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EP0073786B1 - A protective sheet, in particular for a foundation wall or a floor on the ground - Google Patents

A protective sheet, in particular for a foundation wall or a floor on the ground Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0073786B1
EP0073786B1 EP82900670A EP82900670A EP0073786B1 EP 0073786 B1 EP0073786 B1 EP 0073786B1 EP 82900670 A EP82900670 A EP 82900670A EP 82900670 A EP82900670 A EP 82900670A EP 0073786 B1 EP0073786 B1 EP 0073786B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sheet
knobs
protective sheet
floor
foundation wall
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP82900670A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0073786A1 (en
Inventor
Jon Bergsland
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to AT82900670T priority Critical patent/ATE9500T1/en
Publication of EP0073786A1 publication Critical patent/EP0073786A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0073786B1 publication Critical patent/EP0073786B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F15/00—Flooring
    • E04F15/02—Flooring or floor layers composed of a number of similar elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D31/00—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
    • E02D31/02—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution against ground humidity or ground water
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F15/00—Flooring
    • E04F15/18—Separately-laid insulating layers; Other additional insulating measures; Floating floors
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F15/00—Flooring
    • E04F15/18—Separately-laid insulating layers; Other additional insulating measures; Floating floors
    • E04F15/182—Underlayers coated with adhesive or mortar to receive the flooring
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F15/00—Flooring
    • E04F15/18—Separately-laid insulating layers; Other additional insulating measures; Floating floors
    • E04F15/185—Underlayers in the form of studded or ribbed plates
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F17/00—Vertical ducts; Channels, e.g. for drainage

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a protective sheet, in particular for a foundation wall or a floor on the ground, comprising a substantially planar sheet of suitable, relatively stiff material, e.g. plastics, where one side of the sheet has a large number of spaced protrusions constituted by knobs made by forming, whereby the other side of the sheet thereby obtains a corresponding number of recesses provided by said forming.
  • a protective sheet in particular for a foundation wall or a floor on the ground, comprising a substantially planar sheet of suitable, relatively stiff material, e.g. plastics, where one side of the sheet has a large number of spaced protrusions constituted by knobs made by forming, whereby the other side of the sheet thereby obtains a corresponding number of recesses provided by said forming.
  • a sheet is known, for example, from DE-A-2640665 and DE-A-3006820.
  • foundation wall sheets are presently used extensively as a covering of the foundation wall before fill masses are placed thereat. Where access to draining fill masses is poor, it is frequently an expressed wish to ensure that the water pressure against the foundation wall becomes the least possible. Such additional drainage is not always that easy to provide by means of the known foundation wall sheets having knobs. Further, it may in certain cases be desirable to provide the-foundation wall sheet with knobs which do not quite so easily yield due to external forces from e.g. the fill mass. Recently it has also been common to use these foundation wall sheets as a diffusion bar for a floor on the ground. With the prior art solutions, it is, however, necessary to provide spacing means to space the floor from the moisture bar, in order to provide sufficient ventilation or drainage under the floor. This is particularly important in the cases where a floor made e.g. from chip boards is used.
  • the present invention has as an object to provide a protective sheet providing a solution to the indicated drawbacks
  • the introductory mentioned protective sheet is characterised according to the invention in that the knobs have a centrally provided, crater-like portion, e.g. of truncated conical form, the wide end of which is integral with the upper part of the knob and the narrowest end of which is substantially flush with the other side of the sheet.
  • an open channel made by forming in such a manner that on said one side of the sheet there appears a corresponding rib between the knobs and with a height less than the height of the knob.
  • said other side of the sheet is covered with a filtering mat or canvas, whereby the arranged channels effect drainage of filtrated water.
  • a protective sheet e.g. of relatively stiff plastics which may possibly before use be present in a rolled-up form.
  • knobs 2 protrude from the one side 1 A of the sheet, said knobs having a centrally arranged crater-like portion 3 and where the bottom of the crater 3A is flush with the other side 1 B of the sheet.
  • an open channel 4 On said one side 1A of the sheet there is thus a corresponding rib or ridge.
  • the said channels 4 will, as regards a vertically disposed protective sheet, extend between adjacent recesses 2A being arranged vertically above each other. However, there is nothing against the knobs being arranged in a different manner than that illustrated in fig. 1. Thus, the knobs of one row of knobs could be shifted relative to the knobs in the adjacent rows of knobs.
  • the protective sheet In the cases where the protective sheet is to be arranged in an environment having masses providing poor drainage, it may be an advantage to arrange a filtrating canvas 5 on the said other side 1 B of the sheet.
  • a first mode of use for the protective sheet 1 where it is arranged in a traditional manner with the knobs facing a foundation wall 7.
  • Fill mass 6 e.g. broken stone or other mass having good drainage property is placed against the other side of the sheet. This draining mass may cause a substantial pressure against the sheet, wherefore the crater-like portion of the knob will effect a stiffening of the knob itself and ensure the necessary distance between the protective sheet and the foundation wall.
  • the channel 4 will in addition effect further drainage along the other side 1 B of the sheet, wherefore the water pressure against the sheet is reduced.
  • the mass 8 is in the form of mass having poor drainage capability, e.g. clay or fill mass containing earth.
  • the filtration canvas externally of the other side of the sheet, whereby water being filtered through the canvas escapes via the channels 4.
  • the filtrating canvas 5 prevents the channels 4 from being blocked by the mass 8.
  • the crater-like portion 3 of the knob 2 will effect further support of the canvas 5 and prevent it from being pressed into the recess 2A.
  • a protective sheet 1 intended as moist bar for a floor 9, e.g. a floor made from plates of wood chippings.
  • Sheet 1 is arranged on a cast layer 10 on the ground (not shown).
  • the channels 4 will in this case contribute to a certain ventilation between the floor plate 9 and the protective sheet 1.
  • the crater-like portion 3 of the knob 2 upon heavy point loads on the floor 9 contribute to the knob better withstanding such deforming forces.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)
  • Underground Structures, Protecting, Testing And Restoring Foundations (AREA)
  • Floor Finish (AREA)
  • Synthetic Leather, Interior Materials Or Flexible Sheet Materials (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
  • Foundations (AREA)
  • Road Signs Or Road Markings (AREA)

