CN113813402A - 一种具有饥饿联合气体疗法抗肿瘤功能的纳米凝胶的制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种具有饥饿联合气体疗法抗肿瘤功能的纳米凝胶的制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种具有饥饿联合气体疗法抗肿瘤功能的纳米凝胶的制备方法和应用,所述纳米凝胶先由接枝左旋精氨酸的叠氮化聚乙烯亚胺与葡萄糖氧化酶通过静电相互作用形成纳米酶复合物,然后在其表面覆盖含炔基的聚碳酸酯嵌段共聚物,利用叠氮与炔基的点击化学交联得到。相对于现有技术,本发明利用特定的酶促反应消耗内源葡萄糖并释放一氧化氮气体,通过饥饿和气体疗法杀死癌细胞,同时一氧化氮气体能够将癌细胞内的氧气重新分配,缓解肿瘤的乏氧,在抗肿瘤和抑制肿瘤的转移方面有着广泛的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于材料和生物医药制备方法及用途,特别涉及一种具有饥饿联合气体疗法抗肿瘤功能的纳米凝胶的制备方法和应用。
背景技术
近年来,癌症代谢,特别是葡萄糖代谢,在癌症治疗的设计中受到越来越多的关注。基于瓦博格效应,增殖的癌细胞会比正常组织消耗更多的葡萄糖来产生能量。目前已提出了一些癌症治疗策略来阻止葡萄糖消耗。由于葡萄糖供应的阻断只能减缓肿瘤生长,而不能完全杀死癌细胞,因此将这种策略与其他治疗方法相结合可能是一个有吸引力的选择。
葡萄糖氧化酶(Gox)催化葡萄糖氧化,并在氧气存在下产生葡萄糖酸和过氧化氢(H2O2)。这个过程可以有效地消耗肿瘤中的葡萄糖和氧气,从而增加肿瘤微环境的缺氧、酸性和H2O2环境。但缺氧是许多实体瘤的显著特征,常与肿瘤生长、肺转移和对大多数标准治疗方法的抵抗有关。例如缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)的上调与肿瘤肺转移显著正相关。Gox在发挥作用的过程中面临着加剧肿瘤乏氧从而促进HIF-1α稳定的问题。同时Gox具有稳定性差、体内半衰期短、免疫原性和全身毒性的缺点。
NO在调节神经元通讯、血管调节、伤口愈合和其他生理、病理活动中起着最突出的作用,同时NO作为一种呼吸抑制剂,能够将氧气重新分配至非呼吸靶点,促进HIF-1α的降解。然而,高活性NO气体不能直接用于临床试验,因为其寿命短且呈浓度依赖性。因此,大量的NO供体被开发出来,用于在一定条件下储存和释放NO。左旋精氨酸(L-Arg)作为一氧化氮供体具有良好的生物相容性,在诱导型一氧化氮合酶或H2O2存在下能精确释放一氧化氮。L-Arg与活性氧反应生成一氧化氮衍生出肿瘤治疗的新机制。在富含活性氧的肿瘤细胞中,L-Arg有望产生一氧化氮用于气体治疗。与正常细胞相比,癌细胞含有大量的H2O2,但是内源性H2O2水平仍然不能实现有效的反应。增加肿瘤细胞中的H2O2浓度氧化L-Arg生成NO用于气体治疗仍然具有挑战性。
目前,Gox、维生素C等药物常用于提高肿瘤细胞中H2O2的浓度。考虑到葡萄糖在为肿瘤代谢提供能量方面的重要作用,我们通过葡萄糖代谢反应消耗肿瘤内的葡萄糖,利用Gox的催化作用将葡萄糖氧化成葡萄糖酸和H2O2,从而战略性地使肿瘤饥饿。此外,H2O2浓度的升高有助于加速L-Arg氧化生成NO。NO的产生能够抑制由Gox引起的HIF-1α的积聚,从而抑制肿瘤的增殖和肺转移。
然而目前很少有相关报道涉及饥饿疗法以及NO气体疗法同时用于抑制肿瘤增殖和肺转移的技术和方法。
发明内容
发明目的:本发明提供了一种具有抗肿瘤功能的纳米凝胶的制备方法。
本发明的另一目的是提供所述的具有抗肿瘤功能的纳米凝胶的用途。
技术方案:本发明所述的具有饥饿联合气体疗法抗肿瘤功能的纳米凝胶的制备方法主要是由功能化聚乙烯亚胺与葡萄糖氧化酶(Gox)通过静电相互作用自组装形成粒径均一的纳米酶复合物,再通过炔基和叠氮的点击化学在其表面覆盖交联聚碳酸嵌段共聚物,即得所述纳米凝胶。
优选的,所述带正电荷的叠氮化聚合物的制备方法,包括:聚乙烯亚胺依次与含叠氮基的羧酸类单体、左旋精氨酸通过酰胺化反应得到所述功能化聚乙烯亚胺。
优选的,含叠氮基团的功能化聚乙烯亚胺通过以下方法合成:先将含叠氮基的羧酸类单体溶于高纯水中,加催化剂1-乙基-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳酰二亚胺/N-羟基丁二酰亚胺对羧基进行活化之后加入聚乙烯亚胺PEI,调节pH至中性,进行酰胺化反应,得到叠氮化聚乙烯亚胺;再将左旋精氨酸(Arg)溶于高纯水中,调节pH至中性,加1-乙基-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳酰二亚胺/N-羟基丁二酰亚胺对羧基进行活化,活化后向反应体系中加入叠氮化聚乙烯亚胺进行酰胺化反应,即得含叠氮基团的功能化聚乙烯亚胺。
优选的,所述聚乙烯亚胺的分子量为1.8-25kDa。
优选的,所述含炔基的聚碳酸酯嵌段共聚物的制备方法,包括:首先以聚乙二醇(PEG)作为引发剂与含丙烯酸酯功能基团的环状碳酸酯类单体通过开环聚合得到含丙烯酸酯功能基团的三嵌段共聚物;含巯基的羧酸类单体通过迈克尔加成反应将双键修饰为羧基,最后含羟基的炔类单体通过酯化反应将羧基修饰为炔基,即得炔基化的聚碳酸酯嵌段聚合物。
优选的,所述含炔基的聚碳酸酯嵌段共聚物通过以下方法合成:以聚乙二醇PEG为引发剂,二氯甲烷作溶剂,双(双三甲基硅基)胺锌为催化剂,与含丙烯酸酯功能基团的环状碳酸酯类单体(AC)开环共聚,制备含丙烯酸酯功能基团的三嵌段共聚物;以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为溶剂,三乙胺为催化剂,由含巯基的羧酸类单体通过迈克尔加成反应将双键修饰为羧基;以DMF为溶剂,二环己基碳二亚胺/4-二甲氨基吡啶为催化剂,由含羟基的炔类单体通过酯化反应将羧基修饰为炔基,即得炔基化的聚碳酸酯嵌段聚合物。
优选的,所述含丙烯酸酯功能基团的环状碳酸酯类单体(AC)选自如下所示结构的化合物:
优选的,所述纳米酶复合物由功能化聚乙烯亚胺和葡萄糖氧化酶通过电荷作用在水中自组装形成粒径均一的纳米酶复合物。
优选的,通过调节溶液的pH,能够准确实现不同比例葡萄糖氧化酶的包封。
优选的,所述纳米凝胶的制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)先将功能化聚乙烯亚胺和Gox分别溶于高纯水中,将一定量的Gox迅速滴加至功能化聚乙烯亚胺溶液,涡旋后静置,得到