EP0174350A1

EP0174350A1 - Afocal glasses, magnifying spectacles, telescope cupolas, cupola segments or the like and combinations with optical systems known as weak binocular with large field of vision, good image definition and high light efficiency

Info

Publication number: EP0174350A1
Application number: EP19850901401
Authority: EP
Inventors: Hermann Prof. Dr. Med. Gernet
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1984-02-22
Filing date: 1985-02-20
Publication date: 1986-03-19
Also published as: DE3590114C1; WO1985004260A1; DE3590114D2

Abstract

Verres afocaux avec des surfaces de limitation sphériques-concaves-convexes et avec un centre de courbure identique, en tant que lunette faible avec un grand champ de vision et en tant qu'éléments additionnels pour des appareils optiques. Description des principes de fabrication de verres afocaux selon les formules de Snell et de Reiner et exposition des possibilités d'utilisation pratiques de verres afocaux dans des coupoles de télescopes, des télescopes et dans des combinaisons avec des périscopes, des caméras, des microscopes, des guides de lumière et des systèmes de documentation.Afocal lenses with spherical-concave-convex limiting surfaces and with an identical center of curvature, as a weak telescope with a large field of vision and as additional elements for optical devices. Description of the principles of manufacturing afocal lenses according to the Snell and Reiner formulas and presentation of the practical uses of afocal lenses in telescope domes, telescopes and in combinations with periscopes, cameras, microscopes, light guides and documentation systems.

Description

Afocal glasses, telescope glasses, telescope domes, coupling or similar cutouts and combinations with known optical systems as weak telescopes with a large field of view * (field of view) / large image resolution / high light output

Introduction and summary description;

Conventional telescopes consist of focal lens or mirror systems based on the so-called astronomical telescope invented by Kepler or the so-called Dutch telescope described by Galileo (1609). Keplerian telescopes consist of 2 focal lenses with the same effect (convex lenses), Galileo systems consist of 2 focal lenses with different optical effects, namely a convex lens away from the eye (closer to the object) and a concave lens close to the eye. Usual telescopes of lower magnification preferably consist of Galileo systems, which one soon learned to use with a short tube.

The measure of the magnification of a telescope is its physical magnification (an angular size, e.g. 2.0 = 2 times, 3.0 = 3 times etc.). The increase in such

Telescopes result from the ratio of the object focal length to the eyepiece focal length.

Figure 1 from Mütze (ABC der Optik, Verlag Werner Dausien, Hanau, 1960, page 276) shows the beam path,

Focal points, angles and focal lengths of Galilei (Dutch) and Keplerian (astronomical) telescopes. It can be seen that the Dutch telescope produces an upright image, the astronomical telescope an inverted image, and from the angles and focal lengths that the astronomical telescope

* see supplement 1 (next page) Supplement 1 *:

With the field of view (field of view) in this patent application, as is common in ophthalmology and in contrast to the usual representations in physics, the field of view (field of view) of the observer's eye is referred to, i.e. the area of the environment that is caused by the afocal glass / the combination and by the The observer's eye pupil is sharply imaged on the retina. This field of view (field of view) corresponds approximately to the field of view (field of view) of glasses / optical aids, which is common in physics. In the case of cameras and other devices used for documentation purposes, the image section is the environmental section of the film after development and without additional enlargement (reduction), with image resolution the resolution due to focal length enlargement (reproduction of details of the recorded objects) on the film / photo print.

tube causes larger physical magnifications than the Dutch telescope.

All telescopes made from focal lens or mirror systems, i.e. consisting of lenses / mirrors with focal points and focal lengths are afocal due to their construction as a whole, because, as shown in Figure 1, incident parallel rays emerge from the eyepiece of such telescopes again in parallel, being closer together, i.e. are more concentrated than the incident parallel rays. Due to their special construction, conventional telescopes cause the objects viewed to move closer and to enlarge them, because - to put it simply - more optical information is passed through the pupil of the eye through the eye pupil to the retina responsible for image resolution.

In addition to their magnification based on the ratio of the focal lengths, conventional telescopes made from focal lenses / mirrors inevitably bring about a reduction in the field of view (visual field) of an observer, which is almost inversely proportional to the magnification of the telescope. The stronger the magnification of the telescope, the smaller the field of vision (field of view) of the observer using the telescope. For example, an opera glass with its magnification of around 2.5 to 3.0 allows only a section of the theater stage to be seen when the glass and head are fixed, the rest is not seen without hand movements. In addition, it is naturally not possible to see through and past telescopes at the same time.

A significantly lower magnification than with Galilei telescopes and, theoretically, a correspondingly larger field of view (field of view) allow conical glass cones with object-side convex and concave spherical boundaries that began around the mid-18th century came at the beginning of the 19th century and were mentioned in more detail by Steinheil and Seidel in 1846 and whose spherical-convex-concave boundary surfaces, if they were used to see into the distance, probably had an identical center of curvature even then.

Figure 2 shows from the book by M. v. Rohr (The glasses as an optical instrument, Julius Springer, Berlin, 1934, page 82) a representation of the eye and stopper lens on a scale of approximately 1: 1. From a critical point of view, stopper lenses are not lenses because optical lenses by definition have focal points and focal lengths. Stopper lenses, if designed for distant vision, have neither focal points nor

Focal lengths, so they are afocal like the usual telescope systems described, although they have nothing else in common with them from an optical point of view. The stopper lens for distance is not an optical lens, but an afocal glass (afocal glass).

After the law of refraction of light, discovered by Snellius at the beginning of the 17th century, Figure 3 shows schematically the beam path in a stopper lens for the distance, which in its dimension of

Corresponds to the stopper lens from Pritchard (see Figure 2) and whose two spherical boundary surfaces are the same, i.e. have an identical center of curvature.

Parallel rays coming from the object are broken off by the spherical and convex glass curvature according to Snellius to the plumb line and by the spherical and concave curvature close to the eye, so that the beams emerge from the stopper lens again parallel to one another, however, as shown in Figure 1, closer together, ie more concentrated. According to fig So fertilization 3 also works the stopper lens in that - to put it simply - due to the stronger bundling of the parallel rays, more optical information is transmitted, the eye pupil reaches the retina of the observer responsible for image resolution, like a telescope.

Compared to the Galilean and especially the Kepler telescope, this telescope is weak. In this context, it is noteworthy that in this illustration by Pritchard (see Figure 2) the optical magnification effect remains unclear.

Compared to Figure 1, Figure 3 shows the basic difference between stopper lens and telescopes made from focal lenses / mirror systems. For the

The stopper lens does not have any front or rear focal points, nor focal lengths or angles according to Figure 1, from which one could derive the physical magnification. Only through tricks (see Reiner, Auge und Brille, Enke Verlag, Issue 59, 1972, page 26 last paragraph and page 27 including (35)), which are didactically meaningful in the context there (spectacle lenses), which I use in connection with stopper lenses and However, afocal lenses are considered inappropriate because their physical magnification results solely from the glass thickness and front curvature, so the fiction of focal points and focal lengths can be maintained with such "lenses". Thus, stopper lenses for distance are actually and really different telescopes than those from Kepler and Galilei. In other words: no physicist, optician or ophthalmologist will be able to find a focal point for the optical system consisting of a glass for a stopper lens, just as little as a plane-parallel glass plate can.

Pritchard's Figure 2 to scale shows that stopper lenses are only in front of one eye were held. Despite the poor magnification of stopper lenses, the field of view (field of view) with stopper lens is similar to that of conventional telescopes, because naturally it cannot be seen through the stopper lens and the area around it (see Figure 2). Because of their shape and weight, stopper lenses can neither be worn in the then nor in today's eyeglass frames. All these details taken together were the reason why stopper lenses in the field of telescopes have not become established as enlarging aids. Von Rohr in his book (1934, page 81, page 82) hinted at details about this, and in 1934, regarding the magnification of the image through telescope glasses and stopper lenses, said that "the image designed in broad strokes could hardly be changed significantly by further research". According to my inventions described below, this is not the case.

For glasses with a refractive effect (focal glasses, optical lenses) and for stopper lenses and other afocal glasses, both the general optical law of Snellius on refraction of light and the most recent of Reiner (Eye and glasses, library of the ophthalmologist, issue 59, Enke Verlag, 1972, pages 26 to 28) under (56) of the law on the self-enlargement of spectacle lenses, which as the physical enlargement is applicable to afocal lenses such as stopper lenses, so-called aniseic lenses, telescope domes or other afocal lenses, which by definition are not " System Enlargement ".

From Snellius' law on light refraction, the refractive power (D) in diopters of the spherical surface of the object on the object side results from the following derivation for a stopper lens and for other afocal glasses, which has to be made as a handwritten copy due to the lack of typewriter types. Figure 4 and the handwritten records show the derivations from Snellius' law. Example (Figure 4):

k4

. M

Case (Figure 5):

For the example chosen in Figure 5 with a "front focal length" of 0.08 m, the outer surface power (D) results a by inserting.

