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CN1688367A - Fire extinguishing training exercise system - Google Patents

Fire extinguishing training exercise system Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1688367A
CN1688367A CN 03824411 CN03824411A CN1688367A CN 1688367 A CN1688367 A CN 1688367A CN 03824411 CN03824411 CN 03824411 CN 03824411 A CN03824411 A CN 03824411A CN 1688367 A CN1688367 A CN 1688367A
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air
conduit
burner
fuel gas
gas
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Chinese (zh)
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J·布拉尔
L·戈达尔
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IFOPSE
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62CFIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C99/00Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • A62C99/0081Training methods or equipment for fire-fighting

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Fire-Extinguishing By Fire Departments, And Fire-Extinguishing Equipment And Control Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a fire extinguishing training exercise system. The inventive system comprises a furnace consisting of a gas burner which is submerged in water in a tank, means of conveying a combustible gas mixture, such as propane and air, to said burner and an electrode (62) which can ignite the gas at the beginning of a drill. Moreover, the system is also provided with an ignition system comprising a casing (7) which is positioned close to the aforementioned tank, the inner space thereof being thermally protected, and which is equipped with a heat-resistant tube (71) made, for example, from stainless steel, the free end of said tube being disposed at a short distance above the surface of the water in the tank. The above-mentioned casing contains: a device (70) which is used to supply a combustible gas mixture, such as propane and air, to the tube (71); and a spark igniter (6) which is equipped with the aforementioned electrode (62), the latter extending partially into the tube (71) in an axial manner. The invention can be used as a fire fighting training system.

Description

消防训练演习装置Fire training exercise device

本发明涉及一种用于训练人们灭火的演习装置。The present invention relates to a drill device for training people to fight fires.

公知的这种类型的装置包括适于通过将火引向燃料,例如由燃烧器输送的气体,从而产生真实火的装置。在训练期间,受训人必须利用适当的灭火器尽快地、尽可能有效地努力将火扑灭。Known devices of this type include devices adapted to create a real fire by directing the fire to a fuel, for example gas delivered by a burner. During training, trainees must endeavor to extinguish fires as quickly and effectively as possible using appropriate fire extinguishers.

当然,该操作必须在指导和监督人员的监督和控制下进行。Of course, this operation must be carried out under the supervision and control of the instructor and supervisor.

例如,文件US 4 303 396和EP 0 146 465分别涉及到固定的和活动(安装在卡车内)的训练装置。For example, documents US 4 303 396 and EP 0 146 465 relate to stationary and mobile (mounted in truck) training devices respectively.

更准确地说,本发明的装置设计为用于训练人们消灭模拟碳氢化合物引起的火,该装置包括:More precisely, the apparatus of the present invention is designed to be used for training people to fight fires caused by simulated hydrocarbons, the apparatus comprising:

-一火场,由一个气体燃烧器构成,该燃烧器浸没在盛装于盘中的水中;- a fire site consisting of a gas burner submerged in water contained in a pan;

-用于向燃烧器供给空气和可燃气体(例如丙烷)的混合气体的装置;和- means for supplying the burner with a mixture of air and a combustible gas such as propane; and

-一电极,适于在演习开始时将火引向气体。- An electrode suitable for directing the fire to the gas at the beginning of the maneuver.

该电极是在高压下运行的公知类型的双电极,两电极之间的放电火花将从燃烧器表面排出的可燃气体和空气的混合气体点燃。The electrode is a double electrode of known type operating at high voltage, the discharge spark between the two electrodes igniting the mixture of combustible gas and air exiting the burner face.

该领域的技术状态可以由文件FR-2 814 845来说明。The state of the art in this field can be illustrated by document FR-2 814 845.

为了将混合气体点燃,合理的是以某种方式安装这种装置,从而使电极的活性部分(火花在此处产生)距离燃烧器排出可燃气体的那一区域距离短。In order to ignite the mixture, it is advisable to install the device in such a way that the active part of the electrode (where the spark is generated) is at a short distance from the area of the burner where the combustible gas is discharged.

这就产生了问题。And here comes the problem.

首先,一旦点燃已经发生,电极就暴露于火焰,这会导致烧焦的危险,和因此由于高温导致的危害。Firstly, once ignition has occurred, the electrodes are exposed to the flame, which leads to the risk of scorching, and thus hazards due to high temperatures.

其次,电极还暴露于演习期间所应用的灭火介质,例如水和粉末。Second, the electrodes are also exposed to the extinguishing media applied during the drill, such as water and powder.

受训人一旦完成演习后,这种暴露会危害电极的正常运行,使其不能用于点燃另一次点火。Once the trainee has completed the maneuver, this exposure jeopardizes the proper functioning of the electrode, making it unusable for firing another ignition.

如果电极是潮湿的或者粉末沉积在阳极和阴极之间的缝隙中,这种危害尤其会发生。This hazard occurs especially if the electrodes are wet or powder is deposited in the gap between the anode and cathode.

为了演习顺利进行,重要的是,只要在一次演习一结束,就可以利用为该目的而设置的控制电路迅速自动地进行另一次点火。For the maneuvers to run smoothly, it is important that, as soon as one maneuver is over, another firing can be carried out quickly and automatically by means of the control circuit provided for this purpose.

在上述文件FR-2 814 845的装置中就可以避免那些缺点,事实上,电极是一可动电极,适于在演习开始之前被移动远离燃烧器,并且适于在演习期间被收回。Those disadvantages are avoided in the device of the above-mentioned document FR-2 814 845, in fact, the electrode is a movable electrode, adapted to be moved away from the burner before the maneuvers start, and adapted to be retracted during the maneuvers.

通过一气动传动装置可以使电极移动。The electrode can be moved by a pneumatic drive.

因此在演习期间该电极处于火焰和灭火介质能所达到的范围之外。The electrode is therefore out of reach of the flame and extinguishing medium during the drill.

只要演习一结束,就将电极移回其工作位置,用于点燃一个新的火。As soon as the drill is over, the electrode is moved back to its working position for lighting a new fire.

那种已知的装置总体而言是令人满意的。That known device is generally satisfactory.

但是,该装置需要移动元件,这些元件比相同的静止元件成本更高且更不坚固,还需要持续地维护。However, this device requires moving elements that are more costly and less robust than equivalent stationary elements, and require ongoing maintenance.