Abstract

Protective sheet, in particular for a foundation wall or a floor on the ground, said sheet (1) being made of a relatively stiff plastics material. A large number of spaced knobs (2) protrude from one side (1A) of the sheet, whereby the other side (1B) obtains a corresponding number of recesses (2A). The knobs (2) have a centrally disposed crater-like portion (3), the narrowest end (3A) of which is flush with the other side (1B) of the sheet. Between adjacent recesses (2A) there is arranged an open channel (4) provided through forming such that on the said one side of the sheet there appears a corresponding ridge between the knobs. Externally of the other side of the sheet there may be arranged a filtrating canvas co-acting with said channels (4).

Description

  • The present invention relates to a protective sheet, in particular for a foundation wall or a floor on the ground, comprising a substantially planar sheet of suitable, relatively stiff material, e.g. plastics, where one side of the sheet has a large number of spaced protrusions constituted by knobs made by forming, whereby the other side of the sheet thereby obtains a corresponding number of recesses provided by said forming. Such a sheet is known, for example, from DE-A-2640665 and DE-A-3006820.
  • The known so-called foundation wall sheets are presently used extensively as a covering of the foundation wall before fill masses are placed thereat. Where access to draining fill masses is poor, it is frequently an expressed wish to ensure that the water pressure against the foundation wall becomes the least possible. Such additional drainage is not always that easy to provide by means of the known foundation wall sheets having knobs. Further, it may in certain cases be desirable to provide the-foundation wall sheet with knobs which do not quite so easily yield due to external forces from e.g. the fill mass. Recently it has also been common to use these foundation wall sheets as a diffusion bar for a floor on the ground. With the prior art solutions, it is, however, necessary to provide spacing means to space the floor from the moisture bar, in order to provide sufficient ventilation or drainage under the floor. This is particularly important in the cases where a floor made e.g. from chip boards is used.
  • Thus, the present invention has as an object to provide a protective sheet providing a solution to the indicated drawbacks, and the introductory mentioned protective sheet is characterised according to the invention in that the knobs have a centrally provided, crater-like portion, e.g. of truncated conical form, the wide end of which is integral with the upper part of the knob and the narrowest end of which is substantially flush with the other side of the sheet. Between adjacent recesses there may be provided an open channel made by forming in such a manner that on said one side of the sheet there appears a corresponding rib between the knobs and with a height less than the height of the knob. According to a preferred feature of the invention, said other side of the sheet is covered with a filtering mat or canvas, whereby the arranged channels effect drainage of filtrated water.
  • Further features of the invention will appear from the subsequent description with reference to the attached drawings.
    • Fig. 1 is a section of a protective sheet according to the invention.
    • Fig. 2 is the cross-section II-II in fig. 1.
    • Fig. 3 is the cross-section of fig. 2 related to a filtrating canvas.
    • Fig. 4 illustrates the use of the protective sheet in a manner known per se.
    • Fig. 5 illustrates the use of the protective sheet in connection with a filtrating canvas.
    • Fig. 6 illustrates the use of the protective sheet as a moist bar for a floor on the ground.
