EP0003779A1 - Treating and grinding apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

For processing waste and waste materials, a processing device with a plate (1) driven at a subcritical speed with a stationary cover, in which an entry device (28) is arranged, has at least one high-speed rotor (21, 22) on which several splitting tools (25 ) are placed at a distance from each other. The axis of rotation (2) of the plate is preferably arranged approximately horizontally, and the outer circumference of the splitting tools of the rotor (21, 22) lies at a considerable distance from the inner wall of the plate (1). If you provide that the axis of rotation (23, 24) of the rotor (21, 22) is arranged in the vicinity of the horizontal bisection line (75) of the plate base, the splitting tools (25) are outside the material to be treated even when the machine is switched off, so that the Machine can restart immediately after standstill without difficulty. The distributed arrangement of carriers (4) provided on the inner wall of the plate is also very expedient, so that the material to be treated is guided safely to the desired apex, from which the material falls and flows directly into the high-speed rotor (21, 22).

Description

The invention relates to a processing and crushing device, in particular for waste materials, with a rotatably driven plate and at least one eccentrically arranged, high-speed rotor, the direction of rotation of which is opposite to that of the plate.

The invention described below is mainly used in connection with waste materials, e.g. Rubbish, described, can of course also be used with other materials, as is also mentioned below as an example.

It is known that the increasing amount of waste in cities, towns and industry makes it necessary to manufacture large waste disposal plants. The problem of preparation and comminution occurs in numerous process steps. This also applies to the recovery of raw materials in the global economy or manufacturing backlogs. A preparation and comminution device is therefore sought which can process materials of various compositions continuously and discontinuously in large quantities. This is primarily about shredding, mixing and sorting or sieving, activities that have to be carried out one after the other or simultaneously.

A shredding device is already known for processing garbage and waste materials, which has the features of the type mentioned at the beginning. The high-speed rotor used there is provided with at least one toothed disc, the plane of which runs transversely to the rotor shaft and is partially immersed in the material held on the container wall by supercritical speed. This known shredding device allows a very versatile use, e.g. processing waste even delivered in garbage bags, cardboard boxes and bundled materials. The known device is based on the principle that the materials to be processed, in particular for fine grinding, are held on the inner wall of the rotating container, which is driven at supercritical speed, and are broken up by a toothed disk. The critical speed is understood to be the number of revolutions per minute for the drive of the plate at which the centrifugal force is greater than the weight of the goods in question, so that the goods are pressed against the inner wall of the plate.

However, the inhomogeneity of the material, especially in the case of waste materials, gives rise to difficulties under special conditions, even with the comminuting device described above lead to problems. It has been shown, for example, that an extremely uneven loading results in high load peaks of the rotor drive, so that the known device sometimes works with excessive energy consumption. These load and energy peaks arise in particular in the case of correspondingly unsuitable material to be processed due to the deliberately kept small distance between the rotor and the inner plate wall.

The supercritical speed of the known plate naturally requires a smooth inner surface of the plate. Then it turned out with wet, slippery material that this could slip past the inner wall of the plate and lead to congestion. The reason for this is the lack of friction ellerwand between the _T and the material for treatment. On the other hand, no carriers can be attached to the inner wall; because these would collide with wall scrapers, which are necessary for detaching the material layer from the plate wall and for shifting and circulation.

Particularly large pieces of material to be treated can damage the known shredding device in that bulky metal parts enter the space between the rotor and the inner wall of the plate and cause damage to the engagement surfaces. For this reason, it was considered necessary to install a pre-shredding device upstream, and magnetic cut-off switches were provided.

The invention is therefore based on the object of providing a preparation and comminution device of the type mentioned which, with the avoidance of load peaks and without additional machines, using simple tools allows processing, preparation, mixing and comminution of materials which are voluminous, can be bulky, coarse and hard, possibly even up to a fine-fiber or flour-like digestion of the particles.

This object is achieved according to the invention in that the plate is driven at a subcritical speed and is provided with a stationary cover in which an entry device is arranged, that an outlet opening, preferably in the lower region of the device, is provided and that the rotor is directed in the direction several splitting tools are mounted at a distance from one another along its axis of rotation.

In most and preferred embodiments, the entry device will be arranged in the upper part of the cover. In the new device according to the invention, the material to be treated is reliably and uniformly brought up to the processing tools, so that a secure grasping is always guaranteed. The device according to the invention is surprisingly insensitive to the loading with different materials in one operation in a colorful order, e.g. with filled sacks, then pressed bales, empty boxes and liquid and plastic components etc. Favorable further areas of application are also the processing, crushing, drying and cooling of bound molding sands, drying of green fodder and similar materials, separation and recovery of plastic from waste, processing and recycling of animal breeding waste and waste materials from the metalworking industry, e.g. the processing of bulky masses of metal turnings. The function of the device according to the invention could be described as "tearing"; because the impact limit of the material being processed is stressed using the impact, and tough materials are torn. The versatility of use is considerably increased by the measures according to the invention compared to the known devices. The material to be treated is no longer held on the inner wall of the plate by a supercritical speed, but is intended to crash consciously from a previously selected apex after being carried up to the shredding rotor.

