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EP0167751B1 - Procédé de traitement de surfaces d'aluminium - Google Patents

Procédé de traitement de surfaces d'aluminium Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0167751B1
EP0167751B1 EP85105850A EP85105850A EP0167751B1 EP 0167751 B1 EP0167751 B1 EP 0167751B1 EP 85105850 A EP85105850 A EP 85105850A EP 85105850 A EP85105850 A EP 85105850A EP 0167751 B1 EP0167751 B1 EP 0167751B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
process according
acid
disulphate
peroxydisulphate
persulphate
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP85105850A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0167751A1 (fr
Inventor
John E. Walls
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
CNA Holdings LLC
Original Assignee
Hoechst Celanese Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hoechst Celanese Corp filed Critical Hoechst Celanese Corp
Publication of EP0167751A1 publication Critical patent/EP0167751A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0167751B1 publication Critical patent/EP0167751B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41N—PRINTING PLATES OR FOILS; MATERIALS FOR SURFACES USED IN PRINTING MACHINES FOR PRINTING, INKING, DAMPING, OR THE LIKE; PREPARING SUCH SURFACES FOR USE AND CONSERVING THEM
    • B41N3/00—Preparing for use and conserving printing surfaces
    • B41N3/03—Chemical or electrical pretreatment
    • B41N3/034—Chemical or electrical pretreatment characterised by the electrochemical treatment of the aluminum support, e.g. anodisation, electro-graining; Sealing of the anodised layer; Treatment of the anodic layer with inorganic compounds; Colouring of the anodic layer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F1/00—Etching metallic material by chemical means
    • C23F1/10—Etching compositions
    • C23F1/14—Aqueous compositions
    • C23F1/16—Acidic compositions
    • C23F1/20—Acidic compositions for etching aluminium or alloys thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
    • C25D11/02—Anodisation
    • C25D11/04—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
    • C25D11/02—Anodisation
    • C25D11/04—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • C25D11/06—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon characterised by the electrolytes used
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25F—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC REMOVAL OF MATERIALS FROM OBJECTS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25F3/00—Electrolytic etching or polishing
    • C25F3/02—Etching
    • C25F3/04—Etching of light metals