The surface power of the outer surface of the afocal glass treated in the example is thus 12.5 diopters.

The second physical basis of the invention is the magnification formula for afocal lenses, it corresponds to the formula for the "self-enlargement" of spectacle lenses. The physical magnification (V) for afocal glasses is

In the formula, V corresponds to the physical magnification of an afocal glass, d the thickness of the transparent and optically perfect material (glass, plastic, etc.) in meters, n the refractive index (refractive index) of the material and D the refractive power of the outer surface of the afocal glass in dioptres . The physical magnification (V) of an afocal glass and its Far East effect depends solely on the material thickness and the refractive power of the outer surface.

You get a pure afocal glass effect only if you give a suitable size to the near and near the diameter of afocal glasses (this is not necessary for telescopic domes or cutouts) and if you design the afocal glasses in such a way that the optically not required areas (side walls, glass or material surfaces not running parallel to each other) no light rays are refracted into the eye of the observer or reflected. There must therefore be no multiple reflections or total reflections on the spherical boundary surfaces or on side walls or on surfaces that do not run parallel to one another, which together with the light beam emerging in parallel can get into the eye of the observer, because non-parallel rays result in a blurred image and at the same time one Abolish the magnification effect. Such reflections can be avoided by known techniques, such as blackening or underlaying the side walls with light-absorbing material (see also Figure 2), by covering those that are not required for an optical effect

Material surfaces through suitable surface design, through suitable shaping, which leads to fiber optic-like light conduction at the pupil of the observer with shorter afocal glass cones, through surface treatment, possibly also through annihilation of unwanted light beams by means of crossed polarization filters or by other known techniques, as well as by avoiding them Refractive index of the optical material and the inclination of the side walls and the non-parallel surfaces in the optically unneeded area are adapted to the diameter of the spherically concave boundary surface close to the eye.

These known techniques of reflection elimination are shown in the relevant figures of the description by means of serpentine lines.

If optical material, material thickness, external surface power and shape are selected in a suitable manner for afocal lenses, then usable enlargements result compared to stopper lenses and conventional telescopes without the disadvantage of a substantial restriction of the visual field (field of view) for the observer. In addition to the so-called aniseicon glasses (magnifications between 1.02 and 1.06), the afocal glasses include image matching for various eye disorders, as described in our own publications (e.g. H. Gernet: Graefes Archiv Klin.exp.Ophthal., 204, 1977, 235 to 164) and own patents (German patent DE 28 15678 C II, dated July 29, 1982, European patent 0022868, contracting state France dated November 2, 1983, US patent 4427272 dated January 24, 1984), also stopper lenses, telescope glasses, telescopic domes and other afocal lenses for an observer's wide field of view.

All afocal glasses, including anise icon glasses, stopper lenses, telescope glasses, telescope domes, etc., have optically effective boundary surfaces that are spherically convex on the object side and spherically concave on the eye side and are also the same, i.e. have an identical center of curvature. Before the own filing of telescope glasses with low magnification (German utility model G 81 21 262.3 from July 20th, 1981 and US patent application continuation application from August 24th, 1984), afocal glasses, i.e. so-called aniseicon glasses, were not used as double telescope in glasses as a weak telescope. Stopper lenses have had no practical significance for more than 100 years, and they have never been used with both eyes.

The first own invention of a weak telescope is a pair of telescope glasses based on the laws of Snellius and Reiner, as shown in Figure 6 b for an enlargement 1.15. These telescope glasses are nothing else than mentally and then technically flat or squeezed plunger lenses. My telescope glasses have the following advantages over the stopper lens:

1) The magnification is done through a single afocal lens in front of each eye. The user's hands remain free for other activities. 2) The one-eyed visual field (visual field) of a user is many times larger than with a stopper lens.

3) A two-eyed observation with two-eyed much larger visual fields (visual fields) is guaranteed.

4) The weight of the telescope glasses with afocal lenses is much lower than that of stopper lenses.

5) The visual improvement is greater than the physical

Enlargement (see dissertation Schulte-Wintrop 1983).

Similar to 1) with 5) applies to the telescope glasses in comparison to Galileo telescopes and telescope glasses of known type for given working distances.

Similar to a stopper lens, you can use your own telescope glasses at all distances, i.e. in the distance and near, can be seen sharply This is not possible with conventional telescopes to Galileo. With my telescope glasses, refractive errors of the eye can also be compensated for by appropriate grinding of the boundary surfaces.

Figure 6 a - f shows the fundamental differences between stopper lenses and telescope glasses with afocal lenses and the magnification effects according to Snellius and Reiner for Pritchard's stopper lens (Figure 6 a, see also Figures 2 and 3), a model of the telescope glasses registered as utility models (G 81 21 262.3, Figure 6 b) and the magnification effects for afocal lenses that are already in other telescope eyewear patterns (Figure 6 c, 6 d) or were produced for such use (Figure 6 e, f) or in which Manufacturing are.

Pritchard's stopper lens in Figure 6 a has an arc of curvature of 0.0415 m for the larger (left) spherical-convex boundary surface and for the smaller one (right) spherical-concave boundary surface has a radius of curvature of 0.0135 m and for both radii the same, ie an identical center of curvature. The refractive index of the stopper lens n ₂ is 1.5 (crown glass, which at the time was probably the usual lens material).

According to Snellius, there is a refractive power of the dioptric surface far from the eye.

According to Reiner, it follows from for the stopper lens a physical magnification of around 1.29.

The utility model shown in Figure 7 b (G 81 21 262.3) has a radius of curvature of 0.0286 m for the spherical-convex boundary surface away from the eye, a radius of curvature of 0.0175 m for the spherical-concave boundary surface and the same for both radii, ie an identical center of curvature that lies on the visual axes. The refractive index of the afocal glasses (n ₁ ) is 1.5, since they are glasses made of crown glass. According to Snellius, the refractive power of the surface far from the eye (r ₁ ) is 17.5 diopters. Diopter.

According to Reiner, it follows from a physical one for the German utility model

Magnification of around 1.15.

The afocal lenses of the telescope glasses shown in Figure 7 c have a radius of curvature of 0.0428 m for the spherical-convex boundary surface remote from the eye and a radius of curvature of 0.026 m for the spherical-concave boundary surface close to the eye and for both radii same, ie an identical center of curvature, which lies on the visual axes. The afocal glasses are made of plastic with a refractive index of 1.503.

According to Snellius, there is a refractive power of the surface far from the eye Diopter.

According to Reiner, it follows from for the telescope glasses in Figure 6 c a physical magnification of around 1.15.

The afocal lenses of the telescope glasses shown in Figure 6 d have a radius of curvature of 0.0302 m for the spherical-convex boundary surface remote from the eye, a radius of curvature of 0.0185 m for the spherical-concave boundary surface close to the eye and the same for both radii, i.e. an identical center of curvature. The afocal glasses are also made of plastic with a refractive index of 1.503.

According to Reiner, it follows from

1.1490 for the telescope glasses in Figure 6 d a physical magnification of around 1.15.

Figure 6 e shows an afocal lens for telescope glasses that has a radius of curvature of 0.02 m for the spherical-convex boundary surface away from the eye, a radius of curvature of 0.011 m for the spherical-concave boundary surface and the same, i.e. an identical, for both radii Have center of curvature. The afocal glass is made of plastic with a refractive index from 1, 7

According to Snellius, there is a refractive power diopter for the surface far from the eye.

According to Reiner, it follows from for this afocal glass, a physical magnification of around 1.23. So with this afocal glass one is only around % weaker physical magnification than achieved with the stopper lens in Figure 6 a with the advantage of a much larger field of view (field of view).

Combine a pair of telescope glasses with these afocal lenses (V = 1.23) with a telescopic dome of a suitable design. i.e. If you place an observer with such telescope glasses in an afocal telescope dome of a suitable construction, physical magnifications of 1.7 with a large field of view (field of view) can be achieved without any problems.

The afocal glass in Figure 6 f has the same dimensions as the afocal glass in Figure 6 e, but it is made of high-index glass with a refractive index of 1.93. According to Snellius, the afocal glass has a refractive power of the diopter surface far from the eye.

According to Reiner, it follows from _. 1.2786 for the afocal glasses a physical magnification of around 1.28. At practically the same magnification (1.28: 1.29) as with the stopper lens from Figure 6 a, the afocal lens from Figure 6 f results in a much larger field of view (field of view) than with the stopper lens. If you combine such telescope glasses with an afocal telescope dome of a suitable construction, ie if you place an observer with such telescope glasses in an afocal telescope dome of a suitable construction, see above physical magnifications of 1.8 can be easily achieved with a much larger field of view (field of view) than with stopper lenses or with conventional Galileo systems.

