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EP0048648A1 - Coupled cavities delay line for a travelling-wave tube, and travelling-wave tube comprising such a line - Google Patents

Coupled cavities delay line for a travelling-wave tube, and travelling-wave tube comprising such a line Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0048648A1
EP0048648A1 EP81401351A EP81401351A EP0048648A1 EP 0048648 A1 EP0048648 A1 EP 0048648A1 EP 81401351 A EP81401351 A EP 81401351A EP 81401351 A EP81401351 A EP 81401351A EP 0048648 A1 EP0048648 A1 EP 0048648A1
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Prior art keywords
delay line
cavities
wave tube
line
traveling wave
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EP81401351A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0048648B1 (en
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Christian Deville
Francis Payen
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Thales SA
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Thomson CSF SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H01J23/16—Circuit elements, having distributed capacitance and inductance, structurally associated with the tube and interacting with the discharge
    • H01J23/24—Slow-wave structures, e.g. delay systems

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  • the present invention relates to delay lines with coupled cavities for traveling wave tubes as well as microwave tubes comprising such a line.
  • Delayed lines with coupled cavities are more particularly used in traveling wave tubes where they ensure the interaction between an electron beam moving along the axis of the line and an electromagnetic wave traversing the line. When conditions of synchronism of the wave and the beam are fulfilled, the electrons yield energy to the electromagnetic wave.
  • the delay lines with coupled cavities consist of a series of resonant cavities, separated from each other by pierced walls, by at least one coupling opening between cavities and by an opening for the passage of the electron beam, focused according to the axis of the line.
  • a high coupling impedance leads to a high value of the quotient , which results in a dispersive line and a low bandwidth, and / or at a high value of the R / Q quotient, this which results in poor thermal robustness.
  • the electron beam is highly disturbed, particularly in the final part of the delay line where the amplitude of the microwave voltage between the tips of cavities becomes a high fraction of the acceleration voltage of the electrons which gave them their initial speed.
  • a traveling wave tube provided with a delay line with coupled cavities designed according to the prior art will have a high interaction efficiency to the detriment of either the amplification band which will be weak with respect to what it is possible to reach with this type of line, that is to say the average power which the traveling wave tube can provide.
  • the present invention relates to a delay line with coupled cavities of increased thermal robustness and having as good a conversion efficiency as the lines with coupled cavities of the prior art, without reduction of the amplification band.
  • the present invention relates to a delay line with recessed coupled cavities, externally bounded by a cylindrical wall whose axis coincides with that along which the electron beam of the tube is propagated, and bounded laterally by walls perpendicular to this axis, each wall being common to two cavities, said walls being pierced by at least one coupling opening between cavities and, in their center, by an opening bordered by a flange of the same axis forming the re-entrant part of the cavity, line to delay characterized in that at least one of the dimensions of the elements constituting these cavities increases in the direction of propagation of the electron beam.
  • Each disc is pierced on the one hand by two coupling openings between cavities 2, symmetrical with respect to the axis of the line 00 ', on the other hand by the opening 3 for the passage of the electron beam 6, generally circular, located in the center of the disc.
  • This opening is bordered by a flange 4 of the same axis called the cavity spout.
  • the cavities 10, three in number in the figure, are limited by a cylindrical wall 5.
  • FIG. 2 represents a cross section of a delay line with coupled cavities, according to the invention.
  • An additional contribution of the present invention resides in the fact that the extraction of microwave energy from the beam towards the payload being carried out with an output section whose coupling impedance decreases, the dispersion of the electronic speeds is less important and the focusing of the beam is made easier. This adds an additional factor to the average power capacity that the traveling wave tube can provide.
  • the structure less dispersive, not only does it weaken the coupling impedance, but it also increases the bandwidth; the arrangements provided by the present invention therefore go in the direction of an increase in the width of the amplification band, which constitutes one of the most advantageous characteristics of traveling wave tubes.
  • the invention is generally applicable to the production of high power levels with a large bandwidth and with a high efficiency in the microwave field, particularly in the centimeter range.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne une ligne à retard à cavités couplées pour tube à ondes progressives. Une telle ligne présente dans sa partie finale une augmentation du diamètre D1 de l'ouverture 3 pour le passage du faisceau d'électrons 6, de la largeur (D2 - D1)/2 des becs de cavité 4, de l'épaisseur E des parois communes à deux cavités voisines. Application aux tubes hyperfréquences, aux tubes à ondes progressives notamment, comportant une ligne à retard à cavités couplées.The invention relates to a delay line with coupled cavities for traveling wave tubes. Such a line has in its final part an increase in the diameter D1 of the opening 3 for the passage of the electron beam 6, in the width (D2 - D1) / 2 of the cavity nozzles 4, in the thickness E of the walls common to two neighboring cavities. Application to microwave tubes, in particular to traveling wave tubes, comprising a delay line with coupled cavities.