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for treating the surface of aluminum foils, by means of which the foil surface is made suitable for use in planographic printing plates.
  • Electrolytic roughening processes of aluminum have many advantages over mechanical roughening (see e.g. U.S.-A-3,072,546 and 3,073,765). A particularly fine and even roughening is desired for certain purposes. These properties are of particular importance if the aluminum is to be used as a support for planographic printing plates. Very fine roughening can be achieved in an aqueous hydrochloric acid electrolyte, but the current density must be kept quite low, otherwise pitting will occur on the aluminum surface. Due to the low current density, the roughening times are relatively long.
  • the surface is greatly enlarged by the electrochemical roughening, which leads to an improvement in the printing properties.
  • a method for roughening aluminum carriers in which the carriers are first mechanically roughened, e.g. with the aid of a wire brush or an abrasive suspension, and then in a saturated aqueous solution of an aluminum salt of a mineral acid, which may also contain up to 10% of a mineral acid.
  • the roughening effect of this solution can optionally be enhanced by electrolysis.
  • the surface is structured in a direction-oriented manner due to the roughening in the abrasive suspension, as a result of which the print quality and the ink / water balance are impaired.
  • tiny particles of the abrasive contaminate the surface.
  • the roughening process using an abrasive suspension is subject to constant fluctuations. The bristles of the brushes will shorten due to use, and the abrasive suspension loses its abrasion ability in use, so that fresh material must be added.
  • the purity of the aluminum surface depends on the time, since A) (OH) g, Al 2 0 3 and aluminum particles are constantly formed. All this leads to surfaces of different quality.
  • GB-A-1 027 695 discloses a four-stage process for the production of printing plate supports, in which an electrolytic roughening is carried out in the second stage.
  • the electrolyte contains nitric acid, sulfite waste liquor, aromatic aldehydes or aromatic ketones, their derivatives or pine oil.
  • the object of the present invention is to obtain the advantages of electrochemical roughening without having to accept the disadvantages of the prior art or mechanical roughening, and to produce printing plate supports which have a uniform and good topography.
  • the surfaces treated according to the invention are thus matted by the chemical etching process, thereby avoiding the directional orientation that can be clearly observed in mechanical roughening processes.
  • the chemical etching is followed by an electrochemical roughening step in which an additional grain is applied to the etched surface.
  • a surface with an increased surface area and better capillary wetting is obtained, which is expressed by an improved ink / water balance of the printing plates produced with the supports according to the invention.
  • Aluminum foils which are suitable according to the invention are those which partially contain alloying constituents due to contamination, such as e.g. Aluminum Association alloys 1050, 1100 and 3003.
  • the thickness of the aluminum foils used according to the invention is in the range customary for these purposes and is e.g. between 0.01 and 0.064 cm (0.004 and 0.025 inches). The choice of the best thickness of the aluminum foil is left to the expert.
  • the amount of hydrochloric and / or nitric acid used is preferably between 5 and 18% by weight, in particular between 7 and 12% by weight.
  • the amount of the fluorine ion-containing compound used in the bath is preferably 3 to 15% by weight, in particular 5 to 12% by weight.
  • the bath described above may also contain other constituents, such as ammonium, potassium, sodium or lithium persulfate, peroxydisulfate or disulfate.
  • the bath can also contain sulfonic acids.
  • the temperature of the bath is between 10 and 95 ° C, preferably between 20 and 80 ° C, in particular between 25 and 60 ° C.
  • the immersion time is preferably about 5 s to 3 min. Longer times are possible, but not expedient, since excessive aluminum dissolution takes place in these cases.
  • the immersion time is preferably 20 to 120 s, in particular 40 to 80 s.
  • the immersion process can be converted into electrolysis, but this is a question of the application and a question of cost.
  • electrolysis alternating or direct current with a density of 30 to 45 A / dm 2 can be used for 30 to 60 s, the aluminum foil being the cathode.
  • the nature of the etching solution does not change, since the aluminum is etched to form a water-insoluble aluminum fluoride that can be constantly removed by simply filtering it off. After the etching, the film is preferably rinsed off before the electrochemical roughening of stage b) begins.
  • the next process step is an electrolytic roughening of the aluminum in an aqueous electrolyte solution which is free from organic solvents and contains nitric and / or hydrochloric acid.
  • the optimal concentration of hydrochloric acid and / or nitric acid depends on various factors, such as the respective current density, the temperature of the electrolyte solution and the properties of the aluminum object to be roughened. The cheapest parameters can easily be determined in a few simple tests.
  • the electrolytic solution can also contain oxalic acid, aluminum nitrate, aluminum chloride or hydrogen peroxide (see US ⁇ A ⁇ 4,336,113), boric acid (see US ⁇ A ⁇ 4,374,710) or another of the many additives known for electrochemical roughening processes .