From the approximately true-to-scale (approximately 1: 1) illustrations in Figure 6 and the numerical values, it can be seen that the refractive power of the front surface of the afocal glasses plays an essential role in the magnification. From an ophthalmological-optical point of view, the radius of curvature and the diameter of the spherical-concave boundary surface near the eye and the corneal vertex distance of the afocal lenses are important for the utilization of the large visual fields (visual fields). The example in Figure 6 e has values of 0.008 m and 0.011 m that are still practically usable.

In February 1984 I realized that the principle of my telescope glasses, i.e. the principle of afocal glass spherical convex-concave boundary surfaces with the same, i.e. identical center of curvature on afocal telescopic domes, i.e. on domes made of optically perfect material with spherical convex-concave boundary surfaces and the like, i.e. identical center of curvature and can be transferred to dome sections and that such constructions with the pair of eyes of an observer located in them / behind them without / with telescope glasses also form a telescope with poor magnification and a large field of view (field of view).

Such constructions are to be understood mentally and technically as compositions of an (almost infinite) multitude of seamlessly arranged stopper lenses, which also have a telescope effect, but in contrast to the individual stopper lens they do not restrict the field of vision (field of view) and are therefore effective as an all-round telescope. In terms of ideas and technology, these constructions can also be described as spherical or similarly curved plan Take up and display parallel glass plates.

I registered this invention on February 21, 1984 (P 34 06 276.9) for a German patent and filed it on April 11, 1984 as US disclosure under number 126457 at the US Patent Office.

Figure 7 shows P 34 06 276.9 as an example of a telescopic dome (2) made of high-index glass with a refractive index of 1.93, a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex outer surface of 0.54 m, a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave inner surface of 0 , 22 m for the same, ie identical center of curvature and a thickness of 0.32 m on a scale of about 14: 1.

According to Snellius, the refractive power of

Outer surface of

Diopter.

According to Reiner, it follows from for the afocal telescopic dome a physical magnification of around 1.40. If an observer sitting in the dome additionally wears telescope glasses made of afocal glasses as shown in Figure 6 f, the telescope glasses 1.28 - afocal telescope dome 1.40 after 1.28 results for the system. 1.40 = 1.792 a total physical magnification of around 1.79 with a large field of view (field of view) and a visual improvement, which is analogous to the findings of Schulte-Wintrop on 50 healthy subjects with telescope glasses 1.15. Reflections on the glass surfaces can be avoided using the techniques mentioned.

If one transfers the findings from Schulte-Wintrop to the above telescope glasses-telescope-dome combination, the normal-sighted observer instead of his visual acuity of 1.0 (6/6) without the afocal glass-telescope-dome combination will have visual acuity with it of around 2.43 (6 / 2.47). In other words: An object that a healthy eye with visual performance 1.0 (6/6) recognizes for the first time with an unarmed eye at a distance of 50 km is already recognized with the combination at a distance of 121.5 km.

In August 1984 I found that afocal glasses can be combined with conventional periscope telescopes, for example telescopes with a physical magnification of 3.0, which has the advantage that with the same physical magnification (3.0 = 3 times) such a combination , consisting of a periscope telescope of a similar construction, but with weaker magnification, for example 2.17 with an afocal glass 1.38 results in a much larger field of view (field of view) than with the usual periscope telescope 3.0.

If you keep the usual telescope 3.0 unchanged, the combination of periscope-telescope-afocal glass 1.38 results in a face field that is just as large as with the periscope field nroh r 3.0, but from 3.0. 1.38 a higher overall magnification of 4.14.

I registered this invention on September 11, 1984 (P 34 32 423.2) as a periscope-telescope-afocal glass combination to enlarge the field of view (field of view), also for a German patent.

Such a periscope-telescope-afocal glass combination is shown in Figure 8 in a schematic manner, i.e. not to scale. The afocal glass has a radius of curvature of 0.3 m for the spherical-convex outer surface, a radius of curvature of 0.1 m for the spherical-concave inner surface and an identical center of curvature lying on the central axis of vision for both radii. The afocal glass is made of bulletproof plastic with a refractive index of 1.7. According to Snellius, the refractive power of the outer surface of the afocal glass is: According to Reiner, it follows from a physical magnification of around 1.38. The afocal lens is designed so that its field of view (field of view) is significantly larger than the field of view (field of view) of the periscope telescope 3.0. If the field of view (field of view) of the usual periscope telescope 3.0 has a diameter of 15, then with the periscope-telescope-afocal glass combination in Figure 8, for the same total magnification 3.0, only a telescope magnification of

= 2.17 required. The field of view diameter of the periscope-telescope-afocal glass combination is accordingly. 15º = 20.73º compared to only 15 with the usual 3.0 periscope telescope alone.

With a suitable shape (construction) of the afocal glass, the diameter of the visual field (field of view) is approximately 30% larger, and the area of the visual field (visual field) is almost twice as large

In principle, the incorporation of a telescope spectacle afocal lens according to Figure 6 b - f into the afocal lens-periscope-telescope combination, i.e. by attaching afocal glasses to the (near-eye) eyepieces of the periscope telescope or at another suitable location in the periscope telescope and by forming the afocal glass away from the eye as a telescope dome or telescope dome section, a larger magnification than with the periscope 3 shown in Figure 8, 0 alone and at the same time achieve a larger field of vision (visual field).

Figures 9 a and b show an afocal glass-periksop-telescope-afocal glass combination, in which the afocal glass located in front of the part of the periscope that is far from the eye is designed as a telescopic dome or as a telescopic dome section. Figure 9 a shows a vertical section, Figure 9 b shows a horizontal section through the telescope-dome-periscope-telescope-afocal glass combination nation. The telescopic dome consists of bulletproof plastic with a refractive index of 1.70 and has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex outer surface of 0.15 m and a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave inner surface of 0.09 m with the same, ie identical center of curvature . The telescope dome contains the periscope telescope end, which is far from the observer's eye and can be freely rotated about the vertical periscope axis. The periscope has a magnification of 3.0 (triple). At the end of the periscope near the observer's eye there is an afocal glass as shown in Figure 6 f

Eyepiece of the periscope attached (screwed in, inserted). According to the explanations for Figure 6 f, this afocal lens has an enlargement of around 1.28 and, compared to the visual field (field of view) of the periscope 3.0 eyepiece, does not imply any visual field (visual field) restriction. According to Snellius, the telescopic dome has a refractive power of the outer surface of = 0.2142857; D = 4.6666669 diopter. To

Pure results from a physical magnification of around 1.20.

Because the field of view (field of view) of the telescopic dome (of the telescopic dome section) is many times larger for the observer than the field of view (field of view) of the periscope telescope 3.0 (3 times) and because the afocal lenses located on the eyepieces of the periscope 1.28 in comparison to the periscope field of view (field of view) according to Figure 6 f likewise do not cause any field of vision (field of view) restrictions, resulting in the telescopic dome 1, 20 periscope 3, 0 afocal glasses 1, 28 combination instead a field of view (field of view) diameter from 15 ° to 15 °. 1.20 = 18 ° a larger field of view (visual field) diameter than with the periscope 3.0 alone and after 1.20. 3.0. 1.28 = 4.608 at the same time a magnification of around 4.61 (4.61x) which is considerably stronger than with the 3.0 (3x) periscope telescope alone.

Together with the typewritten patent application (P 34 32 43252) I found on November 29, 1984 in a first factual correction to the handwritten patent description that for two afocal glasses connected in series or for afocal glass-periscope / telescope combinations, the magnification is multiplicative and not additive, and has shown that the misrepresentations in the handwritten patent led to the fact that the value of the innovation was represented less than it actually is. Because with such combinations with a correspondingly reduced periscope magnification, not only does a larger field of view (field of view) result, but with periscope magnification maintained and the same field of vision (field of view) also a greater overall magnification than with the periscope telescope alone. In a second letter to the German Patent Office dated January 25, 1985, I sent a second factual correction to Figure 2 and the associated text of the above patent application with a new drawing for Figure 2 to the German Patent Office.

In 1984 I recognized that afocal glasses of suitable size and shape in combination with photo, film, television cameras, telescopes, microscopes and other optical systems have higher magnifications / better image resolution and, with a suitable design, larger, identical or only slightly smaller image sections (visual field, visual fields ) than how they result with a camera, telescope, microscope or another optical system alone. In order to achieve a large field of vision (field of view) for the observer, the diameters of the near-objective (near-objective) spherical-concave boundary surfaces of afocal lenses and the distance from the eye (objective) the determining sizes, afocal-glass combinations must accordingly be built up from these starting points ). In combination with cameras, telescopes, microscopes and other optical systems, these two parameters must be designed so that large fields of view, fields of view / image sections result. If you reduce the focal length of a camera, a telescope, etc., you reduce the size of environmental objects on the film / retina of the observer, so you reduce the magnification and compensate for the difference to the original value of the focal length by intent or Inclusion of one or two (several) afocal glasses of suitable shape and size in a suitable place, so with the same magnification as with the camera, telescope, etc., a larger (same) image section / a larger (same) field of view (field of view) can be achieved alone than with the camera, telescope, microscope or other optical systems of the original focal length.