Description

La présente invention est relative aux lignes à retard à cavités couplées pour tube à ondes progressives ainsi qu'aux tubes hyperfréquences comportant une telle ligne.The present invention relates to delay lines with coupled cavities for traveling wave tubes as well as microwave tubes comprising such a line.

Les lignes à retard à cavités couplées sont plus particulièrement utilisées dans les tubes à ondes progressives où elles assurent l'interaction entre un faisceau d'électrons se déplaçant selon l'axe de la ligne et une onde électromagnétique parcourant la ligne. Lorsque des conditions de synchronisme de l'onde et du faisceau sont réalisées, les électrons cèdent de l'énergie à l'onde électromagnétique.Delayed lines with coupled cavities are more particularly used in traveling wave tubes where they ensure the interaction between an electron beam moving along the axis of the line and an electromagnetic wave traversing the line. When conditions of synchronism of the wave and the beam are fulfilled, the electrons yield energy to the electromagnetic wave.

Les lignes à retard à cavités couplées sont constituées par une suite de cavités résonnantes, séparées les unes des autres par des parois percées, par au moins une ouverture de couplage entre cavités et par une ouverture pour le passage du faisceau d'électrons, focalisé selon l'axe de la ligne.The delay lines with coupled cavities consist of a series of resonant cavities, separated from each other by pierced walls, by at least one coupling opening between cavities and by an opening for the passage of the electron beam, focused according to the axis of the line.

Il est avantageux d'obtenir avec ce type de ligne un rendement de conversion d'énergie élevé, plus particulièrement dans le cas de tube à onde progressive à forte puissance moyenne. Un rendement de conversion élevé s'obtient habituellement avec une forte impédance de couplage entre le faisceau et la ligne.It is advantageous to obtain a high energy conversion efficiency with this type of line, more particularly in the case of traveling wave tubes with high average power. A high conversion efficiency is usually obtained with a high coupling impedance between the beam and the line.

Dans le cas des lignes périodiques à cavités couplées, cette impédance de couplage est proportionnelle au produit du quotient

Figure imgb0001
(V ϕ= vitesse de phase de l'harmonique d'espace avec lequel interagit le faisceau ; Vg = vitesse de groupe de l'onde électromagnétique) par le quotient R/Q de la cavité.

  • R = résistance shunt de la cavité
  • Q = son coefficient de surtension.
In the case of periodic lines with coupled cavities, this coupling impedance is proportional to the product of the quotient
Figure imgb0001
 (V ϕ = phase speed of the space harmonic with which the beam interacts; V g = group speed of the electromagnetic wave) by the quotient R / Q of the cavity.
  • R = shunt resistance of the cavity
  • Q = its overvoltage coefficient.

Une impédance de couplage élevée conduit à une valeur élevée du quotient

Figure imgb0002
, ce qui entraîne une ligne dispersive et une faible bande passante, et/ou à une valeur élevée du quotient R/Q, ce qui entraîne une robustesse thermique médiocre.A high coupling impedance leads to a high value of the quotient
Figure imgb0002
 , which results in a dispersive line and a low bandwidth, and / or at a high value of the R / Q quotient, this which results in poor thermal robustness.

Or, dans le cas d'un tube à ondes progressives à fort rendement d'interaction, le faisceau d'électrons est fortement perturbé, particulièrement dans la partie finale de la ligne à retard où l'amplitude de la tension hyperfréquence entre becs de cavités devient une fraction élevée de la tension d'accélération des électrons qui leur a donné leur vitesse initiale.However, in the case of a traveling wave tube with high interaction efficiency, the electron beam is highly disturbed, particularly in the final part of the delay line where the amplitude of the microwave voltage between the tips of cavities becomes a high fraction of the acceleration voltage of the electrons which gave them their initial speed.

Cette perturbation se traduit par une défocalisation du faisceau et par un bombardement électronique intense des becs de cavités qui élève leur température, d'autant plus que la résistance thermique de ces zones est importante, ce qui est le cas de l'hypothèse considérée.This disturbance is reflected by a defocusing of the beam and by an intense electronic bombardment of the mouthpieces of cavities which raises their temperature, all the more so as the thermal resistance of these zones is important, which is the case of the hypothesis considered.

Cette élévation de température limite la puissance moyenne que peut fournir le tube à ondes progressives.This rise in temperature limits the average power that the traveling wave tube can provide.