  • the concentration of nitric acid is preferably 3 to 20 g / l, particularly preferably 8 to 20 g / l, in particular 10 to 15 g / l. At a concentration of more than 20 g / l to about 500 g / l there is no noticeable difference in the effect; from about 500 g / l the effect begins to wear off.
  • the concentration of hydrochloric acid in the electrochemical roughening step is preferably 3 to 100 g / l, particularly preferably 5 to 60 g / l, in particular 8 to 15 g / l.
  • the concentration of the optionally used oxalic acid is preferably 1 to 80 g / l, particularly preferably 5 to 45 g / l, in particular 8 to 20 g / l.
  • the concentration of hydrogen peroxide optionally used is preferably 1 to 60 g / l, particularly preferably 10 to 30 g / l, in particular 15 to 20 g / l.
  • the concentration of aluminum nitrate optionally used is preferably at the saturation limit, particularly preferably 65 to 70 g / l, in particular 65 g / l.
  • the concentration of optionally used aluminum chloride is preferably 1 to 10 g / l, particularly preferably 1 to 8 g / l, in particular 1 to 5 g / l.
  • the concentration of the boric acid optionally used is preferably 1 g / l to the saturation limit, particularly preferably 5 to 15 g / l, in particular 8 to 12 g / l.
  • the current density in the electrolyte is 30 to 120 A / dm 2 , preferably 45 to 80 A / dm 2 , in particular 45 to 60 A / dm 2 .
  • the electrolysis time is preferably 20 s to 3 min, particularly preferably 20 to 90 s, in particular 20 to 60 s.
  • the distance between the aluminum surface and the inert electrode, which is preferably made up of Graphite, chrome or lead is preferably up to about 1.5 cm, in particular 1 to 1.5 cm.
  • the roughening is preferably carried out with alternating current, the best roughening effect being achieved at a frequency above 50 Hz.
  • the frequency range particularly preferably extends from 60 to 300 Hz.
  • the electrochemical roughening [stage b)] is followed by an anodic oxidation [stage c)] of the film.
  • the film is passed through an anodizing bath containing sulfuric or phosphoric acid.
  • the acid concentration is preferably between 10 and 20% by weight.
  • the temperature of the anodizing bath is 20 to 80 ° C, with the best results being achieved at temperatures between 20 and 40 ° C. Very good results are also achieved if the film in the anodizing bath under the action of direct current has a density of 0.11 to 11.1 Aldm 2 (1 to 100 A / ft 2 ), preferably 1.1 to 5.6 Aldm 2 (10 up to 50 A / ft 2 ).
  • the anodic oxidation takes 0.5 to 30 minutes, but usually no longer than 1 to 2 minutes.
  • the surface treated according to the invention In the production of planographic printing plates, it is advantageous to subject the surface treated according to the invention to a hydrophilizing aftertreatment before the photosensitive layer is applied.
  • the application of such an intermediate layer improves the adhesion of the light-sensitive layer to the plate surface and the hydrophilicity of the aluminum surface.
  • Polyvinylphosphonic acid, sodium silicate, alkali zirconium fluorides, such as potassium zirconium hexafluoride, and hydrofluoric zirconic acid are usually used for the hydrophilizing treatment.
  • Photosensitive mixtures suitable for planographic printing typically include aromatic diazonium salts, quinonediazides and photopolymerizable compounds known from the prior art. These are normally used in a mixture with resinous binders to increase the print run. Examples of the large number of known suitable binders of this type include polyurethanes and phenol / formaldehyde resins.
  • An aluminum plate made of an alloy of type 1100 was degreased in a common aqueous alkaline degreasing solution and with alternating current of 900 ° C. in an aqueous solution containing 13 g / l of HN0 3 and 65 g / 1 of Al (N0 3 ) 3 electrolytically roughened and then rinsed off.
  • the aluminum surface was then anodized using direct current of 240 ° C., the aluminum serving as the anode.
  • the electrolyte contained 150 g / l of H Z S0 4 .
  • the anodized surface was rinsed off and hydrophilized by treatment with a solution containing 2.2 g / l of polyvinylphosphonic acid at 65 ° C. for 30 s.
  • the plate was again rinsed, dried and coated with a negative working solution consisting of a polyvinyl formal / acetate / alcohol terpolymer, phosphoric acid, a phthalocyanine pigment and a diazonium condensation product of 3-methoxy-4-diazo-diphenylamine sulfate and 4,4'- Bismethoxymethyldiphenylether, isolated as mesitylene sulfonate, existed.
  • the solution was applied so that a layer weight of 700 mg / m 2 resulted.
  • the coated plate was exposed and developed to give a fully covered step 7 on a 21 step Stauffer wedge.
  • the developed and preserved plate was used under normal printing conditions on a sheetfed press using Dahlgren fountain solution and a medium toughness ink.
  • a comparison experiment to determine the color / water balance consisted in reducing the amount of water until the plate began to tone, or increasing the amount of water until the plate was completely flooded. In the first case, the amount of water was not sufficient for the plate to run clean. As a result, color got on the non-image areas of the printed copy. In the second case, an excess of water accumulated in the ink system, which resulted in undesired ink clogging and bare running of the rollers.
  • the measuring scale of the ink / water balance which ranges from 0 to 100, is a relative scale that varies from press to press, but it reliably indicates the respective balance for each machine. In the present case, the minimum is 36 and the maximum is 40.