A stillsthende cover prevents dust from escaping and _L uftverschmutzung, the surroundings may protect against parts thrown out from the processing space of the device and allows the present invention preferred in some embodiments, substantially horizontal arrangement of the plate rotation axis. This ensures good circulation of the material to be treated and ensures that all material parts fall down one after the other. The stationary cover enables the entry device to be arranged, which is preferably provided in the upper part of the cover and is large in size, so that bulky materials, for example garbage bags, can also be placed. The overall structure of the device according to the invention is particularly simplified in that the outlet opening can be arranged in the stationary cover. As a result, special devices for regulating the size of the regrind can be provided at the outlet opening without great effort, as will be described below. The rotor in the device according to the invention has a large effective range both in the circumferential direction of the rotating plate due to the circulating material to be treated and in the direction of the plate depth in that it has several splitting tools in the direction of its axis of rotation. This can preferably be cutting or striking tools, for example radially arranged rods, teeth, baffle plates or other, possibly also armored striking tools, which stress the material to be treated with impact and tearing.

It is also expedient according to the invention if the outer circumference of the splitting tools of the rotor is provided at a considerable distance from the inner wall of the plate. This embodiment of the device according to the invention avoids the disadvantageous clamping effects described above in connection with the prior art, so that damage is less to be feared, but the preparation is nevertheless carried out in a surprisingly complete manner. The distance mentioned is particularly in the case of two installed It is advantageous for the rotors that such a large material flow rises between the container wall and the first rotor so that the second rotor can be acted upon with sufficient force.

Furthermore, the invention is advantageously equipped in that the axis of rotation of the rotor is arranged in the vicinity of the horizontal bisector of the bottom of the plate. The splitting tools are then free, in particular when the plate rotation axis is oriented essentially horizontally, when the material to be treated is at rest, but mainly in the lower half or the lower third of the plate.

Falls e.g. If the power is off or if the machine is stopped for other reasons with a normal load, then the rotor, because its tools are freely outside the material to be treated, can start up again immediately when it is switched on.

It is also advantageous according to the invention if drivers are distributed on the inner wall of the plate. This measure, which is impossible with a plate rotating at a supercritical speed, allows the material to be safely brought up to the desired apex, from which the material falls and flows directly into the rotor like a waterfall. The effect of these drivers is particularly intense if, according to the invention, they are arranged offset in height from one another.

In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the drivers are cam-shaped or tooth-shaped without an acute angle. Avoiding the acute angles prevents fibers or fibrous parts of the material to be treated from sticking. However, the cams or teeth advantageously ensure excellent comminution of textiles, foils, waste paper, wood, etc., because considerable cutting and shear forces can be exerted on the material to be treated, which is clamped, so to speak, by these carriers. In a smooth Wa ₇ of the plate could idung dodge the material to be treated very easily, so that the splitting tools of the rotor or the rotors would not find sufficient resistance.

An expedient embodiment of the drivers is characterized in that the drivers are provided in the form of rings parallel to one another and at a distance from one another. It is then a kind of internally toothed rings, which are attached to the inner wall of the plate parallel to the bottom of the plate over the height of the plate. The splitting tools of the rotor are then expediently arranged such that they each engage in the space between two rings. This favors the cutting and shearing activity described above, in particular when comminuting fibrous material.

In another embodiment of the invention, it is expedient if the wall of the plate is frustoconical. In this way, even with a relatively small plate, a large direction of entry or a large covering hood is obtained, which allows the attachment of a large-sized entry device. Then bulky goods can also be processed. Due to the conical design of the plate wall, the bottom of the plate can advantageously be relatively flat, i.e. in the direction of the horizontal, and thus the dwell time of the loading. enlarge good for action.

The discharge conditions also improve due to the frustoconical plate. The cone-shaped plate wall can be provided for certain tasks.

Such an embodiment is advantageously characterized according to the invention in that the jacket circumscribing the splitting tools of the rotor is a truncated cone. While in the case of the normal rotors, which are approximately cylindrical in shape, the axis of rotation in the case of the frustoconical Tel lers are to be arranged at an angle to the axis of rotation of the plate so that they largely cover the work surface on which the material to be treated lies, the last-mentioned feature of the rotor allows that its axis can be arranged parallel to the axis of rotation of the plate. The diameters of the individual, disc-shaped or designed splitting tools on the rotor are thus graduated so that the tools are at the same distance from the entire inner wall of the plate. With a higher peripheral speed of the disc and rotor in the area of the outlet, you can even carry out a very thorough fine grinding there. At the same time, a large part of the shredding work and thus most of the forces in the upper region of the rotor shaft would then be effective, so that the bearing of the shaft would advantageously be less stressed.

