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EP0052674A1 - Système biphasique de conversion d'énergie thermique - Google Patents

Système biphasique de conversion d'énergie thermique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0052674A1
EP0052674A1 EP80304110A EP80304110A EP0052674A1 EP 0052674 A1 EP0052674 A1 EP 0052674A1 EP 80304110 A EP80304110 A EP 80304110A EP 80304110 A EP80304110 A EP 80304110A EP 0052674 A1 EP0052674 A1 EP 0052674A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
prime mover
water
fluid
mixer
flow rate
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP80304110A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Lawrence E. Bissell
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to EP80304110A priority Critical patent/EP0052674A1/fr
Publication of EP0052674A1 publication Critical patent/EP0052674A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K21/00—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for
    • F01K21/04—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for using mixtures of steam and gas; Plants generating or heating steam by bringing water or steam into direct contact with hot gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K21/00—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for
    • F01K21/04—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for using mixtures of steam and gas; Plants generating or heating steam by bringing water or steam into direct contact with hot gas
    • F01K21/042—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for using mixtures of steam and gas; Plants generating or heating steam by bringing water or steam into direct contact with hot gas pure steam being expanded in a motor somewhere in the plant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K21/00—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for
    • F01K21/04—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for using mixtures of steam and gas; Plants generating or heating steam by bringing water or steam into direct contact with hot gas
    • F01K21/047—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for using mixtures of steam and gas; Plants generating or heating steam by bringing water or steam into direct contact with hot gas having at least one combustion gas turbine