If, for example, the transverse diameter of the image section recorded by the equipment optics of a roll film camera with a transverse diameter of 0.10 m in the photo is set to the image resolution 1.0, then such a combination leads to a larger transverse diameter with the same image resolution (1.0) of the captured image section, ie to a larger detail of the environment in the photo than without the afocal glass.

Figure 10 shows an afocal glass-camera combination without incorporating an additional afocal glass into the camera. The afocal glass attached in front of the camera lens has a spherical-convex curvature of the outer surface of 0.05 m and a spherical-concave curvature of the inner surface of 0.02 m and the same, ie an identical center of curvature, for both radii. The refractive index of the plastic afocal glass is 1.70. According to Snellius, the spherical-convex outer surface of

According to Reiner, it follows from a physical magnification of around 1.33. With the Afocal glass-camera combination results in a magnification / image resolution of 1.33 instead of the magnification / image resolution 1.0 (equivalent to the magnification / image resolution of the camera alone), ie a much higher magnification / better image resolution than with the camera alone. However, the image section shown in the photo becomes correspondingly smaller. A similarly high image resolution can only be achieved with a camera that has a much longer focal length than the one shown schematically in Figure 10.

I attach the possible uses of afocal glasses in combination with cameras, telescopes, microscopes and other optical systems to the previously made registrations in a new registration in connection with this PCT registration.

In connection with the afocal telescopic dome, I registered a rotating windshield wiper with washing system for telescopic domes on March 27, 1984 at the German Patent Office. This application received the application date March 28, 1984 and the number P 34 11 409.2. Although this application is not an invention in the optical field, there is an inner connection to the afocal telescope dome. Therefore I ask you to include this registration in my international registration. I have therefore attached it as the last individual application in its original version.

To summarize, afocal glasses that are suitable for telescope glasses, as well as afocal telescope domes, dome or similar cutouts or combinations of periscope telescopes, cameras, telescopes, microscopes and other optical systems with afocal glasses have a suitable shape and refractive index compared to known ones Stopper lenses, common telescopes, cameras, telescopes, microscopes and other optical systems optical advantages, all based on the special afocal glass construction (spherical-convex-concave boundary surfaces with the same, ie identical center of curvature). In principle, such afocal glasses are plane-parallel plates which are brought into a spherical or a similar shape, as a result of which the effect of the aiming accuracy results even with an oblique view, as was described in US Pat. No. 126457 as the Gernet effect. Afocal glasses of this type bring about an enlargement of the image with a large field of view (visual field) and are therefore, alone and in combination, real innovations compared to stopper lenses, conventional telescopes, telescope glasses, cameras, telescopes, microscopes and other optical systems.

Afocal glasses are also conceivable as contact lenses. In the range that is compatible with the human eye, however, only small magnifications of significantly less than 1.10 are to be expected. From an ophthalmological point of view, such contact lenses do not seem to me to be worth developing because the inventions described can do much more with respect to the magnification without impairing the human eye, and also because with contact lenses that are similar to Afocal lenses, eye damage can be caused by wearing them on the eye are to be feared. This applies even more to afocal glasses as intraoclarly implanted "lenses".

Following the international application, all individual applications already made are listed again in their original version, including the corrections. In most cases, only the first page is rewritten with the typewriter. The remaining pages are copies of the original registrations.

Literature:

Schulte Wintrop, E .: Investigation of changes in the Visual acuity with Gernet telescope glasses. Inaugural dissertation, University of Münster (1983)

New registration (PCT)

Afocal glass (qläser) - camera (film, television camera) - telescope-microscope combinations and afocal glass (qläser) - combinations with other optical systems for higher magnification / better image resolution or / and (approximately) the same image section / (approximately) the same field of view (Field of view)

I have described afocal glasses in telescope glasses, T el eskop domes and per iskop telescopic lens focal glass combinations, as well as aniseicon glasses in various patent applications (DGM G 180 21 262.3, US patent application continuation application from August 24, 1984) , German Patent Application P 34 06 276.9, US Disclosure No. 126 457, German Patent Application P 34 32 423.2, German Patent DE 28 14678 C II, European Patent 0022868, Contracting State France and US Patent 4427272).

In connection with the German patent applications P 34 06 276.9 and P 34 32 423.2 I recognized in November 1984 that one or two (several) afocal glasses of suitable construction in combination with cameras, telescopes, microscopes and other optical systems have stronger magnification effects with relatively large image sections , Visual fields (visual fields) result.

These inventions are also based on the fact that afocal glasses with a large field of view (field of view) represent weak telescopes according to the principle of the stopper lens. Are you afraid of such afocal glasses, the image section of which is smaller, equal to or larger than the image section created by the lens system of a camera or which is significantly larger than the visual field (visual field) of telescopes, microscopes etc.? usual technology with usual cameras, telescopes, microscopes etc., then results with the usual camera, telescope, Microscope, etc., in combination with one or two afocal glasses, a better image resolution / a stronger magnification than without them, whereby depending on the construction and magnifying effect of the afocal glasses / the afocal glasses, the image section / field of view (field of view) becomes smaller. If one changes the optical system accordingly, this disadvantage can be compensated for in whole or in part.

For conventional cameras, telescopes, microscopes and other optical systems, the description shows the advantages of such combinations with one or more afocal glasses. The physical basis for this is the formulas by Snellius and Reiner, which are dealt with in detail in the patents / patent applications mentioned.

Afocal glasses of a suitable shape are effective if their spherical-convex boundary surfaces are close to the object and theirs. The centers of curvature on the visual axis (line of sight, line of sight) are, in connection with the eye of an observer or in combination with a second (several) afocal glasses of the same arrangement, an enlargement of the objects seen with a relatively wide field of view (field of view) due to their telescope effect.

With regard to the desired effect of afocal glasses, there are two groups of possible applications on / in the optical systems to be discussed.

1. The environmental objects are seen through the eye of the observer. Then two afocal glasses are often more suitable

Size and shape of advantage, usually one in front of the optical system, the other behind or incorporated into the system. With this arrangement, both afocal lenses, if their spherical-convex boundary surfaces are located away from the observer's eye, result in a stronger bundling of parallel incident light rays and thus the desired telescope effect without (essential) visual field (field of view) constriction. 2. The environmental objects are not seen and observed by the eye of an observer, but by a photo film television camera. Then two afocal glasses of suitable size and shape are often also advantageous. These afocal glasses should, however, have an opposite optical effect, the afocal glass in front of the camera object should have an enlarging effect, the one behind the lens a reducing effect. This can be achieved with a roll film camera, for example, in that the afocal glass in front of the camera lens has its spherical-convex boundary surface on the object side (not on the lens side), i.e. it allows the beams to move closer together and converge more strongly, while the camera is at a suitable point behind Afocal glass built into the lens has its spherical-convex boundary surface on the film side (image side), which means that the individual light beams are further apart and diverge more. Such a combination leads to a magnifying effect, which is multiplied by the magnifying effect of the two afocal glasses. The special features of the non-parallel beam path in cameras must be taken into account accordingly.

A) Afokalqlas (qläser) camera combination (s) for higher magnification / better image resolution / better light output and for (relatively) large image detail

As is well known, the beam path in cameras is not parallel, so that a reduced image of the environment can be created on the film using the lens. Afocal lenses have their image-enlarging effect (if the spherical-convex boundary surface is close to the object) and in addition to their image-reducing effect (if the spherical-concave boundary surface is close to the object) have no significant image-distorting effects if the center of curvature of the boundary surfaces lies on the central beam of the lens because they act basically like planpa parallel glass plates. It is therefore to be expected that the images taken will not show any significant distortions if suitable afocal glasses are used on and in photo film television cameras.

Figure 11 a shows an afocal glass 1.15, which fits relatively well on the front surface of the lens of a commercially available, technically complex 50 mm SLR roll film camera. With this 50 mm roll film camera, the ceiling structures of a room located 2.5 m away were taken once without, once with the afocal glass 1.15; the camera was the same for both shots, i.e. unchanged position and setting on a table.

Figure 11 b shows the photographic result without the Afocal glass 1.15, Figure 11 c shows the result with the Afocal glass 1.15 in front. The transverse diameter of the ceiling square, which is fully accommodated under the ledge (from the outer edge to the outer edge) is 1.15 without the afocal glass in Figure 11 b 5.30 cm, the same transverse diameter - taken with the Afocal glass 1.15 - in Figure 11 c is 6, 10 centimeters . Figure 11 c shows four things:

1) It proves the actual magnification effect of afocal glasses in combination with cameras. In the documented example it is around 1.15 and thus corresponds to the oretical expectation. The enlargement results in a better image resolution than without the Afocal Glass 1.15. This is the first optical advantage of the combination.

