CN1276815C - Tungsten electrode argon arc welding active flux for increasing welding fusion depth - Google Patents
Tungsten electrode argon arc welding active flux for increasing welding fusion depth Download PDFInfo
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- CN1276815C CN1276815C CN 200410000345 CN200410000345A CN1276815C CN 1276815 C CN1276815 C CN 1276815C CN 200410000345 CN200410000345 CN 200410000345 CN 200410000345 A CN200410000345 A CN 200410000345A CN 1276815 C CN1276815 C CN 1276815C
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- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 70
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 title abstract description 5
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract 3
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract 3
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 title abstract 3
- 229910001512 metal fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Abietic-Saeure Natural products C12CCC(C(C)C)=CC2=CCC2C1(C)CCCC2(C)C(O)=O RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-HUOMCSJISA-N Rosin Natural products O(C/C=C/c1ccccc1)[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-HUOMCSJISA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-cinnamyl beta-D-glucopyranoside Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910016569 AlF 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- IRPGOXJVTQTAAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanal Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C=O IRPGOXJVTQTAAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K Aluminum fluoride Inorganic materials F[Al](F)F KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910004261 CaF 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 4
- PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Na+] PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 4
- 235000013024 sodium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 claims 2
- 239000011775 sodium fluoride Substances 0.000 claims 2
- ORUIBWPALBXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Mg+2] ORUIBWPALBXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001635 magnesium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 15
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 abstract description 15
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 13
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 abstract description 13
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichromium trioxide Chemical compound O=[Cr]O[Cr]=O QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000746 Structural steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000797 Ultra-high-strength steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 210000001503 joint Anatomy 0.000 abstract 1
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000035900 sweating Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 6
- 235000011837 pasties Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- NGONBPOYDYSZDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ar].[W] Chemical compound [Ar].[W] NGONBPOYDYSZDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241000538562 Banjos Species 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 ferrous metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Nonmetallic Welding Materials (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a tungsten electrode argon arc welding active flux for increasing welding fusion depth, which comprises 1 to 75 % of Cr2O3, 1 to 85 % of TiO2 and 0 to 20 % of metal fluoride. The addition of the metal fluoride in the present invention improves the forming quality and the slag detachability of a weld surface, and simultaneously the fusion depth of a welding piece is further increased. The amount reduction of oxide can avoid to influence the physicochemical performance and the welding arc characteristic of weld metal because of large multicomponent physicochemical performance difference. An active welding flux coating formed by the present invention can obviously compress the welding arc of tungsten electrode argon arc welding, and a welding fusion depth can be increased by more than 3 times. An I-shaped butt joint of 10MM can be welded once. The input of welding heat and the width of a welding heat affected zone are reduced by about 50 %, and the performance of the welding joint is improved. The present invention has the advantages of no chamfering and no welding wire filling. The production efficiency of welding can be increased by more than 60 %, and the production cost of welding can be reduced by 60 to 80%. The present invention is not only applied to stainless steel successfully, but also is applied to the welding of carbon structural steel, low-alloy high-strength steel, heat-resistant steel (Cr-Mo), stainless steel, low-temperature steel, ultra-high strength steel, etc. successfully.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of argon tungsten-arc welding activated rosin fluxes such as structural carbon steel, Hi-Stren steel, heat resisting steel (Cr-Mo), stainless steel, low-temperature steel, unimach that are used for.