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to heat engines and more particularly relates to a two-phase thermal -energy conversion system.
  • the heat of condensation can be converted to mechanical power with increased efficiency. It is of potential use in the conversion of solar energy. This is due to the fact that it will convert heat to energy contained in water below the boiling point of water at atmospheric pressure. Such hot water may be stored conveniently and economically for use at a later time, for example when no sunlight is available.
  • the system of the present invention may utilize sea water or other salt water. In this case, fresh water may be obtained as the output of a prime mover of the system. This is in addition to the mechanical power obtainable form the heat of the water.
  • first fluid consisting of a liquid evaporable within a range of predetermined or operating temperatures and pressures and a second fluid consisting of a gas which cannot be liquefied within this predetermined temperature and pressure range.
  • the liquid may consist of water and the gas may consist of air.
  • the water and air are mixed, preferably to equilibrium at a given temperature, and the equilibrium mixture is fed to a prime mover for extracting energy from the mixture.
  • the mixture is in equilibrium when the air is saturated by water vapor at the temperature of the mixture.
  • the corresponding pressure is the equilibrium pressure for that temperature.
  • the source of hot water 10 is connected to a pump 16 through a conduit 17. Following the pump 16 is a controllable valve 18 connected to the pump by a conduit 20. The output of the valve 18 is connected to the evaporator or mixing chamber 12 by a conduit 21.
  • the evaporator 12 may have the form shown in Fig. 2.
  • Ambient air is compressed by another pump 23 connected to a controllable valve 24 by a conduit 25.
  • the air from the controllable valve 24 is fed to the evaporator 12 by a conduit 26.
  • the hot water is mixed with the air in intimate contact.
  • the air will absorb water vapor and the mixture of air and vapor is fed by a conduit 28 into the prime mover 14.
  • the prime mover 14 is connnected to the generator 15 by a mechanical shaft 30.
  • the water of the source 10 may be hot water obtained from a thermal source heated by solar energy. Alternatively, it may be heated by the waste heat of some low temperature process such as the exhaust steam of a steam turbine.
  • the temperature of the hot water may be below the boiling point of water but also may be at or near the boiling point of water, that is, at or near 212° F (100° C) at sea level pressure.
  • the vapor pressure of the liquid such as water is utilized.
  • This need not necessarily be the steam pressure above the boiling point of the liquid.
  • the liquid could be any liquid which may be evaporated at a predetermined temperature and pressure range which is the operating temperature and pressure.
  • any gas may be used which does not liquefy at the operating temperature and pressure range.
  • Table I may be used to calculate equilibrium pressures and other operating characteristics of systems of the present invention.
  • Column 1 shows the temperature in degrees F of the mixture of water and air within the prime mover 14.
  • Column 2 gives the total volume in cubic feet of one pound of vapor at the temperature shown in Column 1. This may readily be obtained from a so-called steam table. Such a table has been published for example by Combustion Engineering-Superheater, Inc., 3rd Edition, 1940.
  • the condensed water may leave the prime mover 14 through conduit 32 while the air and any remaining water vapor leaves through conduit 33.
  • the conduits 32 and 33 may be open ended. However where the prime mover 14 is operated as part of a closed system, the conduits 32 and 33 may be connected respectively to the air inlet to the pump 23 and to the hot water source 10.
  • a first sensor 34 is shown mounted on the prime mover drive shaft 30 to monitor the load demand upon the prime mover 14.
  • a second sensor 35 is associated with the evaporator 12 for monitoring the temperature of the discharge water 45 leaving the evaporator.
  • These sensors 34 and 35 jointly feed into a control device 36 as shown by lines 37 and 38.
  • the control device 36 in turn controls the controllable valves 24 and 18 as shown by lines 40 and 41 so that the rate of air flow is proportional to the prime mover load demand while the rate of hot water flow is varied inversely with the discharge water temperature. When controlled in this fashion, the mixture in the conduit 28 is saturated and can be substantially at the temperature of the hot water entering the evaporator 12.
  • prime mover 14 may for example be a vapor turbine.
  • the turbine should be of substantially constant axial cross-section from inlet to outlet.
  • the prime mover 14 may comprise a reciprocating engine.
  • hot water may be sprayed into a cylinder that contains dry air, thus combining the mixing chamber 12 within the prime mover 14.
  • the hot water vaporizes and humidifies the air.
  • the pressure inside the cylinder is increased by an amount which is only slightly less than the vapor pressure of the injected water. Thereafter this humid mixture expands, doing work on the piston under conditions of increasing volume and decreasing pressure.
  • the water which accumulates in the evaporator 12 as shown at 45 may be vented outside through a valve 46 which is controlled by a sensor 47 in accordance with the level of the water 45 in the evaporator 12.
  • the source of hot water may be sea water or other salt water.
  • the water recovered from conduit 32 from the prime mover will be fresh water which is obtained as a by-procuct of the energy conversion system of the invention.
  • Another form of piston engine which could be used compresses air to the vapor pressure of water above the atmospheric boiling point of the water at the top of the stroke.
  • hot water or steam may be mixed with the air on the down stroke.
  • the addition of the water or steam is effected at a rate to maintain the maximum pressure over a portion of the stroke. This action is similar to that of a diesel cycle:
  • Fig. 3 indicates the theoretical engine efficiency at constant volume of prime mover 14 as a function of the engine exhaust temperature in degrees F.
  • the chart of Fig. 3 was obtained from the efficiency in percent as shown in Column 8 of Table I.
  • FIG. 4 A second embodiment of the thermal energy conversion system of the invention is illustrated in Fig. 4.
  • This system comprises a conventional boiler 60 which may be heated by fuel entering the fuel line 61. The water is heated until steam is obtained which is fed by conduit 62 into a first portion 65 of a prime mover.
  • the prime mover portion 65 may be a steam turbine.
  • the steam turbine 65 extracts heat from the steam and the steam pressure drops to a low value as it exits the steam turbine 65 through conduit 66 into a second portion 67 of the prime mover via a rate of flow sensor 63.
  • the prime mover portion 67 may also be a turbine such as a vapor turbine of constant volume.
  • the rate of flow sensor 63 may for example include a Venturi tube or the like.
  • ambient air may be pumped by a pump 68 and fed through a conduit 70 to a controllable valve 71 which in turn supplies the compressed air by conduit 72 to the turbine 67.
  • the prime mover 67 may drive a drive shaft 74, and an electric generator 75 or the like.
  • the rate of flow sensor 63 output is used to control the controllable valve 71 as indicated by the line 76.
  • the control is such that the volumes of steam and air supplied to the prime mover 67 are in such proportions as to effect substantially optimum condensation of the water vapor in the turbine 67.
  • the air and any remaining water vapor are discharged through conduit 77 while the condensate or water is discharged through line 78.
  • the drive shaft 74 may be coupled to the pump 68 for driving the pump.
  • the water discharged at conduit 78 may be fed back into the boiler 60 by a conventional feedwater pump.
  • a closed system may be employed in which the air from conduit 77 is fed back into the pump 68, in which case the pressure of the systsem is not tied to atmospheric pressure.
  • the prime mover portion 65 may be dispensed with and the low pressure steam may be fed directly to the prime mover 67 via the rate of flow sensor 63.
  • This is represented in Fig. 4 by the broken lines 82 shown connecting directly between the pipes 62 and 66, bypassing the portion 65.
  • FIG. 5 Another embodiment of the two-phase thermal energy conversion system of the invention is illustrated in Fig. 5 to which reference is now made.
  • a gas turbine 85 is fed from a fuel source 86.
  • the products of combustion of the gas turbine 85 are fed through a conduit 88 into another turbine 90 via a rate of flow sensor 87.
  • the turbine 90 may be a vapor turbine. In this case, of course, it is a gas which is hot rather than the liquid.
  • the liquid may be water obtained from a source of water 91 which is pumped by a pump 92 past the controllable valve 93 and through a conduit 94 into the vapor turbine 90.
  • the valve 93 is controlled.
  • the volume of the hot gas from the exhaust of gas turbine 85 is proportional to the volume of water obtained through valve 93 to obtain substantially optimum condensation of the water vapor in vapor turbine 90.
  • the exhaust gases and any remaining water vapor are discharged through line 97 while the condensate water itself is discharged through line 98.
  • the vapor turbine 90 may have an output shaft 10 to drive a generator 101 or some other useful work producing engine.
  • the output shaft 10 may be connected as shown by dotted line 102 to the pump 92 for driving it.
  • the turbines 85 and 90 are shown coupled together mechanically but it will be understood that such a mechanical coupling may be dispensed with and the turbines may have independent power outputs if desired.
  • the water obtained from conduit 98 may be recycled by reinserting it into the water source 91.
  • the block 85 may represent simply a burner for fuel from the source 86 or may be any source of hot gas.
  • the sensor 87 monitors the hot gas and controls the rate of water flow accordingly for mixing in the vapor turbine 90.
  • the system of the present invention may for example utilize hot water which may be at or near the boiling point and a gas which is not liquefiable at the operating temperature and pressure, such as air.
  • the system utilizes the fact that with a constant volume a pressure increase takes place when water is evaporated into dry air. This pressure increase may then be utilized to drive a prime mover such for example as a turbine or a reciprocating piston engine.
  • a prime mover such for example as a turbine or a reciprocating piston engine. It is preferable in systems of the invention that the volume of water and the volume of air be controlled to effect substantially optimum condensation of the evaporated liquid in the prime mover.
  • the prime mover may be constructed of relatively inexpensive materials which do not need to withstand high temperatures. It is also able to operate on heat energy derived from waste heat of conventional steam power systems which operate at high temperatures, as well as energy from low grade heat sources such as geothermal, solar, and the like. Because of the operation at relatively low maximum temperatures and pressures, plastic working parts can be used and the mechanical prime movers can be made very cheaply to handle large displacements. The associated pumps and fans or blowers can also be small and economical. Heat exchangers, where employed, can be similar to automotive radiators.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
EP80304110A 1980-11-14 1980-11-14 Système biphasique de conversion d'énergie thermique Withdrawn EP0052674A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP80304110A EP0052674A1 (fr) 1980-11-14 1980-11-14 Système biphasique de conversion d'énergie thermique

