CN1634842A - Method for refining acetic acid - Google Patents
Method for refining acetic acid Download PDFInfo
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- CN1634842A CN1634842A CN 200410067178 CN200410067178A CN1634842A CN 1634842 A CN1634842 A CN 1634842A CN 200410067178 CN200410067178 CN 200410067178 CN 200410067178 A CN200410067178 A CN 200410067178A CN 1634842 A CN1634842 A CN 1634842A
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- acetic acid
- purification
- adsorption column
- impurity
- gac
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- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 186
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 title abstract description 4
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M iodide Chemical compound [I-] XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- XWNSFEAWWGGSKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-acetyl-4-methylheptanedinitrile Chemical compound N#CCCC(C)(C(=O)C)CCC#N XWNSFEAWWGGSKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004153 Potassium bromate Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229940094037 potassium bromate Drugs 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000019396 potassium bromate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 229940006461 iodide ion Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 Dichlorodiphenyl Acetate Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 4
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 17
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanol Natural products OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000005810 carbonylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000006315 carbonylation Effects 0.000 description 4
- JOPOVCBBYLSVDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium(6+) Chemical compound [Cr+6] JOPOVCBBYLSVDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodomethane Chemical compound IC INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaldehyde Chemical compound CC=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- QLOKJRIVRGCVIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[(4-methylsulfanylphenyl)methyl]piperazine Chemical group C1=CC(SC)=CC=C1CN1CCNCC1 QLOKJRIVRGCVIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromo-3,3-difluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(Br)C=C GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052765 Lutetium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004902 Softening Agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- WPUINVXKIPAAHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;potassium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[K+] WPUINVXKIPAAHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;sodium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Na+].[Al+3] ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- ISNOGGYFSHCRRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromic acid;potassium Chemical compound [K].OBr(=O)=O ISNOGGYFSHCRRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006026 co-polymeric resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- AXZAYXJCENRGIM-UHFFFAOYSA-J dipotassium;tetrabromoplatinum(2-) Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[Br-].[Br-].[Br-].[Br-].[Pt+2] AXZAYXJCENRGIM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004922 lacquer Substances 0.000 description 1
- OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N lutetium atom Chemical compound [Lu] OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002572 peristaltic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001487 potassium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001388 sodium aluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XUXNAKZDHHEHPC-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium bromate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Br(=O)=O XUXNAKZDHHEHPC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UKLNMMHNWFDKNT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium chlorite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Cl=O UKLNMMHNWFDKNT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000002798 spectrophotometry method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for refining high quality of acetic acid, characterized by filling acetic acid -insoluble solid strong oxidizer in adsorption column 1, acetic acid passing the oxidizer for removing the impurity in acetic acid, then acetic acid passing adsorption column 2 filled with alumina and adsorption column 3 filled with active carbon for refining acetic acid again to make the formic acid content in acetic acid be below 50ppm and reduce the content of iodine ion.
Description
One, technical field:
The present invention relates to a kind of process for purification of acetic acid, particularly disclose the process for purification of the acetic acid of producing by the low-pressure methanol oxo synthesis.
Two, background technology:
Acetic acid is as a kind of important industrial raw material, status in organic chemistry industry is very important, be widely used in fiber, softening agent, make lacquer, tackiness agent, copolymer resins and pharmacy, dyestuff, food, metal processing and Fine Organic Chemical product multiple industrial circle such as synthesize, be to develop a kind of faster important organic chemical industry's product in recent years in the world.
The method of producing acetic acid at present in the world has acetaldehyde oxidation, butane and lightweight oil oxidation style and methanol carbonylation.Wherein best method is exactly a methanol carbonylation, and this method is the productivity height of acetic acid not only, and the generation of by-product impurities has also reduced.Therefore when adopting this method to make acetic acid, can obtain the purity higher acetic acid of purity than the acetic acid made from other method.At present adopt the acetic acid total amount of low pressure carbonylation method production to account for more than 64% of world's acetic acid ultimate production in the world.
But, even adopt the low pressure carbonylation method, still can produce trace impurity as by product, as formic acid, propionic acid and halide-containing etc. further improve for making the acetate products quality, to satisfy the different demands of market to quality product, developed and originally removed trace impurity in the acetate products, as the process for purification of formic acid, halide-containing.Produce distillation and separation method Dichlorodiphenyl Acetate upward commonly used at present and make with extra care, but because the boiling point of formic acid near the acetic acid boiling spread, is difficult to make the content of formic acid to reduce with traditional rectificating method.
