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EP0067374B1 - Method for the thermo-mechanical treatment of hot rolled steel - Google Patents

Method for the thermo-mechanical treatment of hot rolled steel Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0067374B1
EP0067374B1 EP82104877A EP82104877A EP0067374B1 EP 0067374 B1 EP0067374 B1 EP 0067374B1 EP 82104877 A EP82104877 A EP 82104877A EP 82104877 A EP82104877 A EP 82104877A EP 0067374 B1 EP0067374 B1 EP 0067374B1
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Prior art keywords
rolling
cooled
subsequent
temperature
rolling stock
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Expired
Application number
EP82104877A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0067374A3 (en
EP0067374A2 (en
EP0067374B2 (en
Inventor
Franz Tamm
Bernhard Höricke
Kurt Welfle
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Hennigsdorfer Stahl Engineering Te Hennigsdor GmbH
Original Assignee
VEB STAHL- und WALZWERK "WILHELM FLORIN" HENNIGSDORF
Hennigsdorfer Stahl Engineering GmbH
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Application filed by VEB STAHL- und WALZWERK "WILHELM FLORIN" HENNIGSDORF, Hennigsdorfer Stahl Engineering GmbH filed Critical VEB STAHL- und WALZWERK "WILHELM FLORIN" HENNIGSDORF
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
    • C21D8/0221—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the working steps
    • C21D8/0231—Warm rolling
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • C21D8/06—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of rods or wires
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
    • B21B1/16—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling wire rods, bars, merchant bars, rounds wire or material of like small cross-section
    • B21B1/18—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling wire rods, bars, merchant bars, rounds wire or material of like small cross-section in a continuous process

Definitions

  • thermomechanical treatment of rolling stock with which the structure and properties of the rolling stock can be favorably influenced by suitable selection of the forming temperatures, the degrees of forming, the forming speeds, the forming times, the dwell time after the forming and the subsequent cooling can.
  • controlled rolling of low-pearlite micro-alloyed steels achieves increased strength properties with good plastic values and good weldability.
  • Controlled rolling in which the rolled steel is formed in the stable austenite range at reduced temperatures, requires special rolling mill equipment with increased drive power and stability. The demands placed on the rolling mill equipment in so-called austenite form hardening are even higher, in which the shaping of the metastable austenite is used to improve the properties of the rolling stock.
  • the rolling mills have to be designed for the high loads during the design phase, because the process cannot be carried out in conventional rolling mills.
  • the rolling stock should have a more or less uniform temperature across the cross section in order to achieve homogeneous material properties.
  • the rolling stock is either slowly, e.g. B. with air, cooled or quenched intensively with pressurized water, which then adjusts to a temperature equalization.
  • the rolling process is interrupted and the forming is only continued after a certain period of time. Reductions in the performance of the rolling mill cannot be avoided.
  • the invention is based on the object of demonstrating a method for the thermomechanical treatment of rolled steel in continuous hot rolling, which enables an improvement in the material properties and a targeted setting of a reduced forming temperature immediately before the finish stitch (s).
  • This ZTU diagram shows the core temperature 1 of the rolling stock, the edge zone temperature 2 of the rolling stock, the A C3 temperature conversion line 3, the Ac l temperature conversion line 4 and the martensite conversion line M s of the treated steel.
  • the surface of the rolling stock is cooled intensively to a temperature above the martensite transformation temperature M s by means of pressurized water in the area a.
  • the further hot forming takes place in area b.
  • the core temperature drops, which results in a refinement of the structure.
  • the marginal zone and core show only slight differences in structure.
  • the drawing shows a further cooling stage c following the treatment according to the invention, which contributes to the setting of certain strength properties as well as the previous cooling stage in area a of the drawing, but is carried out with considerably reduced cooling expenditure.
  • the cooling stage indicated by area a in the drawing has a positive effect on the result of any subsequent thermomechanical treatment.
  • the method according to the invention enables the material properties which are optimal for a given steel composition to be achieved.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
  • Metal Rolling (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Strip Materials And Filament Materials (AREA)
  • Heat Treatments In General, Especially Conveying And Cooling (AREA)
  • Control Of Heat Treatment Processes (AREA)

Abstract

1. A method for the thermomechanical treatment of continuously hot rolled steel, especially wire rods and small sections, in which the rolled stock subsequent to preceding passes is cooled on the surface thereof and during the subsequent establishment of thermal equilibrium between its surface zone and the core is subjected to a further hot forming operation, wherein the surface of the rolled stock, starting from the temperature of the last-preceding pass, is cooled at a cooling rate of 1 800 degrees C/s by at least 600 degrees C, and wherein during the subsequent forming operation a reduction of at least 10% is observed.

