EP0000633B1

EP0000633B1 - Process for the preparation of alpha-substituted-thien-3-ylacetic acid and derivatives thereof

Info

Publication number: EP0000633B1
Application number: EP78300140A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Angela Wendy Guest; Andrew William Taylor; Robert Ramage
Original assignee: Beecham Group PLC
Current assignee: Beecham Group PLC
Priority date: 1977-07-23
Filing date: 1978-07-12
Publication date: 1981-11-04
Also published as: EP0023726B1; ES471964A1; EP0023726A1; ZA784101B; US4252976A; IE781469L; IT7850415A0; IE47135B1; JPS5424867A; US4282373A; IL55144A0; EP0000633A2; FI782300A7; IT1105934B; DK323978A; EP0000633A3

Description

This invention relates to a chemical process for the preparation of 3-substituted thiophenes, which are useful as intermediates in the production of penicillins and cephalosporins.
A number of important penicillins and cephalosporins having a 3-thienyl group in the side-chain are well known. For example our British Patent No: 1,004,670 describes the penicillin 'ticarcillin' viz α-carboxy-3-thienylmethyl-penicillin, whilst esters of that compound are disclosed in our British Patent Nos. 1,125,557 and 1,133,886. The 6a-methoxy substituted derivative of tricarcillin is disclosed in W. German Offenlegungsschrift No. 2,600,866.
α-Carboxy-3-thienylmethylcephalosporin is disclosed as an antibacterial agent in U.K. Patent No. 1,193,302.
The most widely used method of preparation of this type of penicillin and cephalosporin is the process disclosed in British Patent No. 1,125,557 wherein the penicillins are prepared from a 3-thienylmalonic ester itself synthesised from 3-thienylacetonitrile. The 3-thienylacetonitrile was prepared from 3-methylthiophene by the method of Campaigne et a/ (J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70 1553) which involves reaction with N-bromo-succinimide and treatment of the resulting 3-bromo- methylthiophene with sodium cyanide. However, this bromination gives the desired bromo-derivative in low yield and the 3-methylthiophene starting material is unduly expensive, with the result that the final penicillin or cephalosporin is considerably more expensive than other penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives.
We have now devised a process for the preparation of 3-substituted thiophenes which involves cyclisation of a novel intermediate to form the thiophene moiety. The process is applicable to a wide variety of 3-substituents.
Accordingly the present invention provides a process for the preparation of a thiophene of formula (I):
wherein R¹ represents a carboxylic acid group or an ester or amide derivative thereof or a nitrile (-CN) group; and R² represents hydrogen, a hydrocarbon or heterocyclic group, a carboxylic acid group or an ester or amide derivative thereof, or an acyl, nitrile, isonitrile (-NC) or optionally substituted imine group of formula --CH=NZ or -N=CHZ (where Z represents hydrogen, alkyl or aryl), or SO 2Ra -SR^a, -SO.R_a or ―SO₂OR^a group wherein R^a represents C_1-6 alkyl, or aryl, which process comprises treating a compound of formula (II):
wherein R¹ and R² are as defined with respect to formula (I) above; X represents a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group or a functionalised hydroxyl group; and Y represents a halogen atom or a hydroxyl or alkoxy group; with a source of nucleophilic sulphur under basic conditions.
This cyclisation process may be carried out in a wide range of solvents subject to the solubility of the source of nucleophilic sulphur. It is often convenient to use a polar solvent, preferably a water-miscible solvent such as, for example, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulphoxide, hexamethylphosphoramide, acetonitrile, dimethoxyethane, dioxan, or an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, in particular ethanol. Preferred solvents include tetrahydrofuran and acetone. An organic solvent such as methylene dichloride may also be employed. The reaction may be carried out at ambient to elevated temperature depending on the particular reagents used and the values of X, Y, R¹ and R². For example suitable temperatures for the process are from -20°C to 100°C, preferably 10° to 50°C.
It is necessary to use a source of nucleophilic sulphur in the process of this invention. It is thought that the initial step in the process is nucleophilic displacement of the group Y in compound (II) by a sulphur moiety, and the ability to displace a group Y is the criterion for choosing a compound suitable for providing the source of nucleophilic sulphur for the process of this invention. Basic conditions are required for the subsequent step, which is thought likely to be formation of an intermediate of formula (III):
which then undergoes displacement of the group X by internal nucleophilic attack by the sulphide, S-, in structure (III), an hence cyclisation to give compound (I).
Although it is usually most convenient to have the reaction under basic conditions when the source of nucleophilic sulphur is added to the compound (II), it is also possible to carry out the reaction in two steps, that is by firstly treating compound (II) with a source of nucleophilic sulphur and then subsequently completing the cyclisation reaction by addition of a base.
One suitable source of nucleophilic sulphur is for example the bisulphide ion, HS-
The bisulphide ion for the process of this invention may be provided by using a salt of this ion, preferably an alkali metal salt for example sodium bisulphide NaSH, which may be prepared, optionally in situ in the reaction, from sodium sulphide Na₂S and sodium bicarbonate. An alternative, and preferred, source of the bisulphide ion comprises hydrogen sulphide and a base, which again produces HS- in situ.
This combination of reagents has the advantage that the base employed can be the same as that used for the cyclisation process itself.
Suitable bases which may be employed to provide the basic conditions for the process of this invention include inorganic bases, such as alkali metal hydroxides, preferably potassium hydroxide, and alkali metal bicarbonates preferably sodium bicarbonate and organic basis such as substituted amines for example tri(C_1-6)alkylamines such as trimethylamine or triethylamine.
The bisulphide ion may also be generated in situ from sulphurated sodium borohydride, NaBH₂S₃.
In some cases it is possible to employ a compound for providing the source of nucleophilic sulphur, which compound is also capable of providing the basic conditions for the cyclisation step. Alkali metal bisulphides, especially sodium bisulphide, are suitable such compounds. Thus reaction of compound (II) with an alkali metal bisulphide produces an intermediate of formula (IV):
Addition of further bisulphide (or presence of excess initially) removes a proton to give structure (III) above which then cyclises.
Another way of providing the basic conditions required for the process is to produce the intermediate ion of formula (III) directly which can then act as its own base for cyclisation. This may be achieved for example by treating compound (II) with an alkali metal sulphide, in particular sodium sulphide Na₂S. Because the sulphur ion in such a compound has a double negative charge, S^2-, the intermediate formed after nucleophilic attack on compound (II), is structure (III) rather than structure (IV). No further base need then be present to complete the cyclisation. This reaction is still under basic conditions by virtue of the presence of the ion (III) itself, or excess of the alkali metal sulphide; if the reaction medium became neutral or acidic, the sulphide ion in structure (III) would be protonated and the cyclisation would not proceed.
The compounds of formula (II) are novel compounds and are the subject matter of copending European Patent Application No. 80105285.3, which is a divisional of the present application.
In formula (II) the group X should be readily displaced by nucleophilic attack by sulphide ions. Such groups include chloride, bromine, hydroxyl, arylsulphonyloxy such as benzenesulphonyloxy, p-toluenesulphonyloxy, or p-nitrosulphonyloxy, alkylsulphonyloxy such as methanesulphonyloxy or C_1-6 alkanoyloxy such as acetoxy, propionoxy or butyroxy.
The group Y may be, for example, chlorine, bromine, hydroxy or C_1-6 alkoxy such as methoxy, ethoxy, or propoxy. Preferably both X and Y are halogen, especially chlorine.
The radicals R¹ and R2 in compound (II) are chosen according to the requirements of the compound (I). For the preparation of penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives the group R¹ should be carboxylic acid group or a group which may be converted to a carboxylic acid group or a functional derivative thereof for acylation the amino group of the penicillin or cephalosporin nucleus. The R² group is chosen to provide the required a-substituent, or a precursor thereof, for the side chain of a penicillin or cephalosporin.
The radical R¹ may be an ester group ―CO₂R³ wherein R³ is an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or heterocyclic group, any of which may be substituted. Suitable such R³ groups include:

(a) alkyl especially C_1-6 alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, n- and iso-propyl, n-, sec-, iso- and tert-butyl, and pentyl;
(b) substituted C_1-6 alkyl wherin the substituent is at least one of: chloro, bromo, fluoro, nitro, carbo (C_1-6 alkoxy), C_1-6 alkanoyl, C_1-6 alkoxy, cyano, C_1-6 alkylmercapto, C_1-6 alkylsulfinyl, C_1-6 alkylsulphonyl, 1-indanyl, 2-indanyl, furyl, pyridyl, 4-imidazolyl, phthalimido, 1-azetidinyl, 1-aziridinyl, 1-pyrrolidinyl, piperidino, morpholino, thiomorpholino, 4-(C_1-6 alkyl)-1-piperazinyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 1-imidazolyl, 2-imidazolin-1-yl, 2,5-dimethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1-pyrimidinyl, 4-methyl- piperidino, 2,6-dimethylpiperidino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkanoylamino, N-alkylanilino, or substituted N-alkylanilino wherein the substituent in the benzene moiety is chloro, bromo, C_1-6 alkyl or C_1-6 alkoxy;
(c) cycloalkyl and (C_1-6 alkyl) substituted cycloalkyl having from 3 to 7 carbon atoms in the cycloalkyl moiety;
(d) alkenyl having up to 8 carbon atoms;
(e) alkynyl having up to 8 carbon atoms;
(f) phenyl and substituted phenyl wherein the substituent is at least one of chloro, bromo, fluoro, C_1-6 alkoxy, C_1-6 alkanoyl, carbo-(C_1-6) alkoxy, nitro, or di(C_1-6) alkyl amino;
(g) benzyl or substituted benzyl wherein the substituent in the benzene moiety is chloro, bromo, fluoro, C_1-6 alkyl, C_1-6 alkoxy, C_1-6 alkanoyl, carbo-(C_1-6)-alkoxy, nitro, or di(C_1-6-alkyl) amino;
(h) a 5- or 6- membered hereocyclic group containing one or more sulphur and/or nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms in the ring optionally fused to a second 5- and 6-membered hydrocarbyl or heterocyclic ring and which may be substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, for example thienyl, furyl quinolyl, methyl-substituted quinolyl, phenazinyl, pyridyl, methylpyridyl, phthalidyl, indanyl.