  • In fig. 1 there is shown a protective sheet, e.g. of relatively stiff plastics which may possibly before use be present in a rolled-up form. As indicated in fig. 2, knobs 2 protrude from the one side 1 A of the sheet, said knobs having a centrally arranged crater-like portion 3 and where the bottom of the crater 3A is flush with the other side 1 B of the sheet. Between the recesses 2A provided by the forming of the knobs 2, there is on the other side 1 B of the sheet provided an open channel 4. On said one side 1A of the sheet there is thus a corresponding rib or ridge. The said channels 4 will, as regards a vertically disposed protective sheet, extend between adjacent recesses 2A being arranged vertically above each other. However, there is nothing against the knobs being arranged in a different manner than that illustrated in fig. 1. Thus, the knobs of one row of knobs could be shifted relative to the knobs in the adjacent rows of knobs.
  • In the cases where the protective sheet is to be arranged in an environment having masses providing poor drainage, it may be an advantage to arrange a filtrating canvas 5 on the said other side 1 B of the sheet.
  • In fig. 4 there is shown a first mode of use for the protective sheet 1, where it is arranged in a traditional manner with the knobs facing a foundation wall 7. Fill mass 6, e.g. broken stone or other mass having good drainage property is placed against the other side of the sheet. This draining mass may cause a substantial pressure against the sheet, wherefore the crater-like portion of the knob will effect a stiffening of the knob itself and ensure the necessary distance between the protective sheet and the foundation wall. The channel 4 will in addition effect further drainage along the other side 1 B of the sheet, wherefore the water pressure against the sheet is reduced.
  • In fig. 5, the mass 8 is in the form of mass having poor drainage capability, e.g. clay or fill mass containing earth. In this case it is desirable to arrange the filtration canvas externally of the other side of the sheet, whereby water being filtered through the canvas escapes via the channels 4.
  • The filtrating canvas 5 prevents the channels 4 from being blocked by the mass 8. In this connection the crater-like portion 3 of the knob 2 will effect further support of the canvas 5 and prevent it from being pressed into the recess 2A.
  • In Fig. 6 there is shown a protective sheet 1 intended as moist bar for a floor 9, e.g. a floor made from plates of wood chippings. Sheet 1 is arranged on a cast layer 10 on the ground (not shown). The channels 4 will in this case contribute to a certain ventilation between the floor plate 9 and the protective sheet 1. Further, the crater-like portion 3 of the knob 2 upon heavy point loads on the floor 9 contribute to the knob better withstanding such deforming forces.

Claims (3)

1. A protective sheet, in particular for a foundation wall or a floor on the ground, comprising a substantially planar sheet of suitable, relatively stiff material, e.g. plastics, one side (1A) of the sheet having a large number of spaced protrusions (2) constituted by knobs provided by forming, the other side (1 B) of the sheet thereby obtaining a corresponding number of recesses (2A) provided by said forming, characterised in that the knobs have a centrally disposed crater-like portion (3), e.g. of truncated conical form, the widest end of which is integral with the upper portion of the knob and the narrowest end (3A) of which is substantially flush with the other side (1B) of the sheet.
2. A protective sheet as claimed in claim 1 characterised in that between adjacent recesses (2A) there.is arranged an open channel (4) provided by forming in such a manner that on the one side (1A) of the sheet there appears a corresponding rib between the knobs (2) and with a height less than the height of the knobs.
3. A protective sheet as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 characterised in that said other side (1 B) of the sheet is covered by a filtrating mat or canvas (5), whereby said channels.effect drainage of filtrated water.
EP82900670A 1981-03-11 1982-03-03 A protective sheet, in particular for a foundation wall or a floor on the ground Expired EP0073786B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT82900670T ATE9500T1 (en) 1981-03-11 1982-03-03 PROTECTIVE PLATE PARTICULARLY FOR RETAINING WALL OR FLOOR.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NO810837A NO148041C (en) 1981-03-11 1981-03-11 PROTECTIVE PLATE, SPECIAL FOR FOUNDATION OR FLOOR ON GROUND
NO810837 1981-03-11