Description

Die hohen Walzgeschwindigkeiten in modernen Warmwalzstraßen haben zu gesteigerten Umformtemperaturen geführt, die zwar für den Verformungswiderstand des Walzguts günstig sind, jedoch häufig negative Auswirkungen auf das Gefüge und die Werkstoffeigenschaften haben. Eine Senkung der Umformtemperaturen führt zwar zu verbesserten Werkstoffeigenschaften, hat jedoch die Nachteile eines erhöhten Kraftbedarfs für die Umformung, eines erhöhten Walzenverschleisses und einer Leistungsverringerung der Walzstraßen.The high rolling speeds in modern hot rolling mills have led to increased forming temperatures, which are favorable for the resistance to deformation of the rolling stock, but often have negative effects on the structure and the material properties. Lowering the forming temperatures leads to improved material properties, but has the disadvantages of an increased power requirement for the forming, an increased roll wear and a reduction in the performance of the rolling mills.

In verschiedenen Industrieländern werden Verfahren zur sog. thermomechanischen Behandlung von Walzgut angewendet, mit denen durch geeignete Wahl der Umformtemperaturen, der Umformgrade, der Umformgeschwindigkeiten, der Umformzeitpunkte, der Verweilzeit nach der Umformung und der anschließenden Abkühlung das Gefüge und die Eigenschaften des Walzgutes günstig beeinflußt werden können. So werden beispielsweise beim sog. « kontrollierten Walzen von perlitarmen mikrolegierten Stählen erhöhte Festigkeitseigenschaften bei guten plastischen Werten und guter Schweißbarkeit erzielt. Das « kontrollierte Walzen », bei dem der Walzstahl bei herabgesetzten Temperaturen jedoch noch im Bereich des stabilen Austenits umgeformt wird, erfordert besondere Walzwerksausrüstungen mit erhöhter Antriebsleistung und Stabilität. Noch höher sind die Anforderungen an die Walzwerksausrüstungen beim sog. Austenitformhärten, bei welchem die Umformung des metastabilen Austenits zur Eigenschaftsverbesserung des Walzgutes ausgenutzt wird. In diesem Falle müssen die Walzwerke bereits bei der Konstruktion auf die hohen Beanspruchungen ausgelegt werden, weil das Verfahren in üblichen Walzstraßen nicht durchgeführt werden kann.In various industrialized countries, processes for the so-called thermomechanical treatment of rolling stock are used, with which the structure and properties of the rolling stock can be favorably influenced by suitable selection of the forming temperatures, the degrees of forming, the forming speeds, the forming times, the dwell time after the forming and the subsequent cooling can. For example, controlled rolling of low-pearlite micro-alloyed steels achieves increased strength properties with good plastic values and good weldability. “Controlled rolling”, in which the rolled steel is formed in the stable austenite range at reduced temperatures, requires special rolling mill equipment with increased drive power and stability. The demands placed on the rolling mill equipment in so-called austenite form hardening are even higher, in which the shaping of the metastable austenite is used to improve the properties of the rolling stock. In this case, the rolling mills have to be designed for the high loads during the design phase, because the process cannot be carried out in conventional rolling mills.

Bei der bekannten thermischen Verfestigung aus der Walzhitze, bei dem das Walzgut nach beendeter Umformung einer intensiven Abkühlung unterworfen wird, ist ein bestimmter Wärmeentzug notwendig, um das angestrebte Vergütungsgefüge in den Randzonen der Walzadern zu erhalten. Je höher die Walzendtemperatur liegt, umso schwieriger ist diese Aufgabe zu lösen. Darüber hinaus ist dieses Verfahren nur bis zu bestimmten Walzgut-Abmessungen anwendbar.In the known thermal hardening from the rolling heat, in which the rolling stock is subjected to intensive cooling after the shaping has ended, a certain amount of heat removal is necessary in order to maintain the desired remuneration structure in the edge zones of the rolling veins. The higher the final roll temperature, the more difficult this task is to solve. In addition, this method can only be used up to certain rolling stock dimensions.