In an expedient further embodiment of the invention, a screen wall is arranged at a distance from the plate wall. This measure is favorable for treatment goods, in particular regrinds with a sieving consistency. According to this feature, no outlet opening is then provided in the device according to the invention. All of the regrind that has reached the desired fineness emerges through the sieve opening in the sieve wall. Around the rotating container, in this special case e.g. Grinding container, a stationary hood is placed, which represents both protection against accidental contact and affang vessel for the fine regrind. In the lower area, this hood is preferably drawn together as a funnel, so that the fine material converging there can be fed into a conveyor.

A further preferred embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the outlet opening is designed as a discharge flap which is pivotally attached to the covering hood and is biased in the closing direction and is inclined in the direction of flow of the material. The emptying of the device according to the invention can be regulated very finely and can be provided with the facilities and features described without too much effort. Processes the _Z ER-size reduction apparatus such as household waste and similar materials, then it is important that existing in the millbase textile shreds, films, etc. from seizing up at the corners and column adjacent to and on the Austragssöffnung and cause blockages. The outlet opening constructed in accordance with the above features ensures trouble-free operation. The inclined position of the discharge flap allows the material flow to be guided from the cover hood into the interior of the plate, so that the dangerous strand-like materials do not get stuck and can lead to blockages. The discharge flap preferably does not reach all the way to the upper edge of the rotating plate, so that sufficiently comminuted ground material can, if desired, be discharged continuously. The pre-tensioning of the discharge flap in the closing direction allows the setting of the pressure with which the flap acts against the reflowing regrind.

The flow properties of the material to be treated are further advantageously influenced if, according to the invention, deflectors and / or steering fins are provided in the region of the discharge flap. Due to the circulation of the material to be treated in the device according to the invention, a certain sorting takes place automatically, in which the finer material comes to rest in the lower region of the ground material layer and the coarser material in the upper region of the ground material layer. Due to this sorting effect, mainly fine material emerges from the lower area of the discharge flap. The deflectors and / or steering fins, which are, of course, on the inside in the area of the discharge flap, and the steering fins, which are preferably attached directly to the flap, help to deflect coarse material that is not yet to be discharged upwards, and a new one Feed processing.

It has also proven to be advantageous if, according to the invention, drivers which are inclined at an angle are arranged on the inner wall of the plate against its axis of rotation. Depending on the angular position and number, the carriers convey the goods to be processed from the lower area of the plate at the bottom to the edge of the plate or inwards towards the processing tools, depending on the type of worm arranged in segments.

It is also expedient if a plurality of closable outlet openings are provided in the plate wall in the vicinity of the plate base. Then the discharge device preferably arranged in the lower region can be omitted; because it is replaced by the outlet openings. If you work with the device according to the invention dry, granular material, such as stone split, it has been shown that the coarse grain often rolls against the outlet opening, while the fines collect to a considerable extent at the lowest point in the bottom of the plate. If the device according to the invention is used as a comminution machine, then the fine fraction is of particular interest; and devices must be provided to ensure its discharge. This takes place in a surprisingly advantageous manner through the outlet openings. These can be slit-shaped, round, oval or have any other design. The number of openings depends on the size of the device and the throughput capacity in question. It has been shown that two, three or four outlet openings are preferably distributed over the circumference of the plate.

When processing dry and wet, fiber-free materials, there is also the option of installing screen plates in the side wall of the plate, so that enough crushed material escapes through the screens to the outside. In this case, a stationary containment is provided to collect the fine material.

In an advantageous further embodiment of the invention, the outlet openings can be closed by a ring which can be displaced in the circumferential direction with corresponding openings or by covers attached to double-armed levers, the end of the double-armed lever opposite the cover being provided with a roller held on a guide rail. In one embodiment, the plate has the same openings as the sliding ring.

Depending on the displacement of the ring, the entire cross section of the openings or only a part can be released. In this way, the discharge quantity can be regulated. The spout itself only takes place in the lower area of the plate. As a result, the sorting effect of the turntable is immediately used.