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP80304110A EP0052674A1 (fr) 1980-11-14 1980-11-14 Système biphasique de conversion d'énergie thermique

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0052674A1 true EP0052674A1 (fr) 1982-06-02

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EP80304110A Withdrawn EP0052674A1 (fr) 1980-11-14 1980-11-14 Système biphasique de conversion d'énergie thermique

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EP (1) EP0052674A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2269634A (en) * 1992-08-14 1994-02-16 Millennium Tech Inc Method and apparatus for power generation
DE102013013554A1 (de) * 2013-08-14 2015-02-19 Hermann Leo Christoph Leffers Leffers Motoren
EP2854267B1 (fr) * 2013-09-27 2018-07-25 King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST) Moteurs/générateurs électriques linéaires et systèmes de conversion d'énergie avec ceux-ci

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3101592A (en) * 1961-01-16 1963-08-27 Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc Closed power generating system
US3878680A (en) * 1970-09-30 1975-04-22 Hector A Dauvergne Heat injection engine apparatus
FR2355177A1 (fr) * 1975-06-17 1978-01-13 Bradbury Inventions Pty Ltd Turbine axiale a plusieurs etages
US4085591A (en) * 1975-09-23 1978-04-25 Bissell Lawrence E Continuous flow, evaporative-type thermal energy recovery apparatus and method for thermal energy recovery
US4106294A (en) * 1977-02-02 1978-08-15 Julius Czaja Thermodynamic process and latent heat engine

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3101592A (en) * 1961-01-16 1963-08-27 Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc Closed power generating system
US3878680A (en) * 1970-09-30 1975-04-22 Hector A Dauvergne Heat injection engine apparatus
FR2355177A1 (fr) * 1975-06-17 1978-01-13 Bradbury Inventions Pty Ltd Turbine axiale a plusieurs etages
US4085591A (en) * 1975-09-23 1978-04-25 Bissell Lawrence E Continuous flow, evaporative-type thermal energy recovery apparatus and method for thermal energy recovery
US4106294A (en) * 1977-02-02 1978-08-15 Julius Czaja Thermodynamic process and latent heat engine

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2269634A (en) * 1992-08-14 1994-02-16 Millennium Tech Inc Method and apparatus for power generation
GB2269634B (en) * 1992-08-14 1995-08-09 Millennium Tech Inc Method and apparatus for power generation
DE102013013554A1 (de) * 2013-08-14 2015-02-19 Hermann Leo Christoph Leffers Leffers Motoren
EP2854267B1 (fr) * 2013-09-27 2018-07-25 King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST) Moteurs/générateurs électriques linéaires et systèmes de conversion d'énergie avec ceux-ci

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PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

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Effective date: 19821126

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Effective date: 19850213