Sowohl bei der üblichen Warmumformung in Walzstraßen als auch bei den modernen thermomechanischen Behandlungsverfahren soll das Walzgut eine mehr oder weniger gleichmäßige Temperatur über den Querschnitt aufweisen, um homogene Werkstoffeigenschaften zu erzielen. Zum Erhalt einer gleichmäßigen Temperatur über den Walzgutquerschnitt wird das Walzgut vor der maßgeblichen Umformung entweder langsam, z. B. mit Luft, abgekühlt oder mit Druckwasser intensiv abgeschreckt, wobei sich anschließend ein Temperaturausgleich einstellt. In beiden Fällen wird der Walzvorgang unterbrochen und die Umformung erst nach einer bestimmten Zeitspanne fortgesetzt. Minderungen der Leistung des Walzwerkes sind dabei nicht zu vermeiden.Both in the usual hot forming in rolling mills and in modern thermomechanical treatment processes, the rolling stock should have a more or less uniform temperature across the cross section in order to achieve homogeneous material properties. To obtain a uniform temperature across the cross section of the rolling stock, the rolling stock is either slowly, e.g. B. with air, cooled or quenched intensively with pressurized water, which then adjusts to a temperature equalization. In both cases, the rolling process is interrupted and the forming is only continued after a certain period of time. Reductions in the performance of the rolling mill cannot be avoided.

Aus der FR-A-2 196 207 ist ein Verfahren zum Warmwalzen von Knüppeln zu Stabmaterial bekannt, bei dem die Walzgutoberfläche zwischen mehreren Walzgerüsten der Fertigstraße mit Wasser gekühlt und anschließend die Walzguttemperaturen in Schlingenbildnern zumindest teilweise egalisiert werden, wodurch die Temperatur über den gesamten Walzgutquerschnitt abgesenkt wird. Durch diese wiederholten Kühl- und Egalisiervorgänge soll der bei jedem Umformvorgang auftretenden Erwärmung des Walzguts entgegengewirkt und dadurch das Walzgutgefüge verbessert werden.From FR-A-2 196 207 a method for hot rolling billets into rod material is known, in which the surface of the rolling stock between several stands of the finishing train is cooled with water and then the temperatures of the rolling stock are at least partially equalized in loop formers, whereby the temperature over the entire cross section of the rolling stock is lowered. These repeated cooling and leveling processes are intended to counteract the heating of the rolling stock that occurs with each forming process and thereby to improve the structure of the rolling stock.

Ein ähnliches Vorgehen wird in der FR-A-2 251 384 beschrieben, bei dem jedoch die Kühlvorgänge des Walzgutes nicht zwischen den einzelnen Fertiggerüsten, sondern auf einer relativ langen Strecke vor seinem Einlauf in die Fertigstraße vorgenommen werden, um auch in diesem Fall Endtemperaturen von 955 °C des aus dem letzten Fertiggerüst auslaufenden Stabmaterials nicht zu überschreiten. Die Walzgut-Durchlaufstrecke vor der Fertigstraße ist so bemessen, daß ein Temperaturausgleich zwischen den durch Besprühen mit Wasser gekühlten Randzonen und dem heißen Walzgutkern stattfindet, bevor das Walzgut in das erste Fertiggerüst einläuft.A similar procedure is described in FR-A-2 251 384, in which, however, the cooling processes of the rolling stock are not carried out between the individual finishing stands, but rather over a relatively long distance before they enter the finishing train, in order in this case also to achieve final temperatures of 955 ° C of the rod material emerging from the last finishing stand must not be exceeded. The rolling stock run before the finishing train is dimensioned so that a temperature compensation takes place between the edge zones cooled by spraying with water and the hot core of the rolling stock before the rolling stock enters the first finishing stand.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zur thermomechanischen Behandlung von Walzstatrl beim kontinuierlichen Warmwalzen aufzuzeigen, das eine Verbesserung der Werkstoffeigenschaften und eine gezielte Einstellung einer verringerten Umformtemperatur unmittelbar vor dem oder den Fertigstich(en) ermöglicht.The invention is based on the object of demonstrating a method for the thermomechanical treatment of rolled steel in continuous hot rolling, which enables an improvement in the material properties and a targeted setting of a reduced forming temperature immediately before the finish stitch (s).

Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe durch die Merkmale des Patentanspruchs 1, nämlich dadurch, daß der Walzstahl nach vorangegangenen Walzstichen an seiner Oberfläche abgekühlt und während des anschließenden Temperaturausgleichs zwischen seiner Randzone und dem Kern einer weiteren Warmumformung unterworfen wird, wobei die Walzgutoberfläche ausgehend von der Temperatur des letzten vorangegangenen Walzstichs mit einer Abkühlungsgeschwindigkeit von 1800 °C/sec um mindestens 600 °C abgekühlt wird und wobei in der nachfolgenden Umformung ein Umformgrad von mindestens 10 % eingehalten wird.This object is achieved by the features of patent claim 1, namely in that the rolled steel is cooled on its surface after previous rolling passes and is subjected to a further hot forming during the subsequent temperature compensation between its edge zone and the core, the surface of the rolling stock starting from the temperature of the last one previous roll pass is cooled by a cooling rate of 1800 ° C / sec by at least 600 ° C and in the subsequent forming a degree of deformation of at least 10% is maintained.

Durch die sich bei Einhaltung der beanspruchten Werte ergebende intensive Abkühlung der Walzgutoberfläche bis vorzugsweise oberhalb der Martensit-Umwandlungstemperatur Ms z. B. mittels Druckwasser bildet sich in den Randzonen des Walzgutes vorteilhaft ein feinkörniges Gefüge aus. Da sich der folgende Umformvorgang unmittelbar an den intensiven Kühlvorgang anschließt und mit einem Umformgrad bzw. einer Stichabnahme von mindestens 10% vorgenommen wird, ergibt sich eine intensive Einwirkung der Umformkräfte auf das noch heiße und daher duktilere Kernmaterial, was eine Verfeinerung des Gefüges zur Folge hat. Als Ergebnis weisen Randzone und Kern nur noch geringe Gefügeunterschiede auf, wobei das erfindungsgemäß behandelte Walzgut verbesserte Werkstoffeigenschaften für die Weiterverarbeitung hat, und zwar trotz hoher Walzgeschwindigkeiten und Walztemperaturen.As a result of the intensive cooling of the surface of the rolling stock resulting from compliance with the claimed values, preferably up to above the martensite transition temperature M s z. B. by means of pressurized water advantageously forms a fine-grained structure in the edge zones of the rolling stock. Since the subsequent forming process immediately follows the intensive cooling process and is carried out with a degree of forming or a reduction in the stitch of at least 10%, there is an intensive effect of the forming forces on the still hot and therefore more ductile core material, which is a Refinement of the structure results. As a result, the edge zone and core have only slight structural differences, the rolled stock treated according to the invention having improved material properties for further processing, in spite of high rolling speeds and rolling temperatures.

Die Erfindung soll nachstehend anhand eines im ZTU-Schaubild dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiels näher erläutert werden.The invention will be explained in more detail below using an exemplary embodiment shown in the ZTU diagram.

In diesem ZTU-Schaubild sind die Kerntemperatur 1 des Walzgutes, die Randzonentemperatur 2 des Walzgutes, die AC3-Temperaturumwandlungslinie 3, die Acl-Temperaturumwandlungslinie 4 und die Martensitumwandlungslinie Ms des behandelten Stahls dargestellt.This ZTU diagram shows the core temperature 1 of the rolling stock, the edge zone temperature 2 of the rolling stock, the A C3 temperature conversion line 3, the Ac l temperature conversion line 4 and the martensite conversion line M s of the treated steel.

Ausgehend von der Umformtemperatur von beispielsweise 1 100 °C der vorangegangenen Walzstiche erfolgt eine intensive Abkühlung des Walzgutes an seiner Oberfläche auf eine Temperatur oberhalb der Martensitumwandlungstemperatur Ms mittels Druckwasser im Bereich a. Anschließend erfolgt in der Phase des Temperaturausgleichs zwischen Oberfläche und Walzgutkern die weitere Warmumformung im Bereich b. In der kälteren Randzone ist die Rekristallisation gebremst und im Ergebnis der Behandlung liegt in dieser Randzone ein feinkörnigeres Gefüge vor, als es sich ohne Kühlung einstellt. Infolge des Temperaturausgleichs während der Formgebung fällt die Kerntemperatur ab, was eine Verfeinerung des Gefüges zur Folge hat. Im Endergebnis weisen Randzone und Kern nur noch geringe Gefügeunterschiede auf.Starting from the forming temperature of, for example, 1,100 ° C. of the previous rolling passes, the surface of the rolling stock is cooled intensively to a temperature above the martensite transformation temperature M s by means of pressurized water in the area a. Subsequently, in the phase of temperature compensation between the surface and the rolling stock core, the further hot forming takes place in area b. In the colder edge zone, recrystallization is slowed down and, as a result of the treatment, there is a more fine-grained structure in this edge zone than occurs without cooling. As a result of the temperature compensation during shaping, the core temperature drops, which results in a refinement of the structure. In the end, the marginal zone and core show only slight differences in structure.