Background technology
Argon tungsten-arc welding is the Perfected process of various non-ferrous metals of welding and alloy, stainless steel, high temperature alloy, unimach etc. as a kind of high-quality precision welding connection technology.But argon tungsten-arc welding exist single-run welding penetration amount little (≤3mm), shortcoming such as welding productivity is low surpasses the weldment of 3mm for thickness, needs to adopt the weldering that fills silk of bevelled multilayer, also needs preheating to weld sometimes.So when adopting argon tungsten-arc welding welding cut deal, production efficiency is low, working condition is poor, and welding deformation is big, can not satisfy the demand of production; Simultaneously, for the steel of the same trade mark, welding penetration is bigger with the material composition fluctuation, and the parameter of welding process need adjust accordingly at any time, and this produces for welding and brings certain difficulty.Therefore, how to increase the argon tungsten-arc welding welding penetration, avoid material composition fluctuation to the influence of welding penetration, reduce the sweating heat input quantity, reduce welding deformation, enhance productivity and reduce welding cost, be the problem that people seek to solve.Chinese patent application CN1359782A discloses a kind of flux for argon tungsten arc welding of stainless steel that is used to increase welding penetration, SiO in this solder flux
2Content is 50～80, and proportioning is higher, and the coating that will cause this solder flux formation can cause the inhomogeneous of welding penetration at metal surface to be welded poor adhesive force and flux coating operating difficulties under the effect of blow force of arc and argon gas stream, in addition, and SiO
2Content is higher also can be caused solder flux to be in harmonious proportion producing inhomogeneous deposited phenomenon in the put procedure of back, and this will directly influence welding quality, simultaneously in this solder flux owing to contain CaO in atmosphere easily suction make moist, influence welding quality.U.S. Pat 5,804,792 disclose a kind of solder flux that is used to increase the argon tungsten arc welding of stainless steel welding penetration, SiO in this solder flux
2Content is 5～27, because SiO
2Hardness is bigger, reach the described SiO of patent
2Granularity requirements is very difficult in solder flux production, equally also has the problem of the coating of this solder flux formation in metal surface to be welded poor adhesive force; At thickness is 304 stainless steels of 6mm, and the penetration condition of this solder flux is: welding current (I) is 150A, and arc voltage (U) is 9V, and speed of welding (V) is 1.27mm/s (being 3ipm), and sweating heat input quantity E=(U * I)/V=10.63J/cm.
For weldment, the sweating heat input quantity is big more, and weld grain is thick more, the weldment performance is poor more, welding deformation is big more simultaneously; So, seek better technological properties, the better activated rosin flux of serviceability, for simplifying the operation course, improve the weldment quality, have crucial meaning.
Summary of the invention
Technology of the present invention is dealt with problems and is: overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, a kind of activated rosin flux that is used to increase the argon tungsten-arc welding welding penetration of structural carbon steel, Hi-Stren steel, heat resisting steel, stainless steel, unimach etc. is provided, this solder flux can not only improve the face of weld Forming Quality, further increase the weldment welding penetration, reduce the sweating heat input, and weld metal physicochemical property and welding arc characteristic have significantly and improve, the weld seam chemical composition is unaffected, and the weldment performance obviously improves.
Technical solution of the present invention is: increase the argon tungsten-arc welding activated rosin flux of welding penetration, it is characterized in that: comprise following component and content (percentage by weight): Cr
2O
310～70, TiO
210～80, metal fluoride one of (wherein metal be in calcium, sodium, magnesium, lithium, the aluminium etc.) 5～20.
In addition, can also add percentage by weight is 15 SiO
2, to improve O in the steel, S too high levels contain the S inclusion morphology to arc shape and weld seam influence.
The present invention's beneficial effect compared with prior art is:
1. the adding of metal fluoride can improve the face of weld Forming Quality and the face of weld removability of slag among the present invention, further increases the fusion penetration of weldment simultaneously, reduces the sweating heat input quantity.For example be 304 stainless steels of 6mm to thickness, the penetration condition of this solder flux is: welding current (I) is 158A, arc voltage (U) is 8.5V, speed of welding (V) is 1.67mm/s, sweating heat input quantity E=(U * I)/V=8.04J/cm, and the sweating heat input quantity that adopts United States Patent 5,804,792 disclosed solder flux then to need is 10.63J/cm;
2. the oxide quantity among the present invention obviously reduces, and can avoid influences weld metal physicochemical property and welding arc characteristic because of many components physicochemical property differs greatly;
3. activated rosin flux production technology of the present invention is simple, and solder flux is evenly coating easily, and coating is at position to be welded strong adhesion;
4. the formed activated rosin flux coating of the present invention can significantly be compressed the welding arc of argon tungsten-arc welding, welding penetration is increased more than 3 times, the I type banjo fixing butt jointing of a through welding 10mm of energy; Sweating heat input quantity and welding heat affected sector width reduce to improve property of welded joint about 50%; Square groove, not sealing weld silk can improve welding production efficiency more than 60%, and the welding production cost reduces by 60～80%;
The present invention not only success be applied to stainless steel, and successfully be applied to weld materials such as structural carbon steel, Hi-Stren steel, stainless steel, heat resisting steel, low-temperature steel, unimach.Activated rosin flux of the present invention changes arc shape by with the argon tungsten-arc welding arcing time and increases depth of penetration, and reaction occurs in the weldment surface, and above-mentioned steel grade is because fusing point is approaching, and therefore activated rosin flux of the present invention all is suitable for above-mentioned steel grade.