The method of formic acid has U.S. Patent No. 2,656 in the reduction acetic acid of now having known, 379 proposed under the temperature more than 260 ℃, the method for formic acid being decomposed by activated alumina; Russian patent No.57,862 propose with the method that heats up, and utilize other dehydrogenation catalyst that formic acid is decomposed.Aforesaid method all has a shortcoming, promptly in decompose formic acid, also can make a large amount of acetic acid obtain decomposing.Also have some patents, U.S. Patent No. 2,913,492; No.2,688,635; No.3,488,383 propose to use precious metals such as platinum, osmium, rhodium, iridium and lutetium as catalyzer, utilize redox system to remove the method for formic acid removal, but these method complicated operations and cost height.
U.S. Patent No. 4,061,546 have proposed to utilize the formic acid impurity in the hexavalent chromium compound removal acetic acid, the handled acetic acid of this method has fully been removed halogen impurities, but still contain a small amount of formic acid impurity (100ppm), and this invention fully contacts hexavalent chromium compound with the acetic acid that contains formic acid impurity, and the acetic acid after making with extra care reclaims by modes such as rectifying or ion-exchanges, the reduzate trivalent chromium then is oxidized to sexavalent chrome again by the form that adds strong acid and electrolytic oxidation, to recycle.The consumption of the required hexavalent chromium compound of oxidation formic acid such as is at least at chemical equivalent, preferential 2~3 times of chemical equivalents in this method.In a word, the acetic acid that this method is handled must fully be removed halogen impurities in advance, and hexavalent chromium compound is advisable with excessive use.Resulting trivalent chromium uses through strong acid and electrolytic oxidation cycle of treatment.The acetic acid that China's pending application has proposed to contain formic acid impurity and consumption doubly stoichiometric oxygenant such as are lower than and contact, used oxygenant is a potassiumchromate, form is the aqueous solution, further reclaim with the acetic acid after oxygenant contacts by rectifying, obtain formic acid content and be less than 50ppm, iodine impurity is less than the high-quality acetic acid of 2~10ppb.
Three, summary of the invention:
The present invention proposes and utilize solid oxidizing agent, as sodium bromate, potassium bromate, potassium aluminate, sodium aluminate, ammoniumper chlorate, potassium perchlorate, Textone etc., wherein be preferably potassium bromate, the method of refining acetic acid, this method is simple and easy to do, formic acid content in the acetic acid can be reduced to below the 50ppm effectively, in addition, can also effectively reduce the content of iodide ion impurity.
The present invention is achieved in that a kind of process for purification of acetic acid, it is characterized in that: pack in the adsorption column 1 with the solid strong oxidizer that is insoluble to acetic acid, the acetic acid oxygenant of flowing through, remove the impurity in the acetic acid, acetic acid is flowed through alumina adsorption post 2 and the adsorption column 3 that gac is housed is housed then, gac, the further Dichlorodiphenyl Acetate of aluminum oxide are made with extra care, and the formic acid foreign matter content in the acetic acid is reduced to below the 50ppm, and reduce the content of iodide ion impurity.
Further describe the present invention below in conjunction with accompanying drawing.
Four, description of drawings:
Accompanying drawing is an acetate products rectification flow sketch of the present invention.
Five, embodiment:
The present invention is raw materials used to be commercially available potassium bromate, gac and alumina globule, and the specification of gac is 8~350 orders, and the diameter of alumina globule is 40 μ m~2mm.
With reference to the accompanying drawings, oxygenant bromic acid potassium is housed in the adsorption column 1, is used for removing the formic acid impurity of acetate products; The aluminium sesquioxide bead is housed in the adsorption column 2, is used to remove moisture; In the adsorption column 3 gac is housed, is used for decolouring, further the Dichlorodiphenyl Acetate product is made with extra care.The hot water flow of being come out by heating thermostat 4 is through the shell side of three adsorption columns, acetic acid by adsorption column is heated, acetate products is squeezed into adsorption column 1 by pump, carry out contacting of for some time with potassium bromate, after removing impurity, enter adsorption column 2 then, remove moisture, enter adsorption column 3 at last, the acetic acid that is come out by adsorption column 3 is resulting the finished product.
The present invention is applicable to the acetic acid of any rank (purity), and purification process of the present invention is preferably used in any other acetate products of level in the pure and mild carbon monoxide carbonylation reaction of catalyst system carapax et plastruw testudinis institute's industrialization continuous production or batch production.
Be used for oxidizing reaction adsorption column material select the character that will consider potassium bromate for use, material of the present invention is a glass.
The contact temperature can be chosen in 40~80 ℃ aptly, but from optimum handling effect and economic angle, optimum temps is chosen in 60 ℃.The contact temperature is by heating thermostat 4 controls.