Die Zeichnung zeigt eine weitere Kühlstufe c im Anschluß an die erfindungsgemäße Behandlung, die zur Einstellung bestimmter Festigkeitseigenschaften ebenso wie die vorangegangene Kühlstufe im Bereich a der Zeichnung beiträgt, jedoch mit erheblich verringertem kühltechnischen Aufwand durchgeführt wird.The drawing shows a further cooling stage c following the treatment according to the invention, which contributes to the setting of certain strength properties as well as the previous cooling stage in area a of the drawing, but is carried out with considerably reduced cooling expenditure.

Die durch den Bereich a in der Zeichnung angegebene Kühlstufe wirkt sich auf das Ergebnis jeder beliebigen nachfolgenden thermomechanischen Behandlung positiv aus.The cooling stage indicated by area a in the drawing has a positive effect on the result of any subsequent thermomechanical treatment.

Durch das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren können trotz hoher Walzgeschwindigkeiten und Walztemperaturen die für eine gegebene Stahlzusammensetzung optimalen Werkstoffeigenschaften erreicht werden.In spite of high rolling speeds and rolling temperatures, the method according to the invention enables the material properties which are optimal for a given steel composition to be achieved.

Aufstellung der verwendeten Bezugszeichen

Figure imgb0001
List of the reference numerals used
Figure imgb0001

Claims (2)

1. A method for the thermomechanical treatment of continuously hot rolled steel, especially wire rods and small sections, in which the rolled stock subsequent to preceding passes is cooled on the surface thereof and during the subsequent establishment of thermal equilibrium between its surface zone and the core is subjected to a further hot forming operation, wherein the surface of the rolled stock, starting from the temperature of the last-preceding pass, is cooled at a cooling rate of 1 800 °C/s by at least 600 °C, and wherein during the subsequent forming operation a reduction of at least 10% is observed.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the rolled stock formed in the last-preceding pass at about 1 100 °C is cooled on the surface thereof with pressure water.
EP82104877A 1981-06-11 1982-06-03 Method for the thermo-mechanical treatment of hot rolled steel Expired - Lifetime EP0067374B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DD230714 1981-06-11
DD81230071A DD160457A1 (en) 1981-06-11 1981-06-11 METHOD FOR THE THERMOMECHANICAL TREATMENT OF ROLLING STEEL

Publications (4)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0067374A2 EP0067374A2 (en) 1982-12-22
EP0067374A3 EP0067374A3 (en) 1983-07-20
EP0067374B1 true EP0067374B1 (en) 1986-12-30
EP0067374B2 EP0067374B2 (en) 1995-10-18

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EP82104877A Expired - Lifetime EP0067374B2 (en) 1981-06-11 1982-06-03 Method for the thermo-mechanical treatment of hot rolled steel

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EP (1) EP0067374B2 (en)
AT (1) ATE24424T1 (en)
DD (1) DD160457A1 (en)
DE (1) DE3274812D1 (en)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH658074A5 (en) * 1982-10-18 1986-10-15 Moos Stahl Ag METHOD FOR COMPENSATION OF ROLLED PRODUCTS, DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE PROCEDURE AND Rebar MADE UNDER THE PROCEDURE.
DE3518925A1 (en) * 1985-05-25 1986-11-27 Kocks Technik Gmbh & Co, 4010 Hilden METHOD FOR THE CONTROLLED ROD AND WIRE ROLLING OF ALLOY STEELS
DE19712616C2 (en) * 1997-03-26 1999-07-15 Thyssen Stahl Ag Hot rolling of steel strip
RU2735308C1 (en) * 2019-07-24 2020-10-29 Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина" Thermomechanical processing method

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2196207A1 (en) * 1972-08-18 1974-03-15 Morgan Construction Co
CA1028535A (en) * 1973-11-15 1978-03-28 Bethlehem Steel Corporation Method for controlling the temperature of steel during hot-rolling on a continuous hot-rolling mill
DE2717780B2 (en) * 1977-04-21 1979-11-29 Hamburger Stahlwerke Gmbh, 2103 Hamburg Manufacture of wire rod

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0067374A3 (en) 1983-07-20
DE3274812D1 (en) 1987-02-05
EP0067374A2 (en) 1982-12-22
ATE24424T1 (en) 1987-01-15
DD160457A1 (en) 1983-08-03
EP0067374B2 (en) 1995-10-18

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