另外,气动传动装置相对较长,在盘一侧上它的存在会引起一定构形的困难,尤其是当需要将盘抵靠在演习区域的一侧壁上或者将盘放在所述区域的拐角中时。In addition, the pneumatic transmission is relatively long, and its presence on the side of the disc can cause certain configurational difficulties, especially when it is necessary to place the disc against a side wall of the exercise area or place the disc on the side of said area. When in a corner.

本发明的一个目的就是解决这些问题。An object of the present invention is to solve these problems.

本发明通过这样一种事实来达到这个目标,即提供一点火装置,该装置包括一个放置在所述盘附近的一个外壳,该外壳具有被热保护起来的内部空间,并且配有耐热导管,例如由不锈钢制成的导管,导管的自由端在盛装于盘中的水表面上方短距离处开放,同时在外壳内部,设置如下装置:首先是一适于向所述导管吹送可燃气体混合物的装置,例如吹送丙烷和空气的混合气体的装置;其次是配备有电极的火花塞,所述电极在导管内轴向延伸,仅仅跨越导管长度的一部分。The present invention achieves this object by the fact that it provides an ignition device comprising a housing placed near said disc, which housing has a thermally protected inner space and is equipped with heat-resistant ducts, For example a conduit made of stainless steel, the free end of which opens at a short distance above the surface of the water contained in the pan, while inside the casing, the following means are provided: firstly a device suitable for blowing a combustible gas mixture into said conduit , such as a device for blowing a mixture of propane and air; and secondly, a spark plug equipped with electrodes extending axially within the conduit, spanning only a part of the length of the conduit.

因此该装置是固定的。The device is therefore stationary.

用于外壳所需要的体积与用于盘所需要的体积相比是小的。The volume required for the housing is small compared to the volume required for the disc.

热绝缘外壳和导管保护点火装置的所有功能部件,尤其是电极。A thermally insulated casing and conduits protect all functional parts of the ignition, especially the electrodes.

用于点火所必须的火花不是在燃烧器附近产生,而是在导管内部产生,以将穿过导管的可燃混合气体点燃。The spark necessary for ignition is not generated near the burner, but inside the conduit to ignite the combustible mixture passing through the conduit.

因此,从导管排出的火焰以喷灯形式将燃烧器点燃。Thus, the flame exiting the duct ignites the burner in the form of a blowtorch.

只要盘被点燃,供给到该装置的可燃气体就会中断,可选择的是,供给到该装置的空气也被中断。As soon as the disc is ignited, the supply of combustible gas and, optionally, the supply of air to the device is interrupted.

导管仍保持在盘上方的位置,它的存在不会妨碍演习的进行,并且电极处于导管内,不会被火触及到。The catheter remains in place above the disc, its presence out of the way of the drill, and the electrodes are inside the catheter and out of reach of the fire.

所以所述导管起到一个保护套的作用,防止电极暴露于火焰,电极暴露于火焰会产生烧焦的危险,并且由于高温还会造成危害。The conduit thus acts as a protective sheath, protecting the electrodes from exposure to flames, which would create a risk of scorching, and also pose a hazard due to the high temperature.

电极还处于灭火过程中所使用的灭火介质所达到的范围之外。The electrodes are also outside the reach of the extinguishing medium used during the extinguishing process.

另外,根据本发明的一些非限制性的优选特征:Additionally, according to some non-limiting preferred features of the present invention:

-用于向导管吹送可燃气体和空气的混合气体的装置是一中空体,其具有用于可燃气体和空气的进口;- the means for blowing a mixture of combustible gas and air to the duct is a hollow body with inlets for combustible gas and air;

-该装置还包括用于监测导管内是否存在火焰的监测装置,例如紫外线辐射探测器,所述监测装置位于所述外壳内部所述导管的入口处;- the device also includes monitoring means for monitoring the presence of a flame inside the conduit, such as an ultraviolet radiation detector, said monitoring means being located inside said housing at the entrance to said conduit;

-所述导管是喷嘴形状的,它的自由端向下弯曲,从而在盛装于盘中的水表面上方附近处打开;- said conduit is in the shape of a nozzle, the free end of which is bent downwards so as to open near the surface of the water contained in the dish;

-通过一鹅颈形状的导管向所述燃烧器供给可燃气体和空气的混合气体;- supplying said burner with a mixture of combustible gas and air through a gooseneck-shaped conduit;

-该装置还包括监测装置,例如紫外线辐射探测器,用于监测盘中所存在火焰的熄灭;- the device also includes monitoring means, such as ultraviolet radiation detectors, for monitoring the extinguishment of the flame present in the pan;

-该装置还包括用于监测盘中所存在火焰熄灭的监测装置,比如至少一个例如由热电偶类型的探测器构成的温度传感器,与一智能传感器连接,该智能传感器适于在火场附近实时探测和记录温度读数;- the device also includes monitoring means for monitoring the extinguishment of the flame present in the tray, such as at least one temperature sensor, for example constituted by a detector of the thermocouple type, connected to an intelligent sensor adapted to detect in real time in the vicinity of the fire and record temperature readings;

-该装置还包括一控制电路,在点火开始之后经过一段时间,如果还没有监测到盘中的火焰被扑灭,该控制电路适于自动切断供给向燃烧器的可燃气体;- the device also includes a control circuit adapted to automatically cut off the supply of combustible gas to the burner, after a certain period of time after the start of ignition, if it has not been detected that the flame in the pan has been extinguished;

-可燃气体从一压缩容器被传送,空气通过一鼓风机被传送,通过一个T型联结使其混合,在T型联结内部空气供给导管垂直伸入可燃气体供给导管中;- the combustible gas is conveyed from a compressed container, the air is conveyed by a blower, and mixed through a T-joint, in which the air supply duct extends vertically into the combustible gas supply duct;

-通过一供给导管将空气供给到所述装置,供给导管连接到空气入口,并且利用所述鼓风机向其供给空气;- supplying air to the device through a supply duct connected to the air inlet and supplying it with air by means of the blower;

-通过一供给导管将可燃气体供给到所述装置,该供给导管连接到可燃气体入口,并且从压缩容器向其供给可燃气体;- supplying combustible gas to said device through a supply conduit connected to the combustible gas inlet and to which combustible gas is supplied from a compression vessel;

-外壳配有一调节部件,用于调节允许进入该装置的可燃气体的流速,以将可燃气体和空气的混合物吹入到所述导管;- the casing is equipped with a regulating element for regulating the flow rate of the combustible gas allowed to enter the device in order to blow a mixture of combustible gas and air into said duct;

-通过安装在外壳的壁中的至少一个可调流速空气入口,将空气供给到所述装置;- air is supplied to the device through at least one adjustable flow rate air inlet installed in the wall of the housing;

-所述外壳衬有一层热绝缘材料;以及- said housing is lined with a layer of thermal insulation material; and

-燃烧器由编织的不锈钢纤维制成。-The burner is made of braided stainless steel fibers.