With the visual response condition and deciding duration of contact of potassium bromate, the concentration that depends on impurity with contact factor such as temperature, determine that through the flow velocity of adsorption column the flow velocity of acetic acid can be chosen in 0.20~2ml/s aptly by acetic acid duration of contact.
Contact pressure there are not strict restriction, general preferred normal pressure.
The detection method of formic acid content adopts national standard method (the mensuration iodimetry,iodometry of formic acid content in the GB/T 1628.4-2000 industrial acetic) in the acetic acid.
Methyl-iodide adopts gas chromatography determination, and iodide ion adopts spectrophotometry.
Further specify the present invention below by embodiment and reference example.
Embodiment:
The flow process for the treatment of process as shown in drawings, product acetic acid is squeezed into the adsorption column 1 that the 108g potassium bromate is housed by peristaltic pump, control speed is at 0.24ml/s, acetic acid is from lower to upper by adsorption column 1, enter the adsorption column 2 that the 100.51g gac is housed then, enter the adsorption column 3 that the 16g gac is housed at last, temperature is controlled at 60 ℃ by heating thermostat 4, is the product that obtains by adsorption column 3 distilled acetic acid.
The acetate products that embodiment is obtained carries out product analysis.
The main quality index of product the results are shown in following table:
| Methyl-iodide (ppb) | ????6.915 |
| Propionic acid (ppm) | ????178 |
| Formic acid (ppm) | ????28.812 |
| Iodide ion (mg) | ????70.93 |
| Water (ppm) | ????1044 |
Comparative Examples
Do not see the following form through the main quality index of purified acetate products:
| Methyl-iodide (ppb) | ????15.358 |
| Propionic acid (ppm) | ????165 |
| Formic acid (ppm) | ????122 |
| Iodide ion (mg) | ????69.51 |
| Water (ppm) | ????937.7 |
Claims (7)
1. the process for purification of an acetic acid, it is characterized in that: pack in the adsorption column (1) with the solid strong oxidizer that is insoluble to acetic acid, the acetic acid oxygenant of flowing through, remove the impurity in the acetic acid, the acetic acid adsorption column (3) of flowing through and alumina adsorption post (2) being housed and gac is housed then, gac, the further Dichlorodiphenyl Acetate of aluminum oxide are made with extra care, and the formic acid foreign matter content in the acetic acid is reduced to below the 50ppm, and reduce the content of iodide ion impurity.
2. the process for purification of acetic acid according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the used solid strong oxidizer that is insoluble to acetic acid is a potassium bromate.
3. the process for purification of acetic acid according to claim 1 by the flow through air speed of potassium bromate of purified acetic acid is: 0.20~2ml/s.
4. the process for purification of acetic acid according to claim 1, the temperature when being contacted with potassium bromate by purified acetic acid is: 40~80 ℃.
5. the process for purification of acetic acid according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: processing pressure is a normal pressure.
6. the process for purification of acetic acid according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the dimensions of used gac is 8~350 orders.
7. the process for purification of acetic acid according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the diameter dimension of used alumina globule is 40 μ m~2mm.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 200410067178 CN1634842A (en) | 2004-10-15 | 2004-10-15 | Method for refining acetic acid |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 200410067178 CN1634842A (en) | 2004-10-15 | 2004-10-15 | Method for refining acetic acid |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1634842A true CN1634842A (en) | 2005-07-06 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 200410067178 Pending CN1634842A (en) | 2004-10-15 | 2004-10-15 | Method for refining acetic acid |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN1634842A (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101445443B (en) * | 2008-12-17 | 2012-07-18 | 上海吴泾化工有限公司 | Production method of edible acetic acid |
| WO2014115826A1 (en) | 2013-01-25 | 2014-07-31 | 株式会社ダイセル | Method for manufacturing carboxylic acid |
| US10758838B2 (en) * | 2015-02-25 | 2020-09-01 | Sabic Global Technologies B.V. | Process for removing impurities from acetic acid |
| CN116606203A (en) * | 2023-05-23 | 2023-08-18 | 生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司 | A method for improving the purity of acetic acid |
-
2004
- 2004-10-15 CN CN 200410067178 patent/CN1634842A/en active Pending
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101445443B (en) * | 2008-12-17 | 2012-07-18 | 上海吴泾化工有限公司 | Production method of edible acetic acid |
| WO2014115826A1 (en) | 2013-01-25 | 2014-07-31 | 株式会社ダイセル | Method for manufacturing carboxylic acid |
| US10758838B2 (en) * | 2015-02-25 | 2020-09-01 | Sabic Global Technologies B.V. | Process for removing impurities from acetic acid |
| CN116606203A (en) * | 2023-05-23 | 2023-08-18 | 生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司 | A method for improving the purity of acetic acid |
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