Preferred groups for R³ include C_1-6 alkyl, benzyl, phthalidyl, indanyl, phenyl, mono- di-, and tri-(C_1-6)-alkyl substituted phenyl such as o-, m or p methylphenyl, ethylphenyl, n- or iso-propylphenyl, n-, sec-, iso- or butylphenyl.
Suitable groups R² include hydrogen, C_1-6 alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl, benzyl, phenyl, alkyiphenyl, napthyl, a 5- or 6- membered heterocyclic group containing one or more sulphur and/or nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms in the ring and which may be substituted by an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, for example thienyl, imidazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, methylisoxazolyl, tetrazolyl, methyltetrazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrrolidyl, piperidyl, morpholinyl, thiazinyl, furyl, or quinolyl: a carboxylic acid group, a carboxylic ester group -CO_ZR³ as defined above, or a C_1-6 alkanoyl group. When both groups R¹ and R² are ester radicals they may together form a cyclic ester group, for example isopropylidine of formula:
For the preparation of α-carboxy-3-thienylpenicillins and cephalosporins, R¹ and R² may conveniently both be carboxylic acid or ester radicals. It is convenient to prepare a diester compound of formula (I), i.e. where R¹ and R² both represent a group -CO_ZR³, and then half-saponify in order to produce the compound (I) wherein one of R¹ and R² is a carboxylic acid group, suitable for coupling the penicillin or cephalosporin nucleus.
Similarly for the preparation of an a-ester of an α-carboxy-3-thienyl penicillin or cephalosporin, the group R³ may be chosen according to the eventual penicillin or cephalosporin required.
The compounds of formula (I) in which one of the groups R¹ and R² represents a carboxylic acid function may be converted to a penicillin or cephalosporin by an method known per se, for example as described in British Patent Specification Nos. 1,004,670, 1,125,557, 1,133,886, 1,193,302, W. German OLS No. 2,600,866.
The following Examples illustrate this invention.

Example 1

Preparation of diethyl thien-3-ylmalonate

Potassium hydroxide (0.14 g, 2.0 mmol) in ethanol (50 ml) was saturated with hydrogen sulphide at 0° for one hour. To this was added 4-trans ethyl 2-ethoxycarbonyl-5-chloro-3-chloromethylpenta-2,4-dienoate (0.62 g, 2.45 mmol), and addition of hydrogen sulphide was continued for one hour at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for a further four hours. Potassium hydroxide (0.20 g, 2.8 mmol) was added and hydrogen sulphide passed for thirty minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for sixteen hours, diluted with water (50 ml) and extracted with ether (3 x 50 ml). The extracts were washed with saturated brine, N sodium bicarbonate solution, saturated brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated to give the title compound (78% yield) purified by distillation, b.p. 119-127°/0.5 mm. 8 (CDCI₃) 1.27 (6H, t, J 7Hz, CH₃), 4.20 (4H, q, J 7Hz, OCH₂), 4.75 (1H, s, CH), 7.20-7.43 (3H, m, thienyl protons), ν_max(film) 1730 cm^-1, λ_max (ethanol) 234 nm. C₁₁H₁₄O₄S requires M, 242.0649. Found M⁺, 242.0609.