  • Part of the plate was checked for surface roughness using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a perthometer. At 240x, 1200x and 6000x magnification, it was found that the surface consisted of uniform holes with a diameter of 2 to 6 pm. In addition, the surface was essentially flat because the roughness was practically the same everywhere. On average, it was 4.5 pm.
  • SEM scanning electron microscope
  • a plate was treated, coated and tested as described in Comparative Example A, except that 8 g / l of HCI and 40 g / l of AICI 3 were used instead of HNO 3 / Al (NO 3 ) 3 for the electrochemical roughening of the aluminum. Under practical pressure conditions, the plate was used for fountain solution values between 36 and 42 achieved only moderately satisfactory results. Only 180,000 flawless prints could be made.
  • the surface When viewed by the SEM, it was found that the surface had fewer individual pores than when roughened with HN0 3 .
  • the surface consisted of uniform holes with a diameter of 6 to 9 pm. It was also found that the surface was substantially flat, ie there were no noticeable differences in the roughness. The average roughness was 5.25 pm.
  • An aluminum plate made of an 1100 type alloy was degreased and rinsed in a common aqueous alkaline degreasing solution. The plate was then immersed for 60 s at a temperature of 60 ° C. in a solution which contained 100 g / l of HN0 3 (100%) and 100 g / l of NH 4 F. The treated plate was rinsed well and dried. When evaluated by an SEM at 240x, 1200x and 6000x magnification, it was found that the surface was strongly structured. It had evenly distributed bumps that were about 10 ⁇ m in diameter and about 8-10 ⁇ m high; the distance from tip to tip was 40-50 pm. It also appeared to be obvious that the effect of the etching solution on the aluminum began at the intermetallic limit and resulted in a substantially directional topography.
  • a 1100 aluminum alloy plate was treated as described in Comparative Example C, but an alternating current of 900 ° C was also used to accelerate the etching with HN0 3 and NH 4 F. After the treatment, the plate was rinsed thoroughly and dried. When evaluated by an SEM at 240x, 1200x and 6000x magnification, it was also found that the surface was strongly structured. It was characterized by evenly distributed elevations, which had a diameter of about 10 ⁇ m and a height of about 6-8 pm; the distance from tip to tip was 35 ⁇ 45 pm. The topography appeared even and essentially directional.
  • a piece of the plate treated in this way was anodically oxidized, hydrophilized and likewise coated in accordance with the information from comparative example A.
  • the exposed and developed plate was used in a printing press for printing in order to determine the range of the color / water balance. A range of 28 to 56 was found.
  • the printing test showed that only about 80,000 good prints can be obtained before the plate becomes unusable.
  • the plate treated, rinsed and dried in this way was coated, exposed, developed and used for printing in a sheet-fed printing machine as described there. 220,000 good prints were obtained before the plate was unusable.
  • the color / water balance range ranged from 28 to 56.
  • a piece of the plate was evaluated under an SEM at 240x, 1200x and 6000x magnification.
  • the surface consisted of uniform holes with a diameter of 2 ⁇ 4 ⁇ m. It was also found that the surface was not flat, but rather three-dimensional. The mean roughness was 6.2 pm.
  • the examples show the effect of treatment with various combinations of mordants followed by electrochemical roughening.
  • plates made of aluminum alloy 1100 were degreased according to comparative example A, anodically oxidized and hydrophilized.
  • HNO 3 / Al (NO 3 ) 3 was used as the roughening electrolyte
  • the process parameters were the same as in Comparative Example A.
  • Comparative Example A specifies a conventional method known from the prior art for producing an aluminum base material roughened electrochemically by means of HNO 3 / Al (NO 3 ) 3 .
  • Comparative example B specifies a conventional process known from the prior art for producing an aluminum base material which has been electrochemically roughened by means of HCI / AICI 3 .
  • Comparative examples C and D show the advantages of an etching treatment prior to electrochemical roughening.
  • the surface is given a three-dimensional structure by increasing the roughness. This effects the ink / water balance over a larger area.
  • the printing tests show that the electrochemical roughening cannot be replaced by this method, since the print run decreases.
  • Example 1 illustrates the advantage which is achieved according to the invention if etching is first carried out to obtain an enlarged, three-dimensional surface and then electrochemically roughened to obtain a very pore-rich surface. In this case, both the improved ink-water balance and the print run are increased.
  • Examples 2, 3, 4 and 5 demonstrate the benefits of using an acid and a fluoride-containing compound as a mordant prior to electrochemical roughening to improve color / water balance and print run.
  • Comparative Examples E, F and G show that the use of an acid without the addition of a fluorine-containing compound or a fluorine-containing compound without the addition of an acid is by no means sufficient to achieve significantly better results than in the other comparative examples.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Printing Plates And Materials Therefor (AREA)