On peut envisager de repousser cette limite de puissance moyenne en faisant passer un liquide de refroidissement dans des canaux percés dans la paroi de séparation des cavités ; cette solution conduit à une complication technologique dans la réalisation de la structure.We can consider pushing this average power limit by passing a coolant through channels drilled in the partition wall of the cavities; this solution leads to a technological complication in the production of the structure.

Ainsi, un tube à ondes progressives muni d'une ligne à retard à cavités couplées conçu selon l'art antérieur, aura un fort rendement d'interaction au détriment soit de la bande d'amplification qui sera faible vis à vis de ce qu'il est possible d'atteindre avec ce type de ligne, soit de la puissance moyenne que peut fournir le tube à ondes progressives.Thus, a traveling wave tube provided with a delay line with coupled cavities designed according to the prior art, will have a high interaction efficiency to the detriment of either the amplification band which will be weak with respect to what it is possible to reach with this type of line, that is to say the average power which the traveling wave tube can provide.

La présente invention concerne une ligne à retard à cavités couplées de robustesse thermique accrue et présentant un aussi bon rendement de conversion que les lignes à cavités couplées de l'art antérieur, sans diminution de la bande d'amplification.The present invention relates to a delay line with coupled cavities of increased thermal robustness and having as good a conversion efficiency as the lines with coupled cavities of the prior art, without reduction of the amplification band.

Cette amélioration est obtenue grâce à une diminution progressive de l'impédance de couplage dans la partie finale de la ligne à retard du tube à ondes progressives, contrairement à l'art antérieur.This improvement is obtained thanks to a progressive decrease in the coupling impedance in the final part of the delay line of the traveling wave tube, unlike the prior art.

Cette baisse de l'impédance de couplage s'obtient principalement en diminuant progressivement le rapport R/Q des cavités. Pour garder une valeur aussi élevée du rendement de conversion malgré la diminution de l'impédance de couplage, il est nécessaire d'utiliser conjointement à la diminution progressive de l'impédance de couplage, une variation calculée par ordinateur du taux de retard

  • C/V q de la ligne en fonction de l'abscisse z de la ligne.
  • C : vitesse de la lumière
  • V P: vitesse de phase de l'harmonique d'espace avec lequel interagit le faisceau.
This reduction in the coupling impedance is mainly obtained by gradually decreasing the R / Q ratio of the cavities. To keep such a high value of the conversion efficiency despite the decrease in the coupling impedance, it is necessary to use, in conjunction with the progressive decrease in the coupling impedance, a computer-calculated variation of the delay rate
  • C / V q of the line as a function of the abscissa z of the line.
  • C: speed of light
  • VP: phase velocity of the space harmonic with which the beam interacts.

La présente invention concerne une ligne à retard à cavités couplées de forme rentrante, limitées extérieurement par une paroi cylindrique dont l'axe est confondu avec celui le long duquel se propage le faisceau d'électrons du tube, et limitées latéralement par des parois perpendiculaires à cet axe, chaque paroi étant commune à deux cavités, lesdites parois étant percées par au moins une ouverture de couplage entre cavités et, en leur centre, par une ouverture bordée par une collerette de même axe formant la partie rentrante de la cavité, ligne à retard caractérisée en ce que au moins l'une des dimensions des éléments constitutifs de ces cavités augmente dans la direction de propagation du faisceau d'électrons.The present invention relates to a delay line with recessed coupled cavities, externally bounded by a cylindrical wall whose axis coincides with that along which the electron beam of the tube is propagated, and bounded laterally by walls perpendicular to this axis, each wall being common to two cavities, said walls being pierced by at least one coupling opening between cavities and, in their center, by an opening bordered by a flange of the same axis forming the re-entrant part of the cavity, line to delay characterized in that at least one of the dimensions of the elements constituting these cavities increases in the direction of propagation of the electron beam.

L'invention sera mieux comprise, en se reportant à la description qui suit et aux figures jointes qui représentent :

  • - Figure la : une vue en perpective d'une ligne à retard à cavités couplées, selon l'art antérieur.
  • - Figure lb : une coupe transversale d'une ligne à retard à cavités couplées, selon l'art antérieur.
  • - Figure 2 : une coupe transversale d'une ligne à retard à cavités couplées selon l'invention.
  • La figure la représente une vue en perspective d'une ligne à retard à cavités couplées, selon l'art antérieur.
The invention will be better understood by referring to the description which follows and to the attached figures which represent:
  • - Figure la: a perspective view of a delay line with coupled cavities, according to the prior art.
  • - Figure lb: a cross section of a delay line with coupled cavities, according to the prior art.
  • - Figure 2: a cross section of a delay line with coupled cavities according to the invention.
  • Figure la represents a perspective view of a delay line with coupled cavities, according to the prior art.