Another embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the guide rail is designed as a stationary curve ruler, preferably composed of interchangeable pieces, against which the roller is prestressed against the double-armed lever. In this case, each opening has a pivotable end cover, which completely or partially releases the opening cross section of the outlet openings. If the guide rail or the curve ruler is moved at a distance from the base of the plate, the position of the drain cover also changes. In a special embodiment of the invention, the arm carrying the cover is mounted on the outside of the plate base in a guide tube or a sleeve. In this there is a torsion spring which holds the lid in the closed position. The roller already described is provided on the second arm of the lever and rolls over the curve ruler in the opening and closing zone. This causes the opening and closing movement. If the distance between the curve ruler and the plate base is changed, the pivoting movement of the lever changes at the same time. In this way, the outlet cross section can be released in whole or in part. Once the lids reach the outlet zone the openings are closed and remain closed. The adjustment can be made manually or automatically during operation, possibly depending on the load on the drive device. This described arrangement of the movement mechanism offers the advantage that the curve ruler can not be arranged on the circumference of the plate, but also in the vicinity of the plate axis. At this point, there are lower peripheral speeds, and you can get by with a shorter curve ruler. The distance between the outer circumference, on which the covers are arranged, and the curve ruler arranged further inside is bridged via said bushings or the guide tube, as is also indicated below in connection with the drawings as an axis of rotation. The opening time can also be varied by changing the length of the curve ruler. You can also insert or remove spacers and thus vary the opening time of the outlet openings.

It is also expedient according to the invention if both rotors are driven in opposite directions and are arranged in half of the plate with the direction of flow increasing. It has been shown that, especially when processing heavy materials, there is a tendency that larger pieces of material, even at a higher plate speed, are not carried out over the center of the plate (vertical center plane through the axis of rotation between the rising and falling material flow), but fall almost vertically just before the climax. If you then arrange the two rotors in the manner described above, then there is a surprising advantage that a much larger area for the inlet opening, for example for bulky goods, is available on the downward-running plate half with the falling material, and also the crushing effect of the two rotors can be increased by leaps and bounds, especially if the lower rotor rotates counter to the above ren rotor but runs in the same sense to the direction of rotation of the plate.

It is also advantageous according to the invention if smaller steel balls, of the order of magnitude of agitator balls, are provided in the plate and can be accelerated by the rotors by means of centrifugal tools to increase the impact effects. Similar to a ball mill, the device according to the invention then works with grinding balls. If the splitting tools of the rotors are designed accordingly, they can be used as spinning tools. Otherwise, other throwing tools made of highly wear-resistant material, e.g. Rubber or the like can be used. The centrifugal rotor is driven and a mixture of balls and material to be treated is applied to it. Strong impact, pressure and circulation forces are already effective in the event of an impact. The same applies when the mixture of balls and material to be treated is thrown off the rotor. The resulting throwing jet is shot into the thick layer of material to be treated, whereby the energy contained in the jet is converted into impact, pressure and friction work and results in an intensive grinding or comminution effect. In contrast to conventional ball mills, the acceleration imparted to the ball-treatment mixture can be chosen to be as high as desired. The upper limit is given by the strength of the ball material. The high acceleration allows the use of smaller grinding balls, whose contact and impact points - based on the ball weight - are many times higher than with balls of larger diameter and high dead weight, as are necessary with slow ball movement to achieve sufficient impact effects.

The good effect of so-called agitator balls is known in milling technology. However, their field of application is essentially limited to liquid regrind, while the embodiment according to the invention is also suitable for dry and wet regrind and is built in any size can be. When passing through a device according to the invention, the starting material can also be fed in a substantially coarser grain than in agitator ball mills. Furthermore, it is possible to provide the container and rotor with a highly wear-resistant rubber coating and to use grinding balls made of porcelain or of another non-metallic hard material if processing material which has to remain iron-free is to be processed.

• Fig. 1 in Vorderansicht schematisch eine Vorrichtung gemäß der Erfindung mit zwei Rotoren, wobei unter Weglassung der Abdeckhaube von oben in den Teller hineingesehen wird,
• Fig. 2 abgebrochen und schematisch eine Draufsicht auf die Abedeckhaube mit Auslauföffnung,
• Fig. 3 eine abgebrochene Schnittansicht in Richtung von unten auf die Darstellung der Fig. 2,
• Fig. 4 eine Seitenansicht, abgebrochen und schematisch, wenn man von links nach rechts auf die Darstellung der Fig. 2 blickt,
• Fig. 5 bis
• Fig. 8 schematische Draufsichten bzw. Schnittansichten des zylindrischen Tellers mit verschiedenen Ausführungsformen von ringartig angeordneten Mitnehmern,
• Fig. 9 und
• _Fig. 10 eine schematische Draufsicht bzw. Querschnittsansicht einer besonderen Ausführungsform mit Absaugrohr zur pneumatischen Entnahme feuchten oder leichten Behandlungsgutes,
• Fig. 11 bis
• Fig. 16 verschiedene Ausführungsformen mit konus- bzw. kegelstumpfförmigem Teller,
• Fig. 17 und
• _Fig. 18 eine Draufsicht und eine Querschnittsansicht eines kegelstumpfförmigen Tellers mit eingebauter Siebwand,
• Fig. 19A die Seitenansicht eines schematisch dargestellten Tellers mit verschließbaren Austragsöffnungen,
• Fig. 19B eine Draufsicht auf den Teller von dessen Bodenseite,
• Fig. 20A und
• Fig. 20B ähnliche Darstellungen wie in Fig. 19, jedoch von einer anderen Ausführungsform.
• Fig. 21A und
• Fig. 21B und
• Fig. 22A und
• Fig. 22B Darstellungen in gleichen Ansichten wie in den Fig. 19A und 19B, wobei jedoch zwei unterschiedliche Verschließvorrichtungen für die Austragsöffnungen gezeigt sind,
• Fig. 23 in Vorderansicht schematisch wiederum eine Vorrichtung gemäß der Erfindung mit zwei Rotoren, jedoch nach einer anderen Ausführungsform, bei welcher beide Rotoren in der Hälfte des aufsteigenden Behandlungsgutes im Teller mit einander entgegengesetzter Drehrichtung angeordnet sind, und
• Fig. 24A und
• Fig. 24B in Seitenansicht bzw. Draufsicht einen Teller mit am Umfang innen angeordneten, zur Drehachse des Tellers schräg angestelltem Mitnehmer.