Claims (16)

1. Procédé pour le traitement de surfaces d'aluminium pour supports de plaques d'impression, dans lequel on effectue d'abord un grainage et ensuite une oxydation anodique, caractérisé en ce que l'on traite la surface d'aluminium
a) par un bain aqueux constitué seulement
I) de 1 à 25% en poids d'acide chlorhydrique et/ou d'acide nitrique, et
II) de 1 à 25% en poids d'un acide contenant des ions fluorure ou d'un sel de celui-ci, et
III) éventuellement d'au moins un composé choisi parmi le persulfate, peroxodisulfate, disulfate d'ammonium, potassium, sodium ou lithium, ou l'acide sulfonique,
pendant une durée suffisante pour provoquer une attaque, et
b) on effectue un traitement électrochimique à une densité de courant de 30 à 120 A/dm2, dans un électrolyte aqueux contenant de l'acide chlorhydrique ou nitrique, éventuellement avec addition de sels de ces acides, l'électrolyte étant exempt de solvants organiques, et
c) on l'anodise dans un électrolyte aqueux contenant de l'acide sulfurique ou de l'acide phosphorique.
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que, dans l'étape a) du procédé, le composant II) consiste en HF, H2SIF6, HPF6, HBF4, K2ZrF6, K2TiF6, NH4F ou NH4HF2.
3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que l'on ajoute en outre à l'électrolyte de l'étape b) au moins un composé choisi parmi l'acide oxalique, le nitrate d'aluminium, le chlorure d'aluminium, le peroxyde d'hydrogène et l'acide borique.
4. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que l'on ajoute en outre au bain de l'étape a) au moins un composé choisi parmi le persulfate, peroxodisulfate, disulfate d'ammonium, de potassium, de sodium ou de lithium, ou l'acide sulfonique.
5. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que, dans l'étape a), on ajuste la teneur du bain à 5-25% en poids.
6. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que, dans l'étape a), on effectue le traitement pendant au moins 5 secondes.
7. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que, dans l'étape a), on effectue le traitement à 10-95°C.
8. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce que, dans l'étape a), on opère avec du courant alternatif ou continu à 30-45 A/dm2.
9. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce que, dans l'étape b), l'électrolyte contient de l'acide nitrique à une concentration de 3 à 500 g/I.
10. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce que, dans l'étape b), l'électrolyte contient de l'acide chlorhydrique à une concentration de 3 à 100 g/I.
11. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce que, dans l'étape b, on effectue le traitement électrochimique avec une densité de courant de 30 à 120 A/dm2.
12. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 11, caractérisé en ce que, dans l'étape c) on effectue l'anodisation avec une concentration d'acide de 10 à 20% en poids et à une température de 20 à 80°C.
13. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 12, caractérisé en ce que, après l'anodisation on effectue une hydrophilisation.
14. Procédé selon la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que l'on effectue l'hydrophilisation avec un composé choisi parmi l'acide polyvinylphosphonique, le silicate de sodium, l'acide fluorhydrozirconique et un fluorure de métal alcalin et de zirconium.
15. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 14, caractérisé en ce que l'on applique ensuite une couche photosensible.
16. Procédé selon la revendication 15, caractérisé en ce que l'on applique une couche photosensible qui contient un composé choisi parmi un sel de diazonium aromatique et un quinonediazide.
EP85105850A 1984-06-11 1985-05-13 Procédé de traitement de surfaces d'aluminium Expired - Lifetime EP0167751B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/619,105 US4502925A (en) 1984-06-11 1984-06-11 Process for aluminum surface preparation
US619105 1984-06-11

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0167751A1 EP0167751A1 (fr) 1986-01-15
EP0167751B1 true EP0167751B1 (fr) 1990-07-18

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EP85105850A Expired - Lifetime EP0167751B1 (fr) 1984-06-11 1985-05-13 Procédé de traitement de surfaces d'aluminium

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US4502925A (fr)
EP (1) EP0167751B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS6110491A (fr)
AU (1) AU584899B2 (fr)
BR (1) BR8502751A (fr)
CA (1) CA1235380A (fr)
DE (1) DE3578698D1 (fr)

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BR8502751A (pt) 1986-02-12
CA1235380A (fr) 1988-04-19
AU584899B2 (en) 1989-06-08
US4502925A (en) 1985-03-05
JPS6110491A (ja) 1986-01-17
EP0167751A1 (fr) 1986-01-15
DE3578698D1 (de) 1990-08-23
AU4280685A (en) 1985-12-19

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