参照所给出的附图,从下面的详细说明可以看出本发明的其它特征和优点,附图以非限制性实施例的方式示出了一种可能的实施方式。Other characteristics and advantages of the invention emerge from the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying drawings, which show a possible embodiment by way of non-limiting example.

在这些图中:In these figures:

图1是整个装置的概略总图;Fig. 1 is a general overview of the whole device;

图2以更大的比例示出了该装置所配备的点火系统的轴向剖面概略总图;Fig. 2 has shown the general diagram of the axial section of the ignition system that this device is equipped with on a larger scale;

图3是气体和空气供给管之间的T型联结的详细视图;Figure 3 is a detailed view of the T-junction between the gas and air supply pipes;

图4是火场的概略图,示出了该装置的操作方式;Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a fire scene showing the mode of operation of the device;

图5是本发明的监测和控制电路的线路图。Figure 5 is a circuit diagram of the monitoring and control circuit of the present invention.

在图1中,附图标记1指的是一瓶可燃气体,在这个实施例中是丙烷。作为指标,瓶子中的气压处于大约7~17巴的范围内。In Fig. 1, reference numeral 1 designates a bottle of combustible gas, propane in this embodiment. As an indicator, the air pressure in the bottle is in the range of about 7-17 bar.

附图标记2指的是公知类型的鼓风机,其适于以稍高于大气压的压力输送空气流。Reference numeral 2 refers to a known type of blower adapted to deliver a flow of air at a pressure slightly above atmospheric pressure.

附图标记3指的是一种联结,如下所述,它将丙烷和空气导管连接在一起,从而向演练火场供给可燃气体混合物。Reference numeral 3 refers to a coupling, as described below, which connects the propane and air ducts together to supply the combustible gas mixture to the drill fire.

火场包括一个燃烧器5,它浸没在水E中,水盛装在一个水平放置在一个支撑体上的槽或盘4中,该支撑体例如竖立在地面上。浸没的燃烧器5是一块多孔的水平板,例如由编织的不锈钢网制成,它的上表面是“多火焰”类型的,使得它可让火焰在燃烧器的整个上表面蔓延。The fire site consists of a burner 5 submerged in water E contained in a tank or pan 4 placed horizontally on a support, for example standing on the ground. The submerged burner 5 is a porous horizontal plate, for example made of woven stainless steel mesh, the upper surface of which is of the "multi-flame" type, making it possible to spread the flame over the entire upper surface of the burner.

盘4可以是任何形状的,例如圆形的、正方形的或矩形的(从上方看)。与其水平面上的尺寸相比,它相对比较浅。The disc 4 can be of any shape, eg round, square or rectangular (viewed from above). It is relatively shallow compared to its horizontal dimensions.

附图标记6指的是一个火花塞,它具有两个电极,并设置在外壳7中处于盘4的一侧。Reference numeral 6 designates a spark plug which has two electrodes and which is arranged in a housing 7 on the side of the disk 4 .

例如,外壳是矩形块状或管状。For example, the casing is a rectangular block or a tube.

作为指标,外壳的每一侧的尺寸为大约300毫米(mm)。As a guideline, each side of the housing measures approximately 300 millimeters (mm).

外壳的壁是耐热的,例如由不锈钢制成。The walls of the housing are heat-resistant, eg made of stainless steel.

与盘4的尺寸相比,外壳的尺寸相对较小,图1中将它的尺寸适当放大只是为了提高图表达的清晰度。Compared with the size of the disk 4, the size of the housing is relatively small, and its size is appropriately enlarged in FIG. 1 only to improve the clarity of the illustration.

在图2中,可以看到,外壳7中的空间由衬里700热保护起来,衬里700是具有良好热绝缘性能的公知类型的材料,例如,一个以矿物纤维为基的衬层。In FIG. 2 it can be seen that the space in the housing 7 is thermally protected by a lining 700 of a known type of material having good thermal insulating properties, for example a lining based on mineral fibres.

外壳7配有耐热管71,例如由不锈钢制成。该管水平延伸,并横过盘4的壁的上端,并且它的自由端部710稍向下弯曲,在盛装在盘4中的水E的表面上方一短距离处张开。The housing 7 is provided with a heat-resistant pipe 71, for example made of stainless steel. The tube extends horizontally across the upper end of the wall of the pan 4 and its free end 710 bends slightly downwards, opening a short distance above the surface of the water E contained in the pan 4 .

所述自由端部710大约指向浸没的燃烧器5的中心区域。The free end 710 points approximately toward the central region of the submerged burner 5 .

作为指标,管71具有大约300~600mm范围内的长度,大约50~60mm范围内直径,并且它在水面上方大约50~200mm范围内的距离延伸。As an indicator, the tube 71 has a length in the range of approximately 300-600 mm, a diameter in the range of approximately 50-60 mm, and it extends a distance above the water surface in the range of approximately 50-200 mm.

管71利用适当的装置(未示出)以真空密封的方式安装到配置在外壳1的一个壁中相应横截面的孔中。The tubes 71 are fitted in a vacuum-tight manner by suitable means (not shown) into holes of corresponding cross-section provided in one wall of the housing 1 .

所述外壳包括一个装置70和一个配有电极6的火花塞,其中装置70适于将例如丙烷和空气的混合物的可燃气体混合物吹入管71中。Said housing comprises a device 70 suitable for blowing a combustible gas mixture, for example a mixture of propane and air, into a tube 71 and a spark plug equipped with an electrode 6 .

所述装置70是一个中空体,它具有一个圆管形主体部分72,它被一个较小直径的管78轴向延长,管78在所述管71中,且其直径比管71的直径显著要小。Said device 70 is a hollow body having a circular tubular body portion 72 axially extended by a tube 78 of smaller diameter within said tube 71 and having a diameter significantly larger than that of tube 71. Be small.