Further advantages, features and possible applications of the present invention result from the following description in conjunction with the drawings. Show it:

• 1 is a schematic front view of a device according to the invention with two rotors, with the cover being omitted from above into the plate,
• 2 broken and schematically a plan view of the hood with outlet opening,
• 3 is a broken sectional view in the direction from below to the illustration of FIG. 2,
• 4 is a side view, broken away and schematically, if one looks from left to right at the representation of FIG. 2,
• 5 to
• 8 shows schematic plan views or sectional views of the cylindrical plate with different embodiments of drivers arranged in a ring-like manner,
• Fig. 9 and
• _F ig. 10 shows a schematic top view or cross-sectional view of a special embodiment with a suction tube for the pneumatic removal of moist or light material to be treated,
• 11 to
• 16 different embodiments with a conical or frustoconical plate,
• Fig. 17 and
• _F ig. 18 shows a plan view and a cross-sectional view of a frustoconical plate with a built-in screen wall,
• 19A shows the side view of a schematically represented plate with closable discharge openings,
• 19B is a plan view of the plate from the bottom side thereof,
• 20A and
• Fig. 20B similar representations as in Fig. 19, but of a different embodiment.
• 21A and
• 21B and
• 22A and
• 22B representations in the same views as in FIGS. 19A and 19B, but showing two different closing devices for the discharge openings,
• 23 is a schematic front view of a device according to the invention with two rotors, but according to another embodiment, in which both rotors are arranged in half of the rising material to be treated in the plate with opposite directions of rotation, and
• 24A and
• 24B is a side view or top view of a plate with a driver arranged on the inside on the circumference and inclined to the axis of rotation of the plate.

The processing and comminution device shown in FIG. 1 has a rotatably driven plate 1 with an axis of rotation 2 and a bearing (not shown), which is located on the schematically indicated frame 3. The plate, generally designated 1, has a wall 4 and a base 5, the ground material stream 6 being represented by the numerous arrows. This is carried up when the plate 1 rotates in the direction of arrow 7 by means of the catches 8 in a clockwise direction and engages with the two rotors 21, 22 which are in engagement their axes of rotation 23 and 24 rotate. The rotors 21 and 22 have splitting tools 25. The embodiment shown here is a radially flared rod. The rotors 21 and 22 rotate in the direction of the arrows 26, that is to say in the opposite direction of rotation as the plate 1. The five strong arrows 27 point the into the machine. given current of the material to be treated through the entry device 28.

In operation, the feed material 27 first falls through the entry device 28 onto the rotor 22 arranged on the right, the axis of rotation 24 of which is higher than the rotary ash 23 of the left rotor 21. The material captured by this rotor 22 is largely accelerated onto the rotor Thrown rotor 21 and detected there by the splitting tools 25 with increased impact and tear force. The speeds add up here, so that good shredding forces work.

The rotor 22 throws the material into the regrind layer which rises upwards on the plate wall 4, with an autogenous grinding again taking place.

The material transported upwards from the plate 1 is gripped and crushed in the inner layer by the left rotor 21 in the opposite direction. The layer lying on the plate wall 4, on the other hand, is carried upwards and falls approximately at the highest point of the plate 1 like a waterfall back into the working area of the two rotors 21 and 22. Due to the peripheral speed of the plate 1, the throwing parabola of the falling material can do so can be controlled that the material falls mainly on the rotor 21 or predominantly on the rotor 22 or evenly distributed on both rotors.