Example 2

Preparation of diethyl thien-3-ylmalonate

4-trans Ethyl 2-ethoxycarbonyl-5-chloro-3-chloromethyl penta-2,4-dienoate (0.28 g, 1.0 mmol) in THF (5 ml) was treated with solid sodium sulphide nonahydrate (0.24 g, 1.0 mmol) and the mixture stirred at room temperature for sixteen hours. Ether (50 ml) was added; brine washing, drying (Na₂S0₄), charcoal and evaporation gave the title product (66% yield), spectral details as in Example 1.

Example 3

Preparation of diethyl thien-3-ylmalonate

Sodium sulphide (Na₂S.9H₂0) (12 g, 0.05 mol) was dissolved in water and the volume made up to 35 ml. Sodium bicarbonate (4.2 g, 0.05 mol) was added with stirring. After dissolution, methanol 30 ml) was added. After thirty minutes, sodium carbonate was filtered off, and the solids washed with methanol (15 ml). There is thus obtained a solution of sodium bisulphide (50 mmol) in aqueous methanol.
4-trans Ethyl 2-ethoxycarbonyl-5-chloro-3-chloromethylpenta-2,4-dienoate (1.4 g, 5 mmol) in methanol (50 ml) was treated at 10°C, dropwise with sodium bisulphide solution (8 ml, 5 mmol). After two hours at room temperature, a further aliquot of sodium bisulphide solution (8 ml, 5 mmol) was added and the mixture stirred overnight. The solution was concentrated (ca 5 ml) and water (50 ml) added. Ether extraction (3 x 50 ml), brine washing (50 ml) drying (Na₂SO₄), charcoal and evaporation gave the title product (68% yield), spectral details as in Example 1.

Example 4

Preparation of diethyl thien-3-ylmalonate

4-trans Ethyl 2-ethoxycarbonyl-5-chloro-3-chloromethylpenta-2,4-dienoate (0.28 g, 1.0 mmol) in methylene dichloride (10 ml) at 0-5°C was treated with hydrogen sulphide for ten minutes. A solution of triethylamine (0.28 ml, 2.0 mmol) in methylene dichloride (5 ml) was added over five minutes, and the solution stirred at room temperature for forty-five minutes, diluted with methylene dichloride (25 ml), washed with brine (25 ml) dried (Na₂S0₄) and evaporated to give the title product (62% yield), spectral details as in Example 1.

Example 5

Preparation of diethyl thien-3-ylmalonate

4-cis Ethyl 2-ethoxycarbonyl-5-chloro-3-chloromethyl penta-2,4-dienoate (0.84 g, 3.0 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (15 ml) was stirred with sodium sulphide nonahydrate (0.72 g, 3.0 mmol) at room temperature for sixteen hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with ether, washed with brine, dried (Na₂S0₄), treated with charcoal, filtered and evaporated to give the title product (0.18 g, 28%), spectral details as in Example 1.

Example 6

Preparation of dimethyl thien-3-yl malonate.

4-trans Methyl -2- methoxycarbonyl -5-chloro-3-chloromethyl penta-2,4-dienoate (1.25 g., 5.0 mmol). in THF (15 ml) was stirred for 18 hours with sodium sulphide nonahydrate (1.68 g., 7.Ommol.). The solution was diluted with ether, washed with water, dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated to give the reaction product, which, on filtration through coarse Fluorosil (Registered Trade Mark) (3.5 g.), gave decolorized title compound (0.61 g., 57%), b.p. 96-98° (0.3 mm), ν_max (film) 1740 cm-¹, δ(CDCl₃) 3.77 (6H,s, 2 x CH₃), 4.82 (lH,s,-CH), 7.11-7.48 (3H, complex, thienyl protons). C₉H₁₀O₄S requires M,214. Found: M⁺, 214.

Example 7

Preparation of dibenzyl thien-3-ylmalonate.

4-trans Benzyl 2- benzyloxycarbonyl -5-chloro-3-chloromethylpenta - 2, 4-dienoate was treated with sodium sulphide as in Example 6 thus affording the title compound in 71% yield. Recrystallization from toluene petrol gave prisms, m.p. 49-50°, ν_max (CH₂CI₂), 1740 cm^-1, δ(CDCl₃) 4.88 (IH,s, CH), 5.18 (4H,s, 2CH₂), 7.33 (13H, complex, aryl and thienyl protons).