管78的自由端部780向外扩张。The free end 780 of the tube 78 flares outward.

部分72和78的共同的轴线是水平的,因此平行于管71的轴线。The common axis of the portions 72 and 78 is horizontal and therefore parallel to the axis of the tube 71 .

管78仅在管71内延伸跨过其长度的一部分,例如跨过其长度的三分之一。Tube 78 extends within tube 71 across only a part of its length, for example across a third of its length.

一个点火火花塞6安装在位于外壳7内的部分72的一端,这一端与管78向外延伸的那一端相对。所述火花塞配有一个刚性的、细丝状的、直线性双电极62,该电极62在管状元件72和78中轴向延伸。它的自由端位于管78的扩张部780中。An ignition spark plug 6 is mounted on the end of the portion 72 located in the housing 7, which end is opposite to the end of the tube 78 which extends outwardly. The spark plug is provided with a rigid, filamentary, rectilinear double electrode 62 extending axially within tubular elements 72 and 78 . Its free end is located in the flared portion 780 of the tube 78 .

适当的固定保持装置(未示出)首先将装置70保持在外壳7中适当的位置,其次确保使电极62合适地处于管状元件72和78的中心。Suitable fixed holding means (not shown) firstly hold the device 70 in place in the housing 7 and secondly ensure that the electrodes 62 are properly centered on the tubular elements 72 and 78 .

附图标记60和61分别指的是高压电流发生器和导电体,它们通过一个接触器610使火花塞6通电。接触器610例如由一个电磁体控制的开关。Reference numerals 60 and 61 designate, respectively, a high-voltage current generator and an electrical conductor, which energize the spark plug 6 via a contactor 610 . Contactor 610 is, for example, a switch controlled by an electromagnet.

装置70具有用于可燃气体和用于空气的入口。The device 70 has inlets for combustible gas and for air.

这些入口由连接到主体部分72上的入口喷嘴730和720构成。These inlets are formed by inlet nozzles 730 and 720 connected to the main body portion 72 .

考虑到混合气体通过管78吹入管71中的方向,空气入口喷嘴720位于可燃气体入口的上游。所述空气入口喷嘴720的轴线与主体部分72的轴线垂直。The air inlet nozzle 720 is located upstream of the combustible gas inlet in consideration of the direction in which the mixed gas is blown into the pipe 71 through the pipe 78 . The axis of the air inlet nozzle 720 is perpendicular to the axis of the main body portion 72 .

可燃气体喷嘴730的轴线与主体部分72的轴线形成一锐角α,该锐角的顶点指向下游。The axis of the combustible gas nozzle 730 forms an acute angle α with the axis of the main body portion 72, the apex of which is directed downstream.

喷嘴730通过一导管73向上游延伸到一连接端件170,该连接端件170由外壳7的一个壁支撑。用于调节气体流速的一个合适装置安装在所述导管73上,该装置在图中由一个腔74示出,该腔中包含一个可移动的调节片,例如由一个凸轮控制。The nozzle 730 extends upstream through a conduit 73 to a connection end piece 170 which is supported by a wall of the housing 7 . A suitable means for regulating the gas flow rate is mounted on said conduit 73, which means is shown in the figure by a chamber 74 containing a movable regulating plate, for example controlled by a cam.

导管73通过一个配件170连接到一个可燃气体供给导管17上。The conduit 73 is connected to a combustible gas supply conduit 17 via a fitting 170 .

喷嘴720通过一根短的导管76向上游延伸,它的入口位于外壳70中。Nozzle 720 extends upstream through a short conduit 76 , the inlet of which is located in housing 70 .

导管76要么如图1和2中所示连接到空气供给导管22上,要么保持自由,从而使其与外壳7中存在的空气连通。The conduit 76 is either connected to the air supply conduit 22 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 , or remains free so that it communicates with the air present in the housing 7 .

附图标记8a、8b(图1和4)指的是紫外线辐射探测器,它们与火场的各自区域相对应。Reference numerals 8a, 8b (Figs. 1 and 4) refer to ultraviolet radiation detectors, which correspond to the respective areas of the fire scene.

当然,可以应用多于两个的探测器,这取决于盘4的尺寸以及演习进行的难度。Of course, more than two detectors may be used, depending on the size of the disc 4 and the difficulty with which the maneuver is performed.

它们是公知类型的紫外线探测器,利用了对太阳光和电光的辐射不敏感的管,但适于探测来自火焰的紫外线辐射。They are UV detectors of a known type, utilizing tubes that are insensitive to solar and electro-optical radiation, but are adapted to detect UV radiation from flames.

当由于火焰被局部扑灭而导致所述辐射消失时,该区域中的探测器作出反应,所述探测器发出适当的电子信号,该电子信号由电路80接收。When said radiation disappears due to the partial extinguishing of the flame, the detectors in this area react, said detectors emitting an appropriate electronic signal, which is received by the circuit 80 .

一个类似的紫外线辐射探测器8c安装在外壳7中,用于探测导管71中是否存在火焰。A similar ultraviolet radiation detector 8c is installed in the housing 7 for detecting the presence of a flame in the conduit 71 .

附图标记90和91分别指的是丙烷探测器和一氧化碳(CO)探测器。Reference numerals 90 and 91 refer to a propane detector and a carbon monoxide (CO) detector, respectively.

相应于每个这些类型的探测器的电子信号被发送至一适当的操作电路9。Electronic signals corresponding to each of these types of detectors are sent to an appropriate operating circuit 9 .

附图标记93指的是放置在火场附近的一个温度传感器,如下所述,它用于当温度超过设定的阈值时使燃烧停止。Reference numeral 93 refers to a temperature sensor placed near the fire site, which is used to stop combustion when the temperature exceeds a set threshold value, as described below.

附图标记92指的是一个风扇,适用于使包含燃烧器并在其中进行演习的区域L通风。Reference numeral 92 refers to a fan suitable for ventilating the area L containing the burners and in which the maneuvers are performed.

附图标记8d指的是一个由热电偶构成的温度传感器,适用于在紧邻火场的邻近区域探测负的温度梯度。Reference numeral 8d refers to a temperature sensor consisting of a thermocouple suitable for detecting negative temperature gradients in the immediate vicinity of the fire.