FIG. 2 shows a top view and FIGS. 3 and 4 show the above-mentioned sectional views of the outlet opening, generally designated 30, of the device according to the invention. The Grist flows in the direction of arrows 31 along the _A b cover 32 to the outlet opening. At the end of the cover, a wedge-shaped deflector 33 leads somewhat in the direction of the interior of the plate 1, so that the material to be treated in principle reaches the gap between the outlet opening 30 and the stationary cover 32 without contact. The discharge flap 34, is not sufficient to completely on the _T ellerrand which is visible in Fig. 2 in the area of the arrow 7 because of the discharge flap 34, the driver must have 8 passage. The discharge flap 34 itself, as can be seen particularly clearly from FIG. 3, is inclined in the direction of flow of the material to be treated, so that the gap between the cover 32 and the discharge flap 34 on the side where the material to be treated arrives is moved away from the material to be treated . On the draining side, the discharge flap 34 is extended by a flexible part 35, for example made of plastic or rubber, to such an extent that an overlap with the subsequent stationary cover 32 is achieved. This flexible part 35 completely covers the gap, so that no material to be treated can get stuck there. At the same time, however, the discharge flap 34 can be opened outwards in order to enlarge the opening width. A load weight 36 and a pull chain 37 are used to regulate the flap position. A steering fin 38 is also attached to the discharge flap 34, by means of which the coarse parts of the material to be treated are deflected upwards into the plate.

5 and 6, the plate 1 is shown only very schematically with its direction of rotation 7. The one rotor 21, which rotates in the direction of the arrow 26, has four splitting tools 25 in the direction of its axis of rotation 23 and is driven by schematically indicated V-belts 40. The drivers are formed in the upper half in the form of teeth 8 '5 and in the lower half in the form of cams 8 ".

7 and 8, they are provided at a distance from one another and parallel to one another in the form of rings. As a result, the material to be treated is optimally held on the plate wall, so to speak clamped, so that it can be severed by the splitting tools 25. The splitting tools 25 of the respective rotor 21 engage between these ring-shaped teeth 8 'and cams 8 ", so that the material to be treated is supported on these cams and teeth and the splitting tools 25 can offer sufficient resistance.

In addition, in the embodiment according to FIGS. 7 and 8, a cylindrical screen wall 41 is also provided, which is mounted within the same at a distance from the wall of the plate 1. In this embodiment, no outlet opening is provided. The material which has been disrupted or crushed after the treatment and has reached the desired fineness emerges downward through the openings in the sieve wall 41. It is collected in a hood 42 which surrounds the sieve container 41 and which is designed as a funnel in the lower region. Conveying facilities, not shown, promote the fines collected here. It goes without saying that the machine according to the embodiment of FIGS. 7 and 8 can also be constructed without the teeth 8 ′ or cams 811 arranged in a ring.

The screen wall 41 can also advantageously be used for drying and / or cooling the material to be treated. Here, the cooling or heating gases are supplied in the inner region of the plate 1. The suction takes place via the stationary encapsulation or hood 42, so that the gases are passed through the material to be treated and through the screen wall 41. With this technology, a particularly large surface is available for heat exchange.

In the case of very fine or light ground materials, the ground material can also be removed pneumatically from the comminution device according to the invention. This embodiment is shown in Figs. 9 and 10. Here, a pipe 50 connected to a suction fan (not shown) projects into the plate 1 and sucks off the fine or light material components there. In this way it is possible, for example, to separate foils or paper from household waste or similar substances by suction or even to remove very fine regrind according to the principle of air separation. The tube acting as a proboscis can be open, slotted, perforated or similarly constructed. A curved shield 51 protects the tube 50 on the side of the incoming material flow. The inlet opening is thus on the opposite side, so that only material that can be transported with air finds its way to the suction nozzle 50 and thus the desired selection occurs. The tube 50 can be arranged in a pivotable manner, as indicated by dash-dotted lines in FIG. 10. To completely empty the plate 1, the tube 50 can even be pivoted to the bottom edge.

11 and 12 schematically show another embodiment of the device according to the invention in plan view. in which the wall 4 of the plate 1 is frustoconical. With a conical plate it is possible to fill bulky goods even in small machines because the shape allows a large inlet opening to be made. In addition, by pivoting the frame 61 with the bearing 62 about the pivot point 63, the bottom 5 can be brought into the position shown in FIGS. 12, 14 and 16, in which the bottom 5 is inclined relatively flat, i. the axis of rotation 2 of the plate 1 includes a not inconsiderable angle with the horizontal. This allows the filling or the dwell time during processing to be increased. The rotor 21, which is only indicated schematically here with the splitting tools 25, lies with its shaft 23 parallel to the lower side wall 4 of the plate 1. i

In the embodiment according to FIGS. 13 and 14, in which a conical plate 1 is also provided and a similar inclination is possible, the shaft 23 of the rotor 21 stands perpendicular to the bottom 5 of the plate 1, and the diameter of the splitting tools 25 is in each case graduated so that the tools have the same distance from the wall over the entire lower side wall of the plate 1. It has already been mentioned above that this offers a thorough fine grinding in the area of the outlet. The bearing of the shaft 23 of the rotor 21 is also less stressed.