The specific embodiment
Embodiment 1, and the proportion relation of present embodiment is (percentage by weight %): Cr
2O
370, TiO
210, CaF
220, place milling apparatus fully to grind the component of above-mentioned each ratio of granularity≤0.3mm, mix, after oven dry and cooling, be mixed with activated rosin flux, with alcohol or acetone activated rosin flux is reconciled into pasty state before the activated rosin flux weldering, wherein the volume ratio of activated rosin flux and alcohol or acetone is 1: 2～1: 4, (coating layer thickness is≤0.2mm that the monolateral width of coating is 4～10mm), treats to weld after the volatilization of alcohol or acetone evenly to be coated on position to be welded then.
Embodiment 2, and the proportion relation of present embodiment is (percentage by weight %): Cr
2O
365, TiO
215, NaF2O, place milling apparatus fully to grind the component of above-mentioned each ratio of granularity≤0.3mm, mix, after oven dry and cooling, be mixed with activated rosin flux, with alcohol or acetone activated rosin flux is reconciled into pasty state before the activated rosin flux weldering, wherein the volume ratio of activated rosin flux and alcohol or acetone is 1: 2～1: 4, and (coating layer thickness is≤0.2mm evenly to be coated on position to be welded then, the monolateral width of coating is 4～10mm), treats to weld after the volatilization of alcohol or acetone.
Embodiment 3, and the proportion relation of present embodiment is (percentage by weight %): Cr
2O
315, TiO
280, MgF
25, place milling apparatus fully to grind the component of above-mentioned each ratio of granularity≤0.3mm, mix, after oven dry and cooling, be mixed with activated rosin flux, with alcohol or acetone activated rosin flux is reconciled into pasty state before the activated rosin flux weldering, wherein the volume ratio of activated rosin flux and alcohol or acetone is 1: 2～1: 4, (coating layer thickness is≤0.2mm that the monolateral width of coating is 4～10mm), treats to weld after the volatilization of alcohol or acetone evenly to be coated on position to be welded then.
Embodiment 4, and the proportion relation of present embodiment is (percentage by weight %): Cr
2O
315, TiO
280, LiF 5, place milling apparatus fully to grind the component of above-mentioned each ratio of granularity≤0.3mm, mix, after oven dry and cooling, be mixed with activated rosin flux, with alcohol or acetone activated rosin flux is reconciled into pasty state before the activated rosin flux weldering, wherein the volume ratio of activated rosin flux and alcohol or acetone is 1: 2～1: 4, and (coating layer thickness is≤0.2mm evenly to be coated on position to be welded then, the monolateral width of coating is 4～10mm), treats to weld after the volatilization of alcohol or acetone.
Embodiment 5, and the proportion relation of present embodiment is (percentage by weight %): Cr
2O
370, TiO
210, AlF
320, place milling apparatus fully to grind the component of above-mentioned each ratio of granularity≤0.3mm, mix, after oven dry and cooling, be mixed with activated rosin flux, with alcohol or acetone activated rosin flux is reconciled into pasty state before the activated rosin flux weldering, wherein the volume ratio of activated rosin flux and alcohol or acetone is 1: 2～1: 4, (coating layer thickness is≤0.2mm that the monolateral width of coating is 4～10mm), treats to weld after the volatilization of alcohol or acetone evenly to be coated on position to be welded then.
Embodiment 6, and the proportion relation of present embodiment is (percentage by weight %): Cr
2O
310, TiO
270, aluminum fluoride AlF
35, SiO
215, place milling apparatus fully to grind the component of above-mentioned each ratio of granularity≤0.3mm, mix, after oven dry and cooling, be mixed with activated rosin flux, with alcohol or acetone activated rosin flux is reconciled into pasty state before the activated rosin flux weldering, wherein the volume ratio of activated rosin flux and alcohol or acetone is 1: 2～1: 4, (coating layer thickness is≤0.2mm that the monolateral width of coating is 4～10mm), treats to weld after the volatilization of alcohol or acetone evenly to be coated on position to be welded then.