例如,它可以是由法国公司“PYRO-SYSTEMS”售出的商业型号“TC5-30-Klnc-P”类型的热电偶,其长度等于100mm,直径等于3mm,它的最高工作温度为1100℃。For example, it may be a thermocouple of the commercial model "TC5-30-Klnc-P" type sold by the French company "PYRO-SYSTEMS", having a length equal to 100 mm and a diameter equal to 3 mm, which has a maximum operating temperature of 1100°C.

传感器8d与燃烧器5的上表面形成一体。The sensor 8d is integrally formed with the upper surface of the burner 5 .

在外壳的至少一个壁中设有一对孔77和77’,这对孔适于由各自的调节片76和76’将其关闭到不同的程度,或者适于保持打开。Provided in at least one wall of the housing is a pair of apertures 77 and 77' which are adapted to be closed to varying degrees by respective tabs 76 and 76', or which are adapted to remain open.

这两个孔是用于允许空气进入外壳的空气进入通风孔。These two holes are the air intake vents used to allow air to enter the case.

如果导管22没有连接到所述导管76上,那么这对孔允许空气以可调节的流速从外面被带进导管76的入口中。If the conduit 22 is not connected to said conduit 76, this pair of holes allows air to be brought from the outside into the inlet of the conduit 76 at an adjustable flow rate.

在图1中,附图标记15和16分别指的是以中等压力和低压输送的丙烷供给管道。In FIG. 1, reference numerals 15 and 16 denote propane supply pipes delivered at medium pressure and low pressure, respectively.

丙烷的流动方向由箭头P表示。The direction of flow of propane is indicated by arrow P.

附图标记11指的是包含一个减压阀的安全部件,它降低由瓶子1输出的丙烷的压力,例如导管15中的压力大约为1.5巴。Reference numeral 11 refers to a safety component comprising a pressure reducing valve, which reduces the pressure of the propane delivered from the bottle 1, for example to a pressure of about 1.5 bar in the conduit 15 .

分别位于元件11的上游和下游的附图标记10a和10b指的是手动截止阀。The reference numerals 10a and 10b respectively located upstream and downstream of the element 11 refer to manual shut-off valves.

附图标记12也指的是一个包括一减压阀的安全部件,它的作用是进一步将丙烷的压力降低到一相对较低的压力,例如处于大约30~300毫巴的范围内,所选择的压力取决于所应用火的类型和燃烧器5的尺寸和功率。作为指标,所述功率可处于50~150kW的范围内。Reference numeral 12 also refers to a safety component comprising a pressure reducing valve, whose function is to further reduce the pressure of propane to a relatively low pressure, for example in the range of about 30-300 mbar, selected The pressure depends on the type of fire applied and the size and power of the burner 5. As an indicator, the power may be in the range of 50-150 kW.

附图标记10c和10d分别是处于部件12的上游和下游的手动截止阀。Reference numerals 10c and 10d are manual shut-off valves upstream and downstream of component 12, respectively.

附图标记13指的是最小气体压力开关,附图标记14指的是一个电磁阀。Reference numeral 13 refers to a minimum gas pressure switch, and reference numeral 14 refers to a solenoid valve.

无论何时,只要气体压力低于设定的阈值,例如由于位于上游的过滤器堵塞而引起,那么压力开关13就以公知的方式使电磁阀14自动关闭。Whenever the gas pressure falls below a set threshold value, for example due to clogging of an upstream filter, the pressure switch 13 automatically closes the solenoid valve 14 in a known manner.

另外,如下所述,电磁阀14由该装置的监测控制电路进行控制。In addition, the solenoid valve 14 is controlled by the monitoring and control circuit of the device as described below.

鼓风机2以一定的压力将空气输送到导管20中,该压力稍稍高于大气压。The blower 2 delivers air into the duct 20 at a pressure slightly above atmospheric pressure.

空气流入所述导管20中的方向由箭头A表示。The direction of air flow into said duct 20 is indicated by arrow A. As shown in FIG.

附图标记21指的是人工驱动阀(随意愿控制)或电动阀(自动控制),可以用于使由鼓风机2输送的空气在必要情况下逸出到外部,例如当电磁阀14关闭时(防止仅供给燃烧器空气)。Reference numeral 21 refers to a manually actuated valve (controlled at will) or an electric valve (controlled automatically), which can be used to allow the air delivered by the blower 2 to escape to the outside if necessary, for example when the solenoid valve 14 is closed ( prevent the supply of burner air only).

由图3可以看到,导管20深入导管16中,从而形成由3指示的T型联结,气态丙烷流P和空气流X在其中混合,混合气体的气流由图1和3中的箭头M表示。It can be seen from FIG. 3 that the conduit 20 penetrates deep into the conduit 16, thereby forming a T-shaped junction indicated by 3, in which the gaseous propane flow P and the air flow X are mixed, and the flow of the mixed gas is indicated by the arrow M in FIGS. 1 and 3 .

用于将空气供给到装置70中的空气供给导管22在联结3的上游处连接到导管20上。An air supply conduit 22 for supplying air into the device 70 is connected to the conduit 20 upstream of the junction 3 .

在所述联结的下游,混合气体通过一根鹅颈形的导管30被输送到连接于燃烧器5上的连接导管31。Downstream of said connection, the mixed gas is fed via a gooseneck-shaped conduit 30 to a connecting conduit 31 connected to the burner 5 .

部分30的上部在水面上方延伸,它的鹅颈形状防止盛装在盘4中的水E回流进入混合气体供给管中。The upper part of the part 30 extends above the water surface, and its gooseneck shape prevents the water E contained in the pan 4 from flowing back into the mixed gas supply pipe.

导管31通过放入适当的垫圈以密封的方式穿过盘4的底部。The conduit 31 passes in a sealed manner through the bottom of the disc 4 by putting in a suitable gasket.

如图4所示,其中箭头i表示从燃烧器向上排出的多股气流,同时导致燃烧器上方(浅的)一定量的水沸腾。This is shown in Figure 4, where the arrow i indicates multiple air streams exiting the burner upwards, simultaneously causing a (shallow) volume of water above the burner to boil.

当该可燃气体被点燃时,火焰f在盘的整个表面上分布,这样模拟了一次碳氢化合物失火。When the combustible gas is ignited, the flame f is distributed over the entire surface of the disc, thus simulating a hydrocarbon fire.