15 and 16, the shaft 23 of the rotor 21 is again perpendicular to the bottom 5 of the plate 1 or parallel to the axis of rotation 2 of the plate. Here, however, the splitting tools 25 have the same diameter over the entire height of the rotor 21. In this way, less turbulence is generated in the area of the outlet opening and thus a more uniform discharge is achieved. The basic decision as to which of the systems shown is to be used depends on the particular item to be treated.

FIGS. 17 and 18 show a further different embodiment, which likewise has a conical plate 1 and a rotor 21, which move in the opposite direction of rotation as shown by the arrows in FIG. 17. A cylindrical screen wall 70 is installed here. In this embodiment, it is not necessary to cover the rotating plate 1 with a cover (as indicated in FIGS. 7 and 8 with 42), which also serves as a collecting funnel. The conical part, namely the side wall 4 of the plate 1, itself serves as a collecting funnel here.

19A to 22A, a schematic side view shows the plate 1, which has 5 discharge openings 80 in the vicinity of its base. These can be closed at least partially, preferably also completely, by various embodiments.

The embodiment according to FIGS. 19A and 19B is a ring 82 which is coaxially placed around the plate 1 in its lower region and can be displaced in the direction of the double arrow 81 and which also has openings 83 at an equal distance and in the same number, which pass through Actuation of a threaded spindle 84 and moving in the direction of arrow 81 either expose the discharge openings 80 completely and thus open them or close them completely. In this embodiment, the plate 1 is stopped so that the threaded spindle 84 provided for this purpose can be adjusted. The outlet of the material to be treated takes place in the lower area of the plate, on which a stationary apron, not shown in the figures, is provided. To avoid dust escaping from the openings in the upper area, e.g. a stationary cover is placed over the rotating ring 82.

In the embodiments according to FIGS. 19 to 22, an outlet opening arranged in the lower region of the device is not necessary.

In the embodiment according to FIGS. 20A and 20B, each outlet opening 80 can be closed with a cover 85. The cover 85 is attached to one end of a double-armed lever 86 which is pivotable about an axis 87 and has a roller 88 at its other end. This roller slides in a U-shaped guide rail 89, which is preferably attached to the plate 1. Of course, it has 5 ring shapes according to the circumference of the plate base. If this guide rail 89 is moved in the direction of the double arrow 90, then the lever 86 must inevitably rotate about its axis 87, so that the cover 85 is consequently moved in the direction of the double arrow 91. This displacement of the guide rail 89 can optionally also be carried out during operation, in which case the outlet openings 80 are opened or closed accordingly.

The collars 100 provided in all of FIGS. 19 to 22 allow the covers 85 to be placed flat, so that complete closability is also ensured.

20B that all covers 85 are in an approximately half-open position corresponding to a specific position of the guide rail 89.

21A, a fixed U-shaped guide rail 101 is shown in a curved shape. The double arrow 102 indicates both the possibility that the guide rail 101 can be attached offset in its entirety, and that the roller 88 on the lever 86 inevitably rotates with the plate 1 via the axis of rotation 87 attached to the latter in the direction of the double arrow 102 is effected, depending on whether the roller is guided in the lower part of the rail or in the upper part. Correspondingly, the lids 85 are lifted off in the lower part and cleared against the outlet openings 80 in order to completely or partially close them in the upper region. It can therefore be seen from Fig. 21B that the covers 85 are opened further in the lower area than in the upper area. The topmost lid is shown closed, while the bottommost lid completely clears the outlet opening.

22A and 22B show a very similar embodiment, in which the guide rail is designed as a curve ruler 103, which is composed of interchangeable pieces 104.

22A also shows the pretensioning of the levers 86 with the covers 85, which is directed such that the roller 88 is always in contact with the curve ruler 103. In the embodiment according to FIG. 22A, this pretensioning takes place in such a way that the axis of rotation 87 is designed as a rod mounted in a guide tube 105. In the guide tube 105 there is a torsion spring 106 which holds the cover 85 in the closed position.

FIG. 23 again shows a representation similar to that shown in FIG. 1. Due to the vertical dash-dotted central axis a-a, the plate 1 is practically divided into two halves: in the right half, the items to be treated flow essentially downwards in the direction of the arrows shown. The material to be treated rises in the left half, e.g. partially carried by the driver 8, in the direction of rotation 7 upwards. Both rotors 21 and 22 are arranged in this left half of the plate 1 with an increasing flow direction. According to arrows 26 and 126, they have opposite directions of rotation. In the upper right quadrant of FIG. 23, one can also see the large space available for loading, the feed material again being indicated by the arrows 27.