Example 8

Preparation of ethyl 2-thien-3'-yl-2-cyanoacetate.

4-Trans ethyl 2- cyano-5-chloro-3- chloromethylpenta -2, 4-dienoate was treated with sodium sulphide nonahydrate as in Example 6 thus affording the title compound in 30% yield, ν_max (CH₂Cl₂) 1720 cm^-1, δ(CDCl₃) 1.27 (3H,t,J 7 Hz, CH₂), 4.80 (IH,s, CH), 7.2-7.6 (3H, complex, thienyl protons).

Example 9

Preparation of methyl thien-3-ylacetate.

Potassium hydroxide (0.04 g., 0.6 mmol) in ethanol (10 ml) at 0° was saturated with H_ZS for 15 minutes. 4-Trans methyl 5-chloro -3- chloromethylpenta-2, 4-dienoate (0.11 g., 0.56 mmol.) was added, and the solution stirred with continued H₂S addition for 1 hour. Further potassium hydroxide (0.04 g., 0.6 mmol.) in ethanol (2 ml.) was added. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours, diluted with water and extracted with ether, which was dried and evaporated to give the title compound (0.07 g.) ν_max (CHCI₃) 1730 cm-¹, δ(CDCl₃) 3.71 (5H,s,―CH₂― and -CH₃), 7.0-7.6 (3H, complex, thienyl protons), λ_max(EtoH) 224 (_E 4,560), 265 nm (ε2,440). C₇H₈O₂S requires M, 156 Found :M⁺, 156.
(This compound may also be prepared using pre-formed sodium bisulphide in place of H₂S/KOH.)

Example 10

Preparation of dimethyl thien-3-ylmalonate.

Potassium hydroxide (0.14 g., 2.0 mmol.) in ethanol (50 ml) was saturated with hydrogen sulphide at 0°C. To this was added methyl 2-methoxycarbonyl-5-chloro-3-chloromethylpenta-2, 4-dienoate (0.62 g., 2.45 mmol.) and addition of hydrogen sulphide was continued for 1 hour at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for a further 4 hours. Potassium hydroxide (0.20 g., 2.8 mmol.) was added and hydrogen sulphide passed for 0.5 hours. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours, diluted with water and ether extracted. The extracts were washed with saturated brine, dried and evaporated to give the title compound (0.39 g., 74%), b.p. 96-98°C/O.3 mm. δ(CDCl₃) 3.77 (6H, s, 2 x CH₃), 4.82 (1H, s, CH) 7.11-7.48 (3H, m, thienyl protons). ν_max (film) 1740 cm^-1 C₉H₁₀O₄S requires M.214. Found: M⁺, 214.

Claims

1. A process for the preparation of a thiophene of formula (I):

wherein R¹ represents a carboxylic acid group or an ester or amide derivative thereof or a nitrile group; and R² represents hydrogen, a hydrocarbon or heterocyclic group, a carboxylic acid group or an ester of amide derivative thereof, or an acyl, nitrile, isonitrile or optionally substituted imine group of formula -CH=NZ or -N=CHZ (where Z represents hydrogen, alkyl or aryl), or S0₂R^a -SR^a, ―SO.R^a or ―SO₂OR^a group wherein R^a represents C_1-6 alkyl, or aryl, characterised in that a compound of formula (II):

wherein R¹ and R² are as defined with respect to formula (I) above; X represents a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group or a functionalised hydroxyl group; Y represents a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, or an alkoxy group; is treated with a source of nucleophilic sulphur under basic conditions.

2. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the source of nucleophilic sulphur is the bisulphide ion.

3. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the compound of the formula (II) is treated with an alkali metal sulphide.

4. A process as claimed in claim 3 wherein the alkali metal sulphide is sodium sulphide.

5. A process as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein X and Y are both halogen.

6. A process as claimed in claim 5 wherein the X and Y are both chlorine.

7. A process as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein R² represents hydrogen, a carboxylic acid or ester group.

8. A process as claimed in claim 7 wherein R² is a carboxylic acid group or a carboxylic ester group of formula ―CO₂R³, wherein R³ is C_1-6 alkyl, benzyl, phthalidyl, indanyl, phenyl, mono-, di-, or tri-(C_1-6)-alkyl substituted phenyl.

9. A process as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein R¹ and R² both represent a carboxylic acid or ester group.