2) Compared to Figure 11 b, Figure 11 c shows no distortion. This proves that afocal glasses of suitable size and shape in combination with photo, film and television cameras enable distortion-free images of the environment. 3) As explained in connection with Figure 3, afocal glasses provide more optical information through the stronger bundling of light rays. Theoretically, this means that afocal glasses in front of the lens of cameras increase the light intensity of the lenses in the approximate ratio of their magnification effect (numerical values for radius and cross-sectional area differ according to physical laws). Indeed, in the example chosen, the negatives of the den

Figures 11b and 11c show the underlying film - with the afocal glass 1.15, therefore, no higher, but only approximately the same or even slightly lower, lens intensity, whereby the front afocal glass 1.15 reflected light to a considerable extent due to its size and shape / absorbed and thus by a significantly reduced transmission canceled the second optical advantage of a (theoretically) greater light intensity of the lens. With known techniques (anti-reflective coating, etc.), the transmission of afocal glasses can be significantly improved compared to the used afocal glass 1.15.

In the known techniques for image enlargement on films / negatives (focal length extension), however, the loss of light intensity for the lens caused by the focal length extension (close-up lens) is generally of a similar size. That is why afocal glasses also offer advantages in terms of the light intensity of lenses.

According to known physical laws - due to the magnifying effect - the Afocal Glass 1.15 in Figure 11 c results in a smaller image section as in Figure 11 b without the Afocal Glass. This can be seen as a disadvantage of combining an afocal glass with a camera (given construction). If one summarizes the statements from 1) with 4), the optical advantages of a combination of afocal glasses with photo, film and television cameras outweigh their disadvantages.

It is even more favorable for the magnification effect / image resolution if an additional afocal glass of suitable size and shape with its spherical-convex boundary surface is installed in a camera close to the film at a suitable location behind the lens. It then results because of the

Moving apart the light rays and their stronger divergence, an even smaller image section of the environment in the photo than without the second afocal glass, but the image resolution is even better than with just one afoka glass. The light intensity of the camera is correspondingly lower due to the second afocal glass. With known reproduction techniques (longer exposure, longer development time), however, it is not a problem to produce bright and high-contrast prints from less well-exposed negatives (see also Figure 14, which comes from the negative of the film for Fig. 11 c).

Without afocal lenses, similar optical advantages can only be achieved with cameras with a focal length longer than the specified one.

Afocal glass-camera combinations as shown in the following figures 12 and 13 are therefore useful. From the currently common camera construction technology, roll film cameras with an SLR viewfinder are not suitable for the installation of afocal glasses because there is no space behind the lens and in front of the film plane for the latter. Roll film cameras with a conventional viewfinder are suitable. If the size of an afocal glass attached in front of the lens is disruptive to the viewfinder, the object-side opening of the viewfinder can be made periscope-like away from the center of the diaphragm so that the afocal glass can be seen. Figure 12 schematically shows a conventional roll film camera with a focal length of 50 mm in vertical section with a suitable size and shape of the afocal glass that can be inserted (insertable, screwable) and a second afocal glass of suitable size and shape located between the lens and film plane. The centers of curvature of the afocal lenses lie on the axis beam of the lens.

The afocal glass in front of the lens is designed in such a way that the image section conveyed by the afocal glass is larger than the image section conveyed by the camera lens, whereby disturbing light refractions (reflections or multiple reflections) are eliminated by suitable measures (see pages 9, 10). In Figure 12, an example of this is a cover of the optically unnecessary glass areas with opaque (black) plastic firmly attached to the glass, which is also useful for attaching the afocal glass (avoiding damage to the glass surface) and a non-parallel course of the glass surfaces in the optical area not shown. The annihilation of unwanted light rays by these and other measures corresponding to the current state of the art is indicated by the meandering in the optically unnecessary area of the afocal glasses in Figure 12.

The afocal glass in front of the lens has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex outer surface of 0.05 and a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave inner surface of

0.03 m for the same, i.e. identical center of curvature. The thickness of the afocal glass is therefore 0.02 m, the refractive index of the glass material is 1.93.

According to Snellius, there is a refractive power of the spherical-convex outer surface of diopters. According to Reiner, it follows from , 1.2387651 an increase of around 1.24.

A second afocal glass of suitable size and shape is located in the camera between the lens and the film plane, the spherical-convex boundary surface facing the film plane. This afocal glass has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex surface of 0.03 m and a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave surface of 0.018 m for the same, i.e. identical center of curvature. The thickness of the afocal glass is thus 0.012 m, the refractive index of the glass material is 1.93.

According to Snellius, there is a refractive power of Diop's spherical-convex surface trien.

According to Reiner, it follows from

1,2387673 a physical magnification of around 1.24,

The two afocal glasses have two advantages: the attached afocal glass 1.24 brings more optical information in a ratio of 1.24 to 1.0 through the lens into the camera and distributes it over a larger film area. The afocal glass 1.24 in the camera disperses this additional optical information on an even larger film surface. Both afocal glasses thus result in an enlargement / better image resolution for the viewer, which is 1.24 in comparison to the enlargement / image resolution of the original camera (whose magnification / image resolution is set to 1.0). 1.24 = 1.537 to 1.0 represents with a smaller image section of the photographed environment and an equally bright or only slightly weaker image if the transmission of the afocal glasses is correspondingly high by suitable and known measures (anti-reflective coating, etc.). A comparable result could only be achieved with the known techniques by using complex lenses with a longer focal length or by redesigning a camera with a longer focal length, ie with a new and much more complex lens. However, it is questionable whether an approximately comparable image section of the environment can be achieved with these known techniques. This doubt is appropriate when you consider how mature the manufacturing techniques of cameras and camera lenses are.

As a second example, a conventional roll film camera without an SLR finder with a focal length of 35 mm is shown schematically in vertical section in Figure 13. The afocal glass A in front of the lens has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex outer surface of 0.035 m and a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave inner surface of 0.02 m for the same, i.e. identical center of curvature. The thickness of the afocal glass is therefore 0.015 m, the refractive index of the glass material is 1.93.

According to Snellius, there is a refractive power of the spherical-convex outer surface of diopters.

According to Reiner, it follows from 1.93

= 1.2602602 an increase of around 1.26.

A second afocal glass B of a suitable size and shape is located in the camera between the lens and the film plane, the spherical-convex boundary surface facing the film plane. This afocal glass has a radius of curvature that is spherical-convex. Area of 0.01 m and a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave surface of 0.0057 m with the same, ie identical center of curvature. The thickness of the afocal glass is 0.0043 m, the width index of the glass material is 1.93.

According to Snellius, the refractive power of the spherically convex surface is Diopter.

According to Reiner, it follows from

= 1.2614362 an increase of around 1.26.

The two afocal glasses also have two advantages with this roll film camera: the afocal lens read 1.26 placed in front of the lens brings more optical information in a ratio of 1.26 to 1.0 through the lens into the camera and distributes it on a larger film area. Afocal glass 1.26. in the camera, this extra amount of optical information is dispersed on an even larger film surface. Thus, the two afocal glasses 1,26 enlarge, i.e. a better image resolution for the viewer, compared to the magnification / image resolution of the original camera (whose magnification / image resolution is set to 1.0) like 1.26. 1.26 = 1.5876 to 1.0 shows with a much smaller image section of the photographed environment and with a slightly fainter image on the film / photo print if the transmission of the afocal glasses is high.

A result comparable to that produced by the two afocal glasses 1, 26 cannot be achieved with the known camera production techniques without complex lenses or new camera designs.

If you do not push the lens back into the camera housing in the roll film camera shown in Figure 13, you can install a third Afocal glass C of a suitable shape with its spherical-convex surface towards the film plane to increase the magnification effect and thus the image resolution of the camera continue to improve.

The afocal glass of suitable size and shape shown in dashed lines in Figure 13 has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex surface of 0.017 m and a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave surface of 0.012 m for the same, i.e. identical center of curvature. The centers of curvature of all three afocal glasses lie on the central beam of the lens. The same applies, as already mentioned, to all other afocal glass (lens) photo camera combinations shown in this application. The thickness of the third afocal glass is 0.005 m, the refractive index of the glass material is 1.93.

According to Snellius, the refractive power of the spherical-convex surface of the diopter results.

According to Reiner, it follows from

= 1.1651229 an increase of around 1.17. The third afocal glass 1.17 brings about a further enlargement and thus an even better image resolution for the viewer of the photos by distributing the optical information over an even larger film surface. The image section of the photographed environment is correspondingly even smaller. This disadvantage is offset by an even greater magnification (better image resolution) compared to the combination described above with only two afocal glasses 1,26.

While the image resolution with two afocal glasses 1.26 in a ratio of 1.5876 to 1.0 is better than with the original camera alone (whose magnification / image resolution is set to 1.0), the additional afocal glass 1.17 results in an enlargement / Image resolution of 1.587. 1.1651 = 1.849 ≈ 1.85 to 1.0 with an, however, fainter image on the film / photo print.

It is known that there is no problem in losing light through afocal glasses during film development by means of suitable and generally known measures (longer exposure, longer Development time). This is shown in Figure 14, which is from the same negative as Figure. 11 c dates.