通过改变丙烷和空气的相对比例,可以改变火焰的颜色。By changing the relative proportions of propane and air, the color of the flame can be changed.

20%的空气和80%丙烷的比例可以获得红黄色相的火焰,类似于碳氢化合物的火焰。A ratio of 20% air to 80% propane results in a red-yellow phase flame, similar to a hydrocarbon flame.

作为指标,盘4中水E的深度大约在15~20cm的范围内,燃烧器5的厚度处于8~15mm的范围内,燃烧器上方水的深度大约在4~5cm的范围内。As an indicator, the depth of the water E in the pan 4 is approximately in the range of 15-20 cm, the thickness of the burner 5 is in the range of 8-15 mm, and the depth of the water above the burner is approximately in the range of 4-5 cm.

但是,作为指标,如果燃烧器是圆形的,它的直径例如大约为60cm。However, as an indicator, if the burner is circular, its diameter is, for example, approximately 60 cm.

当然,可以选择其它的尺寸,这取决于所执行的演习。Of course, other dimensions may be chosen, depending on the maneuvers being performed.

该装置还配有电磁阀18。The device is also equipped with a solenoid valve 18 .

用于向点火装置70供给丙烷的丙烷供给导管17在位于压力开关13和电磁阀14之间的一点处连接到导管16上。A propane supply conduit 17 for supplying propane to the ignition 70 is connected to the conduit 16 at a point between the pressure switch 13 and the solenoid valve 14 .

在演习开始前,利用装置70将盘点着。Before the exercise begins, the inventory will be taken using the device 70 .

将鼓风机2接通,并且将所有的丙烷供给阀打开,这样:Turn on Blower 2 and open all propane supply valves so that:

-气体混合物通过导管31供给到燃烧器5(图1,箭头M);- the gas mixture is supplied to the burner 5 through the duct 31 (figure 1, arrow M);

-丙烷通过导管17和喷嘴730供给到装置7(图1,箭头P’);和- propane is supplied to the device 7 through the conduit 17 and the nozzle 730 (Fig. 1, arrow P'); and

-空气通过导管22和喷嘴720供给到装置7(图1,箭头A’)。- Air is supplied to the device 7 through the duct 22 and the nozzle 720 (figure 1, arrow A').

混合气体M以直接向上喷出的空气小射流i的形式从燃烧器排出,这些空气小射流使得盘4中的水E产生一定程度的沸腾。The mixture M exits the burner in the form of small air jets i directed upwards, which cause the water E in the pan 4 to boil to a certain extent.

到达中空体70中压缩的空气和丙烷流在其中混合,并且相对于所述管的小直径,所得到的混合气体以较高的流速被吹向管78中。The compressed air and propane streams arriving in the hollow body 70 are mixed therein and the resulting mixed gas is blown into the tube 78 at a relatively high flow rate relative to the small diameter of said tube.

在所述管的较大直径的端部780内,气体流发生膨胀并且速度慢下来。Within the larger diameter end 780 of the tube, the gas flow expands and slows down.

通过闭合接触器610,向火花塞供给电流,从而在电极62的尖端产生火花,其尖端位于所述部分780内部,处于可燃混合气体的中心。By closing the contactor 610, current is supplied to the spark plug, thereby generating a spark at the tip of the electrode 62, the tip of which is located inside said portion 780, in the center of the combustible mixture.

这导致混合气体点燃,燃烧的混合气体在导管71内部蔓延,并通过向下弯曲的部分710从此排出,通过向下弯曲的部分710,燃烧的混合气体指向燃烧器5上方的水表面。This causes the mixture to ignite and the burning mixture to propagate inside the conduit 71 and exit therefrom through the downwardly curved portion 710 through which it is directed towards the water surface above the burner 5 .

由于可燃混合气体也从所述燃烧器发射出来,所以燃烧被传播到盘中。Since the combustible mixture is also emitted from the burner, the combustion is propagated into the disc.

提供一种监测控制电路,在图5中以标记80表示,例如一种微处理机,用来监测和控制该装置。A monitoring and control circuit, indicated generally at 80 in Figure 5, such as a microprocessor, is provided for monitoring and controlling the device.

将监测控制电路编程,以确保演习在最安全的状态下进行。The monitoring and control circuits are programmed to ensure that the maneuvers are carried out in the safest state.

只要传感器8c探测到管状出口71中存在火焰,所述电路80就会控制接触器610,以使得供给到火花塞6的电源关闭。As soon as the sensor 8c detects the presence of a flame in the tubular outlet 71, said circuit 80 controls the contactor 610 so that the power supply to the spark plug 6 is turned off.

只要传感器8a、8b探测到盘中存在火焰,所述电路就会关闭阀18。The circuit closes the valve 18 as long as the sensors 8a, 8b detect the presence of a flame in the pan.

由于点火系统不起作用,所以导管71中的燃烧接着就会停止。Combustion in conduit 71 then ceases due to the failure of the ignition system.

用于消灭盘中火的训练演习就可以开始。Training exercises for fighting fires in the pan can begin.

盘上方导管71的存在不会以任何方式妨碍演习的进行。The presence of the catheter 71 above the disc does not hinder the performance of the maneuver in any way.

为了保持盘中水平面恒定(燃烧器上方),以及为了均衡掉多余的水(由于加入灭火介质而造成),也可以优选地提供一种溢流装置(未示出)。In order to maintain a constant level in the pan (above the burners) and to equalize excess water (due to the addition of extinguishing medium), an overflow device (not shown) may also preferably be provided.

相反地,也可以添加一种水加满装置,以补偿由于蒸发而造成的水的损失。Conversely, a water top-up can also be added to compensate for water loss due to evaporation.

这两种装置可以合并到一起形成一种水循环装置,该装置具有水位控制以及可选择地配有一个过滤器。These two devices can be combined to form a water circulation device with water level control and optionally a filter.

从图5的线路图可以看出,电路80接收从以下装置传来的信息:As can be seen from the circuit diagram of Figure 5, circuit 80 receives information from the following devices:

-紫外线辐射探测器8a、8b、8c和传感器8d;- ultraviolet radiation detectors 8a, 8b, 8c and sensor 8d;

-用于探测围起来的区域L内的丙烷或者一氧化碳的异常程度的探测电路9;以及- a detection circuit 9 for detecting abnormal levels of propane or carbon monoxide in the enclosed area L; and

-温度探测器93。- temperature probe 93 .