La ligne à retard, représentée sur la figure la comporte des disques 1, alignés parallèlement les uns aux autres le long d'un même axe 00' confondu avec l'axe de propagation du faisceau d'électrons, disques formant la paroi commune à deux cavités voisines 10.The delay line, represented in FIG. 1a comprises disks 1, aligned parallel to each other along the same axis 00 'coinciding with the axis of propagation of the electron beam, disks forming the wall common to two neighboring cavities 10.

Chaque disque est percé d'une part par deux ouvertures de couplage entre cavités 2, symétriques par rapport à l'axe de la ligne 00', d'autre part par l'ouverture 3 pour le passage du faisceau d'électrons 6, généralement circulaire, située au centre du disque. Cette ouverture est bordée par une collerette 4 de même axe appelée bec de cavité.Each disc is pierced on the one hand by two coupling openings between cavities 2, symmetrical with respect to the axis of the line 00 ', on the other hand by the opening 3 for the passage of the electron beam 6, generally circular, located in the center of the disc. This opening is bordered by a flange 4 of the same axis called the cavity spout.

Les cavités 10 au nombre de trois sur la figure sont limitées par une paroi cylindrique 5.The cavities 10, three in number in the figure, are limited by a cylindrical wall 5.

La figure lb représente une coupe transversale de la ligne à retard à cavités couplées de la figure la. Sur cette figure sont indiqués les paramètres géométriques de la ligne à retard, soient :

  • D le diamètre intérieur des collerettes 4
  • D2 leur diamètre extérieur, au niveau de leur jonction avec les disques 1 ;
  • D3 et D4 les diamètres intérieur et extérieur de la paroi cylindrique entourant les cavités ;
  • E, l'épaisseur des disques 1,
  • H, la largeur des cavités ; la somme E + H étant égale au pas P de la ligne à retard.
Figure lb shows a cross section of the delay line with coupled cavities of Figure la. This figure shows the geometric parameters of the delay line, namely:
  • D the inside diameter of the flanges 4
  • D 2 their outside diameter, at their junction with the discs 1;
  • D 3 and D4 the inside and outside diameters of the cylindrical wall surrounding the cavities;
  • E, the thickness of the discs 1,
  • H, the width of the cavities; the sum E + H being equal to the step P of the delay line.

La figure 2 représente une coupe transversale d'une ligne à retard à cavités couplées, selon l'invention.FIG. 2 represents a cross section of a delay line with coupled cavities, according to the invention.

La ligne à retard à cavités couplées selon l'invention présente dans son dernier tronçon appelé ligne de sortie une augmentation progressive dans le sens de propagation du faisceau d'électrons, de certains de ses paramètres à savoir :

  • - le diamètre D de l'ouverture pour le passage du faisceau d'électrons, ce qui permet d'assurer une meilleure transmission du faisceau et par là même d'assurer un meilleur rendement, avec un échauffement moins important de la ligne.
  • - la largeur D2 - 1 des becs de cavités 2
  • - l'épaisseur E des parois communes à deux cavités.
The delay line with coupled cavities according to the invention has in its last section called the output line a progressive increase in the direction of propagation of the electron beam, of some of its parameters, namely:
  • - The diameter D of the opening for the passage of the electron beam, which ensures better transmission of the beam and thereby ensures better performance, with less heating of the line.
  • - the width D 2 - 1 of the cavity nozzles 2
  • - the thickness E of the walls common to two cavities.

Un apport supplémentaire de la présente invention réside dans le fait que l'extraction d'énergie hyperfréquence du faisceau vers la charge utile étant réalisée avec une section de sortie dont l'impédance de couplage décroît, la dispersion des vitesses électroniques est moins importante et la focalisation du faisceau est rendue plus facile. Cela ajoute un facteur supplémentaire à la capacité de puissance moyenne que peut fournir le tube à ondes progressives.An additional contribution of the present invention resides in the fact that the extraction of microwave energy from the beam towards the payload being carried out with an output section whose coupling impedance decreases, the dispersion of the electronic speeds is less important and the focusing of the beam is made easier. This adds an additional factor to the average power capacity that the traveling wave tube can provide.

