie im Zusammenhang mit Fig. 1 erläutert, fällt.A non-volatile memory 19 is assigned to the processor 18, in which the function is stored according to which the peak current Is is to be controlled as a function of the operating voltage Ub. The processor now reads a corresponding value Is from the memory 19 for the value of the operating voltage Ub supplied by the analog / digital converter 16 and compares it with the current value emitted by the analog / digital converter 17. If the value Is is reached, the processor 18 sends a pulse to the input 15 of the output stage, whereupon the latter separates the magnet coil 11 from the operating voltage Ub and switches it to ground, whereupon the current drops, as explained in connection with FIG. 1.

Claims (3)

1. Method of controlling an injection valve for an internal-combustion engine, the magnet coil of the injection valve being applied to an operating voltage with the aid of a semi-conductor- switch in a pulsed manner such that during a first period a current sufficient to open the injection valve flows, and that if necessary there follows a second period, which is dependent on the planned injection period and has a current sufficient to keep open the valve, the first period being terminated by disconnection when the current has reached a peak value, characterized in that the peak value is a predetermined function of the operating voltage.
2. Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the peak value is higher for a higher operating voltage than for a lower operating voltage.
3. Circuit arrangement for carrying out the method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the magnet coil (11) of the injection valve is connected to a final stage (12) and to a current sensing resistor (22), in that the current sensing resistor (22) is connected to the input of a first analog-digital converter (17) and the operating voltage- source is connected to the end stage (12) and to the input of a second analog-digital converter (16), in that the outputs of the analog- digital converters (16, 17) are connected to inputs of a processor (18), the output of which is connected to a control input (15) of the end stage (12), and in that furthermore the processor (18) is allocated a memory (19) for the predetermined function of the peak value of the current to open the injection valve.
EP86116751A 1986-05-15 1986-12-02 System for controlling an electrical injector valve Expired EP0246357B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3616356 1986-05-15
DE19863616356 DE3616356A1 (en) 1986-05-15 1986-05-15 METHOD AND CIRCUIT FOR CONTROLLING AN INJECTION VALVE

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0246357A1 EP0246357A1 (en) 1987-11-25
EP0246357B1 true EP0246357B1 (en) 1988-09-28

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EP86116751A Expired EP0246357B1 (en) 1986-05-15 1986-12-02 System for controlling an electrical injector valve

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US (1) US4770178A (en)
EP (1) EP0246357B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS6336044A (en)
BR (1) BR8701749A (en)
DE (2) DE3616356A1 (en)

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DE3616356A1 (en) 1987-11-19
BR8701749A (en) 1988-01-26
EP0246357A1 (en) 1987-11-25
JPS6336044A (en) 1988-02-16
DE3660827D1 (en) 1988-11-03
US4770178A (en) 1988-09-13

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