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0073786A1 EP0073786A1 (en) 1983-03-16
EP0073786B1 true EP0073786B1 (en) 1984-09-19

Family

ID=19885946

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP82900670A Expired EP0073786B1 (en) 1981-03-11 1982-03-03 A protective sheet, in particular for a foundation wall or a floor on the ground

Country Status (7)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0073786B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE9500T1 (en)
DE (1) DE3260762D1 (en)
DK (1) DK155161C (en)
FI (1) FI68441C (en)
NO (1) NO148041C (en)
WO (1) WO1982003099A1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE9308077U1 (en) * 1993-05-28 1994-02-17 Ewald Dörken AG, 58313 Herdecke Protective track for construction purposes

Families Citing this family (47)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3313476A1 (en) * 1983-04-14 1984-10-18 Werner 5860 Iserlohn Schlüter FILM-LIKE PLASTIC PLATE FOR DRAINAGE IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SCREED OR TILE COVERED FLOORS, TERRACES, BALCONIES OD. DGL.
KR900014692A (en) * 1989-03-31 1990-10-24 요시노 쇼우소우 Mold panel body
US4956951A (en) * 1989-06-26 1990-09-18 Sealed Air Corporation Laminated sheet for protecting underground vertical walls
US5026207A (en) * 1989-09-06 1991-06-25 Heath Robert G Recreational area construction
CA2070655A1 (en) * 1990-01-16 1991-07-17 Finn Johnsen Improvement in a system for protecting foundation walls and the like
DE4005176A1 (en) * 1990-02-19 1991-08-22 Heinrich Willi Rosemeier Plastics film for protection against damp - incorporates rows of conical knobs with indentation in side wall
GB9021302D0 (en) * 1990-09-27 1990-11-14 British Steel Plc Roof fixing
SE500700C2 (en) * 1991-07-08 1994-08-15 Profu Ab Separation layer for laying grass surfaces on sandy and / or gravel substrates and using the separation layer
NO930392D0 (en) * 1992-09-23 1993-02-04 Isola As DEVICE FOR PROTECTIVE PLATE, SPECIAL FOR FLOOR
CA2098263A1 (en) * 1993-06-11 1994-12-12 Joseph Clement Brodeur Earth drains
DE9404700U1 (en) * 1994-03-19 1995-07-20 Ewald Dörken AG, 58313 Herdecke Dimpled sheet for construction purposes
DK9500492U3 (en) * 1995-12-27 1996-02-23 Oldroyd Systemer As membrane
DE29807258U1 (en) 1998-04-22 1998-08-06 Schlüter-Systems GmbH, 58640 Iserlohn Foil-like drainage plate
US6918215B2 (en) 2000-08-09 2005-07-19 Longlac Wood Industries Inc. Free floating sub-floor panel
CA2315462C (en) * 2000-08-09 2003-05-13 Robert K. Smith Free floating sub-floor panel
CA101925S (en) 2002-09-30 2005-10-17 Isola As Underlay sheet
DE102004002115B4 (en) * 2004-01-14 2006-08-17 Ewald Dörken Ag Dimpled sheet, composite panel and method for producing a dimpled sheet
NO320438B1 (en) 2004-04-15 2005-12-05 Isola As Bossed
US7014390B1 (en) * 2004-11-09 2006-03-21 American Wick Drain Corporation Drainage member with expansion zones
NO20061366L (en) 2005-04-13 2006-10-16 Schlueter Systems Kg Floor construction coated with ceramic plates
DE102005035246A1 (en) 2005-07-25 2007-02-01 Ewald Dörken Ag Method for producing a web
DE05111659T1 (en) 2005-08-30 2007-08-09 Isola A/S Floor coverings with wooden slats on a substrate, method for dressing the substrate and use of studded slab
DE102006044754A1 (en) 2006-08-18 2008-02-21 Ewald Dörken Ag Train and tape
DE102006052257A1 (en) 2006-10-17 2008-04-24 Ewald Dörken Ag Dimpled sheet
US9188348B2 (en) * 2009-08-28 2015-11-17 Progress Profiles Spa Method and apparatus for positioning heating elements
USD813421S1 (en) 2009-08-28 2018-03-20 Progress Profiles Spa Floor underlayment