De plus, en rendant la structure moins dispersive, non seulement on affaiblit l'impédance de couplage, mais on augmente aussi la bande passante ; les dispositions prévues par la présente invention vont donc dans le sens d'une augmentation de la largeur de la bande d'amplification, ce qui constitue une des caractéritiques les plus intéressantes des tubes à ondes progressives.In addition, by making the structure less dispersive, not only does it weaken the coupling impedance, but it also increases the bandwidth; the arrangements provided by the present invention therefore go in the direction of an increase in the width of the amplification band, which constitutes one of the most advantageous characteristics of traveling wave tubes.

L'invention s'applique de façon générale à la production de hauts niveaux de puissance à grande bande passante et avec un rendement élevé dans le domaine des microondes, centimétriques notamment.The invention is generally applicable to the production of high power levels with a large bandwidth and with a high efficiency in the microwave field, particularly in the centimeter range.

Claims (4)

1. Ligne à retard, pour tube à ondes progressives, à cavités couplées de forme rentrante, limitées extérieurement par une paroi cylindrique dont l'axe est confondu avec celui le long duquel se propage le faisceau d'électrons du tube, et limitées latéralement par des parois perpendiculaires à cet axe, chaque paroi étant commune à deux cavités, lesdites parois étant percées par au moins une ouverture de couplage entre cavités et, en leur centre, par une ouverture bordée par une collerette de même axe formant la partie rentrante de la cavité, ligne à retard caractérisée en ce que au moins l'une des dimensions des éléments constitutifs de ces cavités, prise dans la direction perpendiculaire à la direction de propagation du faisceau d'électrons,va en augmentant dans la direction de propagation du faisceau d'élec trons.1. Delay line, for traveling wave tube, with re-entrant coupled cavities, externally limited by a cylindrical wall whose axis coincides with that along which the electron beam of the tube propagates, and limited laterally by walls perpendicular to this axis, each wall being common to two cavities, said walls being pierced by at least one coupling opening between cavities and, in their center, by an opening bordered by a flange of the same axis forming the re-entrant part of the cavity, delay line characterized in that at least one of the dimensions of the elements constituting these cavities, taken in the direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the electron beam, increases in the direction of propagation of the electron beam elects. 2. Ligne à retard pour tube à ondes progressives, selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que cette dimension est le diamètre d'intérieur D, des collerettes.2. Delay line for traveling wave tube according to claim 1, characterized in that this dimension is the inside diameter D of the flanges. 3. Ligne à retard, pour tube à ondes progressives, selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que -cette dimension est la différence entre le diamètre extérieur D2 et le diamètre intérieur D1 des collerettes.3. Delay line for traveling wave tube according to claim 1, characterized in that -this dimension is the difference between the outside diameter D 2 and the inside diameter D 1 of the flanges. 4. Tube à ondes progressives, amplificateur notamment, comprenant des moyens pour produire un faisceau d'électrons et pour assurer sa propagation vers un collecteur par lequel il est capté, et une ligne à retard disposée le long du trajet du faisceau, le long de laquelle se propagent les ondes électromagnétiques qui sont en interaction, en fonctionnement, avec le faisceau, tube caractérisé en ce que la ligne à retard en question est une ligne suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 3.4. A traveling wave tube, in particular an amplifier, comprising means for producing an electron beam and for ensuring its propagation towards a collector by which it is picked up, and a delay line arranged along the path of the beam, along which propagates the electromagnetic waves which are in interaction, in operation, with the beam, tube characterized in that the delay line in question is a line according to one of claims 1 to 3.
EP81401351A 1980-09-19 1981-08-27 Coupled cavities delay line for a travelling-wave tube, and travelling-wave tube comprising such a line Expired EP0048648B1 (en)

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FR8020216 1980-09-19
FR8020216A FR2490872A1 (en) 1980-09-19 1980-09-19 COUPLED CAVITY DELAY LINE FOR PROGRESSIVE WAVE TUBE AND PROGRESSIVE WAVE TUBE HAVING SUCH A LINE

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EP0048648A1 true EP0048648A1 (en) 1982-03-31
EP0048648B1 EP0048648B1 (en) 1984-10-10

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EP0125218A3 (en) * 1983-05-09 1986-04-09 National Aeronautics And Space Administration Linearized traveling wave amplifier with hard limiter characteristics
FR2547455A1 (en) * 1983-06-09 1984-12-14 Varian Associates FOUR COMBINATION CIRCUIT WITH REDUCED SPEED FOR PROGRESSIVE WAVE TUBES
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JPS5790848A (en) 1982-06-05
FR2490872B1 (en) 1983-07-22
US4431944A (en) 1984-02-14
EP0048648B1 (en) 1984-10-10
DE3166622D1 (en) 1984-11-15
FR2490872A1 (en) 1982-03-26
JPH0378736B2 (en) 1991-12-16

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