For operation, it can be seen from this embodiment that the rotor 21 rotates in the same direction of rotation as the plate 1. The crushing effect of the two rotors 21 and 22 is hereby intensified by leaps and bounds because the ejection jet of the lower rotor 21 is essentially shot into the counter-rotating side by the upper rotor 22, so that in this zone, the arrows are shown as being essentially opposite to each other is extremely strong impact, shock and shear effects. It goes without saying that this embodiment can only be used if the material to be processed is not available in pieces or bundles that are too large, because otherwise jamming effects would result between the plate wall and the rotor 21. In the case of items to be treated of a smaller piece size, however, this risk of congestion is minimal, especially since the rotor 21 rotates at a substantially higher peripheral speed than the plate 1. The treatment goods arriving from below are very quickly conveyed out of the narrow zone. If as far as possible fine digestion of the material to be treated is desired, the upper rotor 22 is driven at a substantially higher peripheral speed than the lower rotor 21.

24A and 24B show the drivers (130) which are inclined to the axis of rotation 2 of the plate 1 and which are mounted on the inner wall of the plate 1. The angular position and the number of drivers 130 can be adapted to the properties of the goods to be processed. The drivers 130 have the primary effect that no undesired accumulations of material form at the lowest point of the plate. Since a certain distance is always kept between the rotors 21, 22 and the plate base 5 for safety reasons, the inclined drivers 130 cause the material to be treated to be guided almost 100% to the effective zone of the rotor or rotors. In addition, the discharge of the comminuted material is accelerated in the case of large throughputs, in particular if inclined drivers 130 reach close to the discharge opening.

An experiment has shown that the throwing effect and direction of the upper rotor 22 according to the embodiment according to FIG. 23 can be significantly increased. With a slow speed of the disc 1, e.g. the load on the lower rotor was relatively high while that on the upper rotor was still low. With increasing speed of plate 1, the load on the lower rotor decreased, but that of the upper rotor could be increased. This makes it possible to largely equalize the load on both rotors by designing the drivers 130 and correctly grading the speed.

Claims (19)

1. Processing and crushing device, in particular for waste materials, with a rotatably driven plate and at least one eccentrically arranged, high-speed rotor, the direction of rotation of which is opposite to that of the plate, characterized in that the plate (1) is driven at a subcritical speed and at a standstill Cover hood (32) is provided, in which an entry device (28) is arranged, that an outlet opening (30), preferably in the lower region of the device, is provided and that the rotor (21, 22) in the direction of its axis of rotation (23, 24) several splitting tools (25) are mounted at a distance from each other. 2. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the axis of rotation (2) of the plate (1) is arranged substantially horizontally. 3. Apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the outer circumference of the splitting tools (25) of the rotor (21, 22) is provided at a considerable distance from the inner wall of the plate (1). 4. Device according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the axis of rotation (23, 24) of the rotor (21, 22) in the vicinity of the horizontal bisection line (75) of the bottom (5) of the plate (1) is arranged . 5. Device according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that drivers (8, 8 ', 8 ") distributed on the inner wall (4) of the plate (1) are attached. 6. The device according to claim 5, characterized in that the drivers (8) are arranged offset in height from each other. 7. Apparatus according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that the drivers (8 ', 8 ") are cam-shaped or tooth-shaped without an acute angle. 8. Device according to one of claims 5 to 7, characterized in that the drivers (8 ', 8' ') are provided in the form of rings parallel to one another and at a distance from one another. 9. The device according to claim 1 or 5, characterized in that the wall of the plate (1) is frustoconical. 10. The device according to claim 1 or 9, characterized in that the splitting tools (25) of the rotor (21, 22) circumscribing the jacket is a truncated cone. 11. Device according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that a sieve wall (41, 70) is arranged at a distance from the plate wall (4). 12. Device according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the outlet opening (30) is designed as a pivotable on the cover (32) attached, biased in the closing direction discharge flap (34) which is inclined in the direction of flow of the material (6) (Fig. 2 to 4). 13. Device according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that in the region of the discharge flap (34) deflectors (33) and / or steering fins (38) are provided. 14. Device according to one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that on the inner wall of the plate (1) against its axis of rotation (2) inclined drivers (130) are attached. 15. Device according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that in the plate wall (4) in the vicinity of the plate base (5) a plurality of closable outlet openings (80) are provided. 16. The apparatus according to claim 15, characterized in that the outlet openings (80) by a circumferentially displaceable ring with corresponding openings or by double-armed levers (86) attached lid (85) are closable, the end opposite the lid (85) the double-armed lever (86) is provided with a roller (88) held on a guide rail (89). 17. The apparatus according to claim 15 or 16, characterized in that the guide rail (89) is designed as a stationary, preferably composed of interchangeable pieces (104) curved ruler (103) against which the roller (88) on the double-armed lever (86) is biased to the system. 18. Device according to one of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that both rotors (21, 22) are driven with opposite directions of rotation and are arranged in half of the plate (1) with an increasing flow direction. 19. Device according to one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that smaller steel balls provided in the order of magnitude of agitator balls are provided in the plate (1) and can be accelerated by the rotors (21, 22) by means of centrifugal tools to increase the impact effects.

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