Claims (3)
1, increases the argon tungsten-arc welding activated rosin flux of welding penetration, it is characterized in that comprising following percentage by weight component and content: Cr
2O
310～70, TiO
210～80, metal fluoride 5～20.
2, the argon tungsten-arc welding activated rosin flux of increase welding penetration according to claim 1 is characterized in that: comprise that also percentage by weight is 15 SiO
2
3, the argon tungsten-arc welding activated rosin flux of increase welding penetration according to claim 1 and 2 is characterized in that: described metal fluoride is calcirm-fluoride CaF
2, or sodium fluoride NaF, or magnesium fluoride MgF
2, or lithium fluoride LiF, or aluminum fluoride AlF
3
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 200410000345 CN1276815C (en) | 2004-01-09 | 2004-01-09 | Tungsten electrode argon arc welding active flux for increasing welding fusion depth |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 200410000345 CN1276815C (en) | 2004-01-09 | 2004-01-09 | Tungsten electrode argon arc welding active flux for increasing welding fusion depth |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1555957A CN1555957A (en) | 2004-12-22 |
| CN1276815C true CN1276815C (en) | 2006-09-27 |
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|---|---|---|---|
| CN 200410000345 Expired - Fee Related CN1276815C (en) | 2004-01-09 | 2004-01-09 | Tungsten electrode argon arc welding active flux for increasing welding fusion depth |
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| CN101244497B (en) * | 2007-02-12 | 2010-05-19 | 大连理工大学 | A kind of active agent for magnesium alloy welding |
| FR2920681B1 (en) * | 2007-09-10 | 2009-12-04 | Snecma | USE OF AN ACTING FLOW FOR TIG WELDING OF METAL PARTS |
| US9101997B2 (en) | 2008-09-11 | 2015-08-11 | Siemens Energy, Inc | Asymmetric heat sink welding using a penetration enhancing compound |
| CN101890561B (en) * | 2010-07-20 | 2012-01-25 | 吉林大学 | Method for improving aluminum alloy MIG welding seam penetration |
| CN101947703B (en) * | 2010-10-08 | 2012-07-04 | 中国航空工业集团公司北京航空制造工程研究所 | Active welding flux for high-temperature alloy fusion welding and preparation method thereof |
| CN102451962A (en) * | 2010-10-26 | 2012-05-16 | 北京新风机械厂 | Stainless steel active welding flux and preparation method thereof |
| CN102343489A (en) * | 2011-07-11 | 2012-02-08 | 重庆大学 | Novel active agent used for TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding of magnesium alloy |
| CN102489841B (en) * | 2011-11-24 | 2016-03-23 | 重庆理工大学 | Tungsten argon arc welding method filled by the alloy powder of aluminium alloy |
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| CN102941419B (en) * | 2012-10-30 | 2015-04-15 | 江苏科技大学 | Active welding flux for tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding of aluminum and aluminum alloy and preparation method thereof |
| CN103962752B (en) * | 2013-05-14 | 2017-04-05 | 中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司 | A kind of activating agent and using method for weathering steel MAG welding |
| CN104708229B (en) * | 2013-06-05 | 2016-09-14 | 天津大学 | Application of Low Melting Point Flux in High Power TIG Welding Seam Protection |
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| CN104227270B (en) * | 2014-10-08 | 2016-03-30 | 山东大学 | An Active Stranded Welding Wire with Increased Penetration |
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| CN104551355A (en) * | 2015-01-08 | 2015-04-29 | 山东大学 | Soldering flux filled type pulse welding method for magnesium alloy pipe fitting |
| CN104668817B (en) * | 2015-01-28 | 2017-01-11 | 辽宁工程技术大学 | Coal ash activated argon arc welding flux and application thereof |
| CN106425043B (en) * | 2016-10-21 | 2018-09-25 | 中国化学工程第六建设有限公司 | titanium alloy welding method |
| CN106624458B (en) * | 2016-12-06 | 2019-06-04 | 中国航空工业集团公司北京航空材料研究院 | A kind of activated rosin flux for 6mm or less thickness titanium alloy gas shielded arc welding |
| CN111716040B (en) * | 2020-07-02 | 2022-01-11 | 北部湾大学 | Active welding flux for tungsten inert gas argon arc welding of marine steel, and preparation method and use method thereof |
-
2004
- 2004-01-09 CN CN 200410000345 patent/CN1276815C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| CN1555957A (en) | 2004-12-22 |
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