US8950141B2 (en) 2012-09-12 2015-02-10 Schluter Systems L.P. Veneer underlayment
US9016018B2 (en) * 2013-01-22 2015-04-28 Laticrete International, Inc. Support plate for installing tile
US10369739B2 (en) 2013-04-18 2019-08-06 Viconic Sporting Llc Surface underlayment system with interlocking resilient assemblies of shock tiles
US9394702B2 (en) * 2014-11-05 2016-07-19 Viconic Sporting Llc Surface underlayment system with interlocking resilient anti-slip shock tiles
US10215423B2 (en) 2014-08-18 2019-02-26 Progress Profiles S.P.A. Method and apparatus for positioning heating elements
SI3183505T1 (en) 2014-08-18 2019-10-30 Progress Profiles Spa Underlayment for positioning heating elements and floor assembly
USD806911S1 (en) 2015-03-17 2018-01-02 Silcart S.P.A. Floor underlayment
US9726383B1 (en) * 2016-06-17 2017-08-08 Progress Profiles S.P.A. Support for radiant covering and floor heating elements
US10859274B2 (en) 2016-04-01 2020-12-08 Progress Profiles S.P.A. Support for radiant covering and floor heating elements
USD971449S1 (en) 2016-04-13 2022-11-29 Progress Profiles S.P.A. Floor underlayment
DE202017101349U1 (en) 2017-03-09 2018-06-12 Werner Schlüter isolation mat
US10982451B2 (en) 2018-11-07 2021-04-20 Viconic Sporting Llc Progressive stage load distribution and absorption underlayment system
US11585102B2 (en) 2018-11-07 2023-02-21 Viconic Sporting Llc Load distribution and absorption underpayment system
USD1036979S1 (en) 2020-04-06 2024-07-30 Progress Profiles S.P.A. Floor underlayment
USD1036242S1 (en) 2020-04-22 2024-07-23 Progress Profiles S.P.A. Floor underlayment
US10928075B1 (en) * 2020-05-28 2021-02-23 Mp Global Products, L.L.C. Floor heating system including membranes that are configured to be joined together to house a heating cable, and membrane system including such membranes
US11892176B2 (en) 2020-05-28 2024-02-06 Mp Global Products, L.L.C. Universal membrane configured to be divided to form a base membrane and a cover membrane that is couplable to the base membrane to form an uncoupling membrane for installation between a subfloor and floor tiles
USD1036243S1 (en) 2020-10-09 2024-07-23 Progress Profiles S.P.A. Floor underlayment
US12460427B2 (en) 2022-06-30 2025-11-04 Viconic Sporting Llc Dual-purpose progressive stage load-distributing and absorbing system
USD1101979S1 (en) 2023-02-07 2025-11-11 Progress Profiles S.P.A. Floor underlayment
DE202024103091U1 (en) * 2024-06-11 2025-09-15 Schlüter-Systems Kg Mat or plate

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DE3006820C2 (en) * 1980-02-23 1983-05-26 ROMA Rosemeier GmbH & Co KG, 4973 Vlotho Fastening part for a plastic film provided with cup-shaped embossments to protect foundation walls
DE3027045A1 (en) * 1980-07-17 1982-02-11 Hegler, Wilhelm, 8730 Bad Kissingen FLAT-HOLLOW BODY, ESPECIALLY VENTILATION AND DRAINAGE OR ABSORBER PLATE

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE9308077U1 (en) * 1993-05-28 1994-02-17 Ewald Dörken AG, 58313 Herdecke Protective track for construction purposes

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DK497082A (en) 1982-11-08
NO810837L (en) 1982-09-13
ATE9500T1 (en) 1984-10-15
WO1982003099A1 (en) 1982-09-16
FI68441C (en) 1985-09-10
FI823854L (en) 1982-11-10
FI823854A0 (en) 1982-11-10
NO148041B (en) 1983-04-18
DK155161B (en) 1989-02-20
DE3260762D1 (en) 1984-10-25
DK155161C (en) 1989-07-03
FI68441B (en) 1985-05-31
EP0073786A1 (en) 1983-03-16
NO148041C (en) 1987-06-10

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