电路编程为控制接触器610,以控制电极的点火,电磁阀14和18以及风扇92都用预定的程序控制。The circuit is programmed to control the contactor 610 to control the firing of the electrodes, the solenoid valves 14 and 18 and the fan 92 are all controlled by a predetermined program.

微处理机80当然可以根据意愿来控制,例如,通过计算机键盘控制,以将各种运行参数和运行-监测参数输入微处理机,并启动和结束演习。Microprocessor 80 can of course be controlled at will, for example, via a computer keyboard, to input various operational and operational-monitoring parameters into the microprocessor, and to initiate and terminate maneuvers.

在演习期间,受训者必须努力利用现有的合适类型的灭火器将火场引起的火焰扑灭。During the drill, the trainee must attempt to extinguish the flames arising from the fire using the appropriate type of fire extinguisher available.

利用各种探测器8a、8b来连续地探测有效火焰的存在。当然,如果演习制造的比较复杂,可以提供两个以上的这种探测器。The presence of an active flame is continuously detected by the various detectors 8a, 8b. Of course, more than two such detectors can be provided if the manufacturing of the exercise is complicated.

当探测器再也探测不到火焰时,灭火被认为是令人满意的,这就促使受训者全力以赴。When the detectors can no longer detect the flames, the fire suppression is considered satisfactory, prompting the trainee to go all out.

火场的足够冷却也可以导致熄火,这由传感器8d探测到,该传感器考虑了实时温度测量。Sufficient cooling of the fire scene can also lead to flameout, which is detected by sensor 8d, which takes into account real-time temperature measurements.

在上面两种情况下,电路会使电磁阀14关闭,从而阻止丙烷到达火场。In both cases above, the circuit will cause the solenoid valve 14 to close, thereby preventing propane from reaching the fire.

空气可继续到达,这并不是难以解决的问题。由鼓风机输送的空气也可以通过阀21直接导向外侧。Air can continue to arrive, which is not a difficult problem to solve. The air delivered by the blower can also be directed to the outside via the valve 21 .

应该理解,在整个操作过程中,电极不在用于灭火的介质范围内,并且受到导管71的保护,而不受由于盘4中沸腾的水E所导致的湿气和水雾的影响。It will be understood that throughout the operation the electrodes are outside the medium used for extinguishing the fire and are protected by the conduit 71 from moisture and mist due to the water E boiling in the pan 4 .

因此,电极仍可以用于新的演习,新的演习可以以与上述相同的方式马上重复进行。Thus, the electrodes can still be used for new maneuvers which can be repeated right away in the same way as above.

优选地,将电路80编程为,如果经过一定的给定时间之后(例如一分钟之后),受训者还没有将火扑灭,仍然启动电磁阀14,以切断丙烷供给,因此自动将火场的火熄灭。Preferably, the circuit 80 is programmed so that if the trainee has not extinguished the fire after a certain given time (for example after one minute), the solenoid valve 14 is still activated to cut off the propane supply, thereby automatically extinguishing the fire at the fire site .

如果由传感器90探测到围起来的区域L内有丙烷(例如由于泄漏或点火失败造成),或者如果由传感器91探测到一氧化碳的水平异常,那么电路80接通风扇92,从而通过使电磁阀14关闭来除去区域中的那些有害气体,并切断丙烷的供给。If the presence of propane in the enclosed area L is detected by sensor 90 (caused, for example, by a leak or ignition failure), or if an abnormal level of carbon monoxide is detected by sensor 91, then circuit 80 turns on fan 92, which in turn activates solenoid valve 14 Shut down to remove those noxious fumes from the area and cut off the propane supply.

如果温度出现异常,这可能是由于失去控制的点火所导致的,温度传感器93也会关闭电磁阀14,从而切断向燃烧器的丙烷供给。If the temperature is abnormal, which may be caused by a runaway ignition, the temperature sensor 93 will also close the solenoid valve 14, thereby cutting off the propane supply to the burner.

当然可以在相同的区域提供多个本发明的火场,各火场可以完全或部分地由相同瓶的丙烷1和/或相同的鼓风机2供给。It is of course possible to provide several fire places of the invention in the same area, each fire place being fully or partially fed by the same bottle of propane 1 and/or the same blower 2 .

各传感器8、90、91和93的数目和位置当然适于配合区域的构形以及各火场的位置。The number and position of the various sensors 8, 90, 91 and 93 are of course adapted to suit the configuration of the area and the location of the respective fire scene.

如上所述,可以通过改变火焰探测器8a、8b的数目和角度位置来改变演习的难度。As mentioned above, the difficulty of the maneuver can be varied by varying the number and angular position of the flame detectors 8a, 8b.

应该理解,如果外壳7远离任何危险而放置,就可以使用环境空气作为用于点燃的氧化剂。为了这个目的,去除导管22,空气通过合适地调节的空气入口通风孔76-77和76’-77’,然后通过入口76进入外壳7中。压缩的气体进入到中空体72中就会产生足够的负压,使得空气被吸入其中。It will be appreciated that ambient air may be used as the oxidant for ignition if the enclosure 7 is placed away from any hazard. For this purpose, the duct 22 is removed and the air passes through suitably adjusted air inlet vents 76-77 and 76'-77' and then enters the housing 7 through the inlet 76. The entry of compressed gas into the hollow body 72 creates a sufficient negative pressure that air is sucked into it.

可燃气体和氧化剂空气的适当比例可以利用凸轮片75进行调节,在可行时,也可通过可关闭的通风孔76-77和76’-77’进行调节。The proper ratio of combustible gas and oxidizer air can be adjusted by means of cam plate 75 and, where applicable, by closable vent holes 76-77 and 76'-77'.

该装置可提供在固定的或活动的区域中,例如,上面所述文件EP-0145 465中所描述类型的卡车上。The device can be provided in a fixed or mobile area, for example, on a truck of the type described in the above-mentioned document EP-0145 465.

Claims (15)

1. manoeuvre device that is used to train people to eliminate the fire that the simulation hydrocarbon causes, this device comprises:
-the scene of a fire is made of a gas burner (5), and this burner is immersed in the water (E) of splendid attire in dish (4);
-be used for device (1,2,3,30,31) to the mist of the fuel gas of burner (5) air supply and for example propane; And
-electrode (62) is suitable for guiding fire into gas when manoeuvre begins;
Described device is characterised in that, this device is furnished with an igniting device, this igniter comprises that is placed near the shell (7) of described dish (4), this shell has the inner space that is protected by heat, and is furnished with heat-resisting conduit (71), the conduit of making by stainless steel for example, the free end of conduit is open in water (E) the surface short distance of splendid attire in dish (4), portion in the enclosure simultaneously is provided with as lower device: at first be one be suitable for to as described in conduit (71) blow for example device (70) of the combustible gas mixture of propane and Air mixing gas; Next is the spark plug (6) that is equipped with described electrode (62), and described electrode extends axially in conduit (71), only crosses over the part of catheter length.
2. device as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, being used for the device (70) that conductive pipe (71) blows fuel gas and Air mixing gas is a ducted body, and it has the import (720,730) that is used for fuel gas and air.
3. device as claimed in claim 1 or 2, it is characterized in that, this device also comprises the monitoring device (8c) that is used for whether existing in the monitoring tube (71) flame, ultraviolet radiation detector for example, and described monitoring device (8c) is positioned at the porch of the inner described conduit of described shell (7) (71).
4. as each described device among the claim 1-3, it is characterized in that described conduit (71) is a nozzle form, its free end (710) is bent downwardly, thereby opens in the place, water (E) surface of dish in (4) being in close proximity to splendid attire.
5. as each described device among the claim 1-4, it is characterized in that, supply with fuel gas and Air mixing gas to described burner (5) by the conduit (30) of a gooseneck shaped.
6. as each described device among the claim 1-5, it is characterized in that this device also comprises monitoring device, for example (8a 8b), is used for extinguishing of monitor disk (4) existing flame to the ultraviolet radiation detector.
7. as each described device among the claim 1-6, it is characterized in that, this device also comprises the monitoring device that is used for the existing fray-out of flame of monitor disk (4), such as at least one temperature sensor (8d) that for example constitutes by the detector of thermocouple type, be connected to an intelligence sensor, this intelligence sensor is suitable for real-time detection and record temperature reading near the scene of a fire.
8. as each described device among the claim 1-7, it is characterized in that this device also comprises a control circuit, after igniting beginning through after a while, if the flame that does not also monitor in the dish (4) is extinguished, this control circuit is suitable for the fuel gas of automatic sever supply to burner.
9. as each described device among the claim 1-8, it is characterized in that, fuel gas is transmitted from a compression container (1), air is transmitted by an air blast (2), make its mixing by a T type connection, connect inner air supplying duct (20) in the T type and vertically stretch in the fuel gas supplying duct (16).
10. as each described device in claim 2 and 9, combination is considered, it is characterized in that, supplies air to described device (70) by a supplying duct (22), supplying duct (22) is connected to air intake (720), and utilizes described air blast (2) to its air supply.
11. device as claim 2 and 9, combination is considered, it is characterized in that, by a supplying duct (17) fuel gas is supplied to described device (70), this supplying duct (17) is connected to fuel gas inlet (730), and supplies with fuel gas from compression container (1) to it.
12. device as claimed in claim 11 is characterized in that, shell (7) is furnished with one and regulates parts (75), is used to regulate the flow velocity of the fuel gas that allows to enter this device.
13. as the device of claim 2 and 9, combination is considered, it is characterized in that, supplies air to described device (70) by at least one the adjustable flow velocity air intake (76-77) in the wall that is installed in shell (7).
14., it is characterized in that described shell (7) is lined with layer of insulation material as each described device among the claim 1-13.
15., it is characterized in that burner (5) is made by the stainless steel fibre of braiding as each described device among the claim 1-14.
CN 03824411 2002-08-27 2003-08-08 Fire extinguishing training exercise system Pending CN1688367A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR02/10609 2002-08-27
FR0210609A FR2843889B1 (en) 2002-08-27 2002-08-27 EXERCISE FACILITY FOR TRAINING PEOPLE EXTINGUISHING A FIRE

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CN1688367A true CN1688367A (en) 2005-10-26

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EP (1) EP1531910A2 (en)
CN (1) CN1688367A (en)
AU (1) AU2003271833A1 (en)
CA (1) CA2495854A1 (en)
FR (1) FR2843889B1 (en)
WO (1) WO2004020044A2 (en)

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CN101814245A (en) * 2010-05-07 2010-08-25 山西虹安科技股份有限公司 Real fire drilling system for emergency rescue
CN102254463A (en) * 2011-06-22 2011-11-23 长春工程学院 Fire-fighting training machine
CN101303339B (en) * 2008-06-26 2011-12-07 中国人民解放军总后勤部军需装备研究所 Fire field environmental simulation system
CN106310576A (en) * 2016-09-30 2017-01-11 山西虹安科技股份有限公司 Solid extinguishment simulation system

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EP2465583B1 (en) 2010-12-20 2016-07-13 AIRBUS HELICOPTERS DEUTSCHLAND GmbH Smoke simulator system for aircraft cockpit
CN102313575B (en) * 2011-08-20 2013-03-20 公安部天津消防研究所 Oil spray fire test device
CN105225568B (en) * 2015-10-28 2017-09-26 合肥依科普工业设备有限公司 Round-the-clock fire and smog real scene analog training device

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FR2556865B1 (en) 1983-12-14 1986-05-23 Deshoux Thierry MOBILE ASSEMBLY FOR THE TRAINING OF PERSONNEL WITH A VIEW TO ITS SPECIALIZATION IN FIRE FIGHTING.
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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101303339B (en) * 2008-06-26 2011-12-07 中国人民解放军总后勤部军需装备研究所 Fire field environmental simulation system
CN101814245A (en) * 2010-05-07 2010-08-25 山西虹安科技股份有限公司 Real fire drilling system for emergency rescue
CN102254463A (en) * 2011-06-22 2011-11-23 长春工程学院 Fire-fighting training machine
CN106310576A (en) * 2016-09-30 2017-01-11 山西虹安科技股份有限公司 Solid extinguishment simulation system

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Publication number Publication date
EP1531910A2 (en) 2005-05-25
CA2495854A1 (en) 2004-03-11
WO2004020044A2 (en) 2004-03-11
WO2004020044A3 (en) 2004-05-06
AU2003271833A1 (en) 2004-03-19
FR2843889A1 (en) 2004-03-05
FR2843889B1 (en) 2004-10-22

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