According to the documented result of the experiment shown in Figure 11 a with c without and with afocal glass 1.15, such a 35 mm roll film camera, for example with a total magnification of 1.42 by suitable afocal glasses, will enable a similar magnification / image resolution as a complex 50 mm roll film camera with the additional advantage that the image section of the photographed environment on the photo prints will be slightly larger with the 35 mm camera shown than with the considerably more complex 50 mm camera due to the design differences between 50 mm and 35 mm roll film cameras.

B) Afocal glass (glass) telescope combinations for higher magnification / better image resolution and for (relatively) large field of view (field of view)

Conventional telescopes are used to observe distant objects, such as the moon and stars. Such telescopes consist of relatively large tubes (tubes) with a relatively large transverse diameter, at the distal end of which there is a concave mirror (reflector) with focal lengths mostly over 600 mm. Some of the rays reflected by the mirror are reflected by a deflecting prism into an eyepiece that is perpendicular to the tube axis. The resulting image is either viewed through the eye of an observer or photographed by attached photo film television cameras. A viewfinder mounted on the tube is used to locate the distant objects, and manual or automatic devices are used to track the motion of the stars.

Figure 15 shows possibilities, such as a stronger magnification with a smaller field of view (field of view) / image through afocal glass (lens) -telescope combinations cutout can be reached. For the telescope, a standard reflector with a tube length of 0.65 m, a focal length of the reflector of 0.72 m, a mirror diameter of 0.12 m and a magnification of 100.0 (100 times) is shown schematically in the basic configuration .

In principle, the afocal lenses are arranged so that their centers of curvature lie on the (hypothetical) central beam of the reflector or on the central beam of the eyepiece. In addition, the special features described at the beginning (see p. 26, 27) also apply to the telescope for observation by the human eye or for the recording of the image produced by photo film television cameras.

Figure 15 shows, among other things, an afocal glass-telescope combination with only one afocal glass (B,), whose field of view (field of view) is considerably larger than the field of view due to its suitable shape and size

(Field of view) of the telescope. The afocal glass (B,) is attached to the tube end near the object using conventional technology (screwed on, inserted). The afocal glass B ₁ has a radius of curvature of 0.215 m for the spherical-convex outer surface and a radius of curvature of 0.065 m for the spherical-concave inner surface, and for both radii the same, ie an identical center of curvature, which lies on the (hypothetical) central beam axis. The afocal glass is made of highly refractive glass with a refractive index of 1.93 and its thickness is 0.15 m.

According to Snellius, the refractive power of the outer surface of the afocal glass is 1 diopter.

According to Reiner, it follows from = 1.50644 a physical increase of around 1.5%. With this afocal glass-telescope combination, the basic equipment of the telescope results in 100 (110x) from 100. 1.51 = 151 an overall magnification of 151 (151 times) with a smaller field of view (field of view) as with the telescope alone. If the maximum magnification of the telescope alone is 500 (500 times), the afocal glass-telescope combination results in 500. 1.51 = 755 a total magnification of 755 (755 times) with a smaller field of view (field of view) as with the telescope alone. However, this afocal glass is difficult and unwieldy.

A similar magnification effect can be achieved if one arranges a much smaller afocal glass of suitable size and shape B ₂ in the beam path in the tube in front of the deflecting prism so that the center of curvature of the glass on the

(hypothetical) central beam axis of the reflector (tube center axis) and the spherical-convex surface is located close to the reflector. The afocal glass B ₂ shown in Figure 15 has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex surface of 0.0125 m and a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave surface of 0.005 m with the same, ie identical, center of curvature. The glass has a thickness of 0.0075 m and a refractive index of 1.93.

According to Snellius, the refractive power of the spherical-convex surface of the afocal glass B _{2 is}

0.0134408; D = 74,400333 diopters.

According to Reiner, it follows from = 1.4067063 a physical magnification of around 1.41.

This means that the magnifying effect of Afocal glass B _{2 is} only around 20% lower than that of much larger and unwieldy Afocal glass B ₁ .

Another magnifying effect for the observer looking through the eyepiece is obtained if the eyepiece is used attaches an afocal glass of suitable size and shape B ₃ with the same magnifying effect as that of the afocal glass B ₂ . If one arranges the afocal glass B ₃ so that its spherical-convex surface is close to the eyepiece and that its center of curvature lies on the central beam of the eyepiece, then the afocal glass B ₃ again results in a physical magnification of around 1.41;

If an observer now looks through the eyepiece of this telescope, which is equipped with three afocal glasses (B ₁ , B ₂ , B _3, ), then the result for the eye as a result of the stronger focusing of the light rays caused by the afocal glasses is 100.0 (100- subject) in the basic configuration after 100. 1.51. 1.41. 1.41 = 300.20 a total magnification of 200.2 (300.2 times) with a much smaller field of view (field of view) than with the telescope alone.

Without the Afocal glass B _{1, the} result is 100. 1.41. 1.41 = 198.8 a total magnification of 198.8 (198, 8 times). Analogous values are obtained with the afocal glasses for the other magnifications of the reflector, i.e. also for the maximum magnification.

Afocal glasses of a suitable shape are therefore well suited for a stronger magnification effect of conventional telescopes in a relatively simple way if the observation is carried out by the human eye.

If you use a suitable adapter to place a camera with a close-up lens on the eyepiece of the telescope, the "enlargement" (actual "downsizing" of a camera always) / image resolution of the original telescope image without afocal glass is set to 1.0, then results from the connection with Afocal glass-camera combinations in detail described facts through the afocal glasses B ₁ , B ₂ , and B ₃ on the film an enlargement and thus a better image resolution with a significantly smaller section of the photographed objects on the film / photo print. For the Afocal glasses B ₁ , B ₂ and B ₃ , the magnification to the original (this is set to 100.0 in the basic configuration) is 100. 1.51. 1.41. 1.41, like 300.2 to 100; for the Afocal glasses B ₂ and B _{3 it} behaves like 100 to the original one. 1.41. 1.41 = 198.8, so like 198.8 to 100. The same applies to the image resolution.

The afocal glasses B ₁ , B ₂ and B ₃ thus achieve a higher magnification / better image resolution with a much smaller field of view (field of view). This optical disadvantage (small field of view) can be partially or completely compensated for by combining afocal lenses of a suitable size and shape and with a similar magnification effect in a reflector with a larger transverse diameter and a shorter focal length than the specified one. Afocal glass (glass) telescope combinations thus offer considerable optical advantages over known telescopes.

C) Afocal glass (lens) microscope combinations for greater magnification, better use of light and for (relatively) large field of view (field of view) / large image section

Since Janssen (1599), microscopes have been used to magnify very small objects. Microscopes consist of a tube that contains two lens systems at certain distances from each other, the lens facing the object and the eyepiece facing the eye. Usual microscopes contain several lenses of different magnifications, which can be changed using a revolver. Common microscopes are microscopes for transmitted light. A microscope magnification of 4.0 (4x) is sufficient for many purposes with the transmitted light microscope. With such a magnification, the use of afocal lenses in front of the lens makes sense. At much higher magnifications, there is because of the very small distance between the much longer lenses and the subject. From a technical point of view, it is generally not possible to place an afocal glass of a suitable shape and size on the lens. On the other hand, it is technically possible, e.g. for documentation purposes, to add an appropriate size and shape of an afocal lens to the objective of a microscope at any objective magnification and thereby accept a smaller field of view, but a much better image resolution (magnification effect) on the film achieve, as with the usual microscope alone.

In combination with transmitted-light microscopes, afocal glasses have optical advantages at various points on the microscope; corresponding afocal glasses are shown in the schematic illustration in Figure 16 for a conventional transmitted-light microscope.

In the base of the microscope, an arrangement (as viewed in the direction of the illuminating rays) of an afocal glass of suitable size and shape B ₁ - with its spherical-convex surface facing the illuminating device (L) - behind the first lens system leads to a stronger convergence of the light rays. The double radius of the spherical-concave surface must correspond to the transverse diameter of the light tunnel in the microscope. The double radius of the spherical-convex surface of the afocal glass can be equal to or larger than the transverse diameter of the light tunnel.

The Afocal glass B ₁ shown in Figure 16 has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex surface of 0.0125 m and a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave surface of 0.005 m with the same, ie identical, center of curvature. The thickness of the afocal glass is 0.0075 m, the refractive index of the glass material is 1.93. According to Snellius, it follows from Diop trien. According to Reiner, it follows from = 1.4067063 a physical magnification of around 1.41,

With regard to the light utilization of the illumination source of the microscope, this means that the afocal glass leads to a bundling effect due to the stronger collapse of the light beams and thus allows more light to pass through a given tunnel cross-section.

In conventional microscopes, both the objective with a magnification of 4.0 (4x) and the eyepiece of suitable size and shape can be placed in front (screwed on, inserted, etc.). For an observer, these afocal glasses result in stronger ones

Magnifications with a correspondingly smaller field of view (field of view). This is achieved by the Afocalgae glasses B ₂ and B ₃ in Figure 16.

The afocal glass B ₂ has such a size and shape that its field of view (field of view) is larger than the field of view of the objective 4.0. The afocal glass B ₂ has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex surface of 0.008 m and a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave surface of 0.0045 m. Its thickness is accordingly 0.0035 m. The refractive index of the glass material is 1.93. According to Snellius, there is a refractive power of the spherical-convex surface of the afocal glass T diopter. According to Reiner, it follows from

= 1.2671202 a physical magnification of around 1.27. With the afocal glass 1.27 microscope combination, the result is 4.0. 1.27 = 5.08 a total magnification of 5.08 (5.08x) for an observer looking through the eyepiece. The magnification for an observer can be increased even further if a further afocal glass B _3, the field of vision of which is placed on the eyepiece of the microscope (Field of view) is larger than the field of view of the eyepiece, so placed (screwed, inserted) that its center of curvature lies on the central beam of the eyepiece and that its spherical-convex surface faces the eyepiece.

The Afocal glass B ₃ shown in Figure 16 has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex surface of 0.0125 m and a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave surface of 0.005 m with a thickness of 0.0075 m, the refractive index of the glass material is 1.93.

According to Snellius, the refractive power of the spherical-convex surface of diopters results.

According to Reiner, it results in = 1.4067063 a physical magnification of around 1.41

The narrowing of the field of view (field of view) caused by the afocal glasses can be partially or completely canceled out by combining afocal glasses of a suitable size and shape at a suitable location in a differently constructed microscope with a larger aperture and a shorter focal length than the specified one, so that a similarly large field of vision (Field of view) results as with the original microscope alone.

For the purposes of photo, film, television documentation, the described optical advantages can be transmitted to the film / photo print by connecting a suitable camera with a close-up lens using a suitable adapter, i.e. one can achieve a better image resolution with a relatively bright, but without the above-mentioned measures, significantly reduced image section of the microscopic object.

After all, afocal glasses of a suitable size and shape offer clear combinations in combination with conventional microscopes optical advantages.

D) Afocal glass (glass) combination (s) with other optical systems.

Glass fiber optics is a newer field of optics. It enables non-rectilinear light conduction without the usual aids such as mirrors, prisms, etc. The possible uses of fiber optics in technology and life sciences are diverse and well-known.

This application is intended to describe optical / lighting advantages which arise when flexible glass fiber cables, which consist of a large number of individual and as thin as possible glass fibers, are combined with afocal glass.

Because of their special construction, afocal glasses, whose spherical-convex surfaces face a light source and whose centers of curvature lie on the (hypothetical) central axis of a fiber optic cable, bring more parallel and non-parallel light beams closer together.

If you give afocal glasses a suitable shape and size and if you additionally mirror the non-spherical boundary surfaces of the afocal glasses, then such afocal glasses, when their spherical-convex surface faces the light source, allow more light to enter a fiber optic cable than would have occurred without the afocal glasses. However, the prerequisite is that the transmission of the afocal glasses is high, which can be made possible by known measures (anti-reflective coating, etc.).

Afocal glasses work in combination with fiber optic cables like light compressors. In other words: Afocal glasses of a suitable shape and size allow more light to enter through a fiber optic cable with a certain cross-section than would happen without them. If one combines the fiber optic cable end from which the light rays emerge, also with afocal glasses of a suitable shape and size, whose centers of curvature also lie on the (hypothetical) central axis of the fiber optic cable and whose spherical-concave boundary surfaces face the cable end from which the light emerges again the afocal glasses cause the light beams to move closer together and thus distribute the light over a larger area than without the afocal glasses. These afocal glasses thus act as light decompressors, illuminating an area that is larger than the area that would be illuminated without the afocal glasses.

In some areas of technology and life sciences it may be useful to attach afocal glasses of a suitable shape and size only to the side facing the light source, in other areas the use of afocal glasses at the opposite end or at both ends may be useful.

Figure 17 shows two examples of fiber optic cables of different thicknesses, which contain a large number of individual and as thin as possible glass fibers. The thicker fiber optic cable A has a cross section of 0.0028 m. In principle, the radius of curvature of the spherical-concave surface of the near-cable afocal glass should be selected so that it is one track larger than the optically effective radius of the glass fiber cable cross section for the production of suitable afocal glasses. Building on this afocal glass B _{1 of} suitable size and shape, one or more other afocal glasses of suitable size and shape can be placed in front of the afocal glass B ₁ .

Accordingly, the afocal glass B ₁ facing the light source has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex surface of 0.0025 m and a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave surface of 0.0015 m, the center of curvature on the (hypothetical) central axis of the fiber optic cable. The thickness of the Afocal glass B ₁ is 0.001 m, the refractive index of the glass material is 1.93. The non-spherical boundary surfaces of the Afocal gas B ₁ are mirrored and designed so that an optimum of reflected light rays falls into the end of the glass fiber cable at a suitable angle of incidence; this is indicated schematically by the straight edge boundaries for B ₁ and B ₂ .

According to Reiner, it follows from

= 1.2387556 a physical magnification of around 1.24.

A further afocal glass B _{2 of} suitable size and shape is attached in front of the afocal glass B ₁ , the center of curvature of which likewise lies on the (hypothetical) central axis of the glass fiber cable. Afocal glass B ₂ has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex surface of 0.01 m and a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave surface of 0.005 m, its thickness is 0.005 m, the glass material has a refractive index of 1.93. The side surfaces are analogous to those of the Afocal glass B ₁ (mirrored).

According to Reiner, it follows from = 1.3173975 a physical magnification of around 1.32.

Related to the cross section of the fiber optic cable and the If the amount of light without Afocal glasses is set to 1.0, the Afocal glass B ₁ produces a guided amount of light due to its light compression, which is significantly higher than that without the Afocal glass and which (without taking the transmission loss into account) is 1.24 to 1.0. Because of the loss of transmission through the afocal glass, the ratio will be somewhat less favorable, but the amount of light that will be guided will be (significantly) greater than without afocal glass.

If one relates the amount of light directed to the cross-sectional area, then the amount of light directed according to physical law (r ^2. Π) is approximately 54% larger than without the Afocal glass B ₁ .

The afocal glasses B ₁ and B ₂ at the end of the cable near the light source provide (without loss of transmission) from 1.2387. 1.3178 = 1.6318 is a guided amount of light that is even larger and that - based on the diameter - represents around 1.63 to 1.0. If one refers to the cross-sectional area, then the amount of light conducted according to the known physical law (r ^2. Π) is around 166% greater than without the two afocal glasses. The transmission losses of afocal glasses are also multiplicative and not additive. Therefore, the percentage of more guided light will be significantly less than 166%.

Nonetheless, there will be a clear increase in the amount of light that is guided and thus a light compression.

The two afocal glasses of suitable shape, size and arrangement at the light source cable end of the thinner fiber optic cable B have similar effects (afocal glass B ₃ : r ₁ = 0.0012 m, r ₂ = 0.0008 m, d = 0.0004 m, n = 1 , 93. Afocal glass B ₄ : r ₁ = 0.0021 m, r ₂ = 0.0014 m, d = 0.0007 m, n = 1.93).

According to Snellius, the afocal glass B _{3 has} a physical magnification of 1.191, i.e. approximately 1.19. There is a physical one for the Afocal glass B ₄ Magnification of 1.1913, also of around 1.19.

Based on the diameter, the amount of light that is guided for each of the afocal glasses B ₃ and B _{4 is} 1.19 to 1.0 (without transmission losses ₎ . For the afocal glasses B ₃ and B ₄ together, the amount of light directed is based on the diameter from 1.19. 1.19 = 1.4161 as approximately 1.42 to 1.0. Based on the cross-sectional area, the amount of light directed for the afocal glass B _{3 is} from 1.19. 1.19. 3.14 about 42% larger than without Afocal Glass B ₃ .

Based on the cross-sectional area, the amount of light transmitted through the afocal glasses B ₃ and B ₄ (without transmission losses) is around 10% larger than without the two afocal glasses B ₃ and B ₄ . Because the transmission losses of afocal glasses are multiplicative and not additive, the amount of light actually performed will be significantly less than 100%. Nevertheless, there will be a significant increase in the amount of light that is guided.

There may be areas of application in technology, etc. in which it is desirable to redistribute the amount of light that is increasingly guided on a given cross section and through afocal glasses over a larger area. According to Figure 17 this is achieved by attaching afocal glasses B 'of suitable shape and size to the glass fiber cable end at which the light emerges again in such a way that their spherically concave surfaces face the cable end and that their centers of curvature are on the (hypothetical) central axis of the fiber optic cable.

In Figure 17, the afocal glasses B ₁ ', B ₂ ', B ₃ 'and B ₄ ' have the same size and shape as the afocal glasses B ₁ , B ₂ , B ₃ and B ₄ and therefore have the same effect in terms of magnification , but opposite, because they have the same amount of light moving apart (decompressing). If you attach the afocal glasses B ', the available amount of light is distributed over a larger area than without these afocal glasses B'. Because transmission losses have to be accepted again, it is questionable whether such arrangements make technical sense.

Afocal glasses of a suitable size and shape, combined with fiber optic cables, result in light compression / light decompression and can thus lead to optical advantages.

As the last example of a combination of Afocal glasses of a suitable size and shape with fiber optic cables, a modern fiber endoscope is shown in schematic form in Figure 18, as used in medicine for examining the food pipe and stomach. The situation differs from that in Figure 17 only in that the part of the endoscope near the eye, which usually contains a telescope system of weaker magnification (approximately 2.0, 2x), is either the observer's eye or by means of a suitable one Adapter a photo, film, television camera is located. Figure 18 does not show the fiber optic cables that are usually used in duplicate in endoscopes for lighting, and channels that are still available for flushing or instrument use. Only the fiber optic cable for observation is shown. The flexibility of such endoscopes is great and is indicated by the curvature in Figure 18. The afocal glass B ₁ is with the near-object end of the

Observation fiber optic cables connected with conventional technology. The center of curvature of the Afocal glass B ₁ lies on the (hypothetical) central axis of the fiber optic cable. The afocal glass B has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex surface facing the object (object under investigation) of 0.0025 m, a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave surface of 0.0015 m, a thickness of 0.001 m with a refractive index of 1.93. According to Snellius, the refractive power of the spherically convex surfaces is = 0.0026881; D = 372.00996 Diopter.

According to Reiner, it follows from = 1.23875 a physical magnification of around 1.24.

Now, the optical laws in the usual form cannot be applied to fiber optic cables with a large number of individual fibers, insofar as the fiber optics lead to a similar vision to that found in animals, e.g. There are insects with faceted or similar eyes. The image resolution depends mainly on the cross section of the individual glass fibers.

Nevertheless, it seems to be allowed to say that the afocal glass B ₁ acts like a weak telescope and brings more optical information through the fiber optic cable. In the part of the endoscope near the observer's eye, another afocal glass B _{2 of a} suitable size and shape can be arranged at a suitable point so that its spherical-convex surface faces the object (object under investigation) and that its center of curvature is on the central axis of the endoscope. Eyepiece lies.

The afocal glass B ₂ shown in Figure 18 has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex surface of 0.01 m, a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave surface of 0.005 m, a thickness of 0.005 m and a refractive index of 1.93.

According to Snellius, the refractive power of the spherical-convex surface is = 0.001075; D = 93,000762 diop trien.

According to Reiner, it follows from

= 1.3173975 a physical magnification of around 1.32. If you arbitrarily set the original magnification of the endoscope to 1.0, then the combination of the two afocal glasses B ₁ and B ₂ with the endoscope according to 1.2387 results. 1.3173 = 1.6317, a total magnification of around 1.53 (for the magnification 2.0, accordingly, that of 3, 26).

An observer who looks through the endoscope has an enlargement through the afocal lenses, which is compared to the endoscope alone as 1.63 to 1.0 (3.26 to 2.0). The observer may thus receive more precise information about the structures seen than without the two afocal glasses B, and B ₂ .

For the purposes of photo, film and television documentation, these possible optical advantages can be passed on to the document by connecting a camera with a close-up lens via suitable adapters, i.e. you can possibly achieve a better image resolution on the film / photo print with a reduced image section.

The possibly improved image resolution (image resolution of the original endoscope set to 1.0) may behave in a similar way to the total magnification to the original magnification (this set arbitrarily to 1.0), that is to say approximately 1.63 to 1.0.

Combining the described glass fiber endoscope with its two afocal glasses B ₁ and B ₂ with a 35 mm roll film camera, as described in Figure 13 in this application, without their 3 afocal glasses, using a suitable adapter and close-up lens, results in the afocal glasses B because of the Afocal glasses B , and B «did cause a smaller section of the recorded objects to be recorded on the film / photo print, but a possibly significant enlargement in the ratio of approximately 1.63 to 1.0 and possibly a better image resolution. So that could be 35 mm Roll film camera without changing the construction and the lens, similar to the statements in Figure 13, achieve a similar image resolution as a mature 50 mm roll film camera with a much more complex lens and without afocal glasses, whereby the image section due to the design differences of 50 mm and 35 mm Cameras with the 35 mm roll film camera shown would be only slightly smaller than with the complex 50 mm camera.

All combinations of afocal glasses in optical systems described in the new application are shown in such a way that the original optical systems were not changed, that is to say the afocal glasses were installed in optical systems in their original form.

For future optical systems, their optical / lighting efficiency can be improved by providing space for suitable afocal glasses at a suitable location and by constructively changing the optical systems in the direction of optimal efficiency with regard to a combination with afocal glasses. For example, by reducing a conventional periscope enlargement, a larger field of vision (field of view) can be achieved and the lower magnification effect can be fully compensated for by suitable size and shape using afocal glasses without any restriction of the field of vision, or an even greater magnification can be achieved.

In addition to the optical systems described in the new application, there may be other systems in combination with which afocal glasses of a suitable shape and size offer optical / lighting technology or other advantages.

The value of the innovations described can be seen in the development of afocal glasses (glasses without focal lengths or focal points), which, due to their size and shape, enable magnification effects with a large field of vision (field of view) at relatively high light intensity / light efficiency and in the precise teaching of how to manufacture such glasses in a suitable size and shape.

It may be that - similar to stopper lenses of excessive length and unsuitable shape - disturbing factors occur due to unsuitable physical conditions in some of the afocal glasses described as examples in the application, namely those that could not yet be manufactured for technical reasons can. However, these can be reliably switched off for each individual case by suitable shaping.

It remains to be added that afocal glasses for use in telescope glasses instead of their spherical boundary surfaces can be given an additional optical effect by known design of the surfaces, which compensates for refractive errors in the observer's eyes (nearsightedness, clarity, rod-sightedness, presbyopia).

Appendix 3

Negatives of the film underlying Figures 11 b, c and 14.

Claims

Afocal lenses based on the principle of stopper lenses made of transparent and uniformly refractive optical material with spherical-convex-concave boundary surfaces and identical center of curvature for both spherical surfaces, characterized by the following features that distinguish them from the known stopper lenses (with a small field of view / field of view):

1) Afocal lenses of different sizes and shapes in common glasses frames as telescope glasses for a large field of vision (field of view) and physical magnifications from 1.06 to 1.30 and more.

2) Afocal telescopes, consisting of transparent domes, which act like an all-round telescope for the pair of eyes of the observer sitting in it without any significant field of vision restriction (field of view restriction). Depending on the size, refractive index of the optical material and thickness, such domes can achieve magnifications of 1.15 to 1.40 and more.

3) Afocal telescopes as under 2) as spherical sections from afocal telescope domes, wearable in astronaut helmets etc. 4) Afocal telescopic domes or dome cutouts as in 2) and 3) differ from them in that the curvatures are not spherical, but have a similar shape, while the principle of a previously plane-parallel plate (everywhere the same thickness) is preserved.

5) Afocal telescopic domes or dome cutouts as under 2), 3) and 4) as projection surfaces for reflex sighting devices of a known type, distinguished from them by the advantage of target accuracy not only with a vertical but also with an oblique view (Gernet effect) .

6) Afocal telescopes as under 1), 2), 3), 4), 5) with stable or with photochromically variable tinting according to known methods.

7) Afocal telescopes as under 2), 3), 4), 5), 6) made of known bulletproof material.

8) Telescope glasses (according to 1)) - telescopic dome (according to 2) with 6)) combinations for greater magnification with a large field of view / field of vision and visual improvements analogous to the findings of Schulte-Wintrop (1983).

9) Periscope-telescope-afocal glass combination for greater magnification and wider field of view (field of view).

10) Telescopic dome - periscope telescope-afocal lens combination for larger field of vision / field of view and stronger magnification.

11) Afocal glass (glasses) -Kamena combination (s) for greater magnification effect / better image resolution and (relatively) high luminous efficacy. 12) Afocal glass (glass) telescope combinations for higher magnification / better image resolution and for (relatively) large field of view (field of view)

13) Afocal glass (lens) microscope combinations for higher magnification / better light output and for a relatively large field of view (field of view) / large image section.

14) Afocal glass (glasses) combination (s) with other optical systems, for example glass fiber cables for light compression / light decompression or endoscopes for (possibly) higher magnification / better image resolution / better light output.

15) Afocal glass (glasses) combination (s) with optical systems and documentation systems (photo, film, television cameras) for better image resolution and large image detail.

16) Afocal glasses for telescope glasses that have an additional optical effect due to known design of the surfaces to compensate for refractive errors (short-sightedness, hyperopia, presbyopia, astigmatism) instead of purely spherical boundary surfaces.

The documents originally submitted contained attachments to the claims, which the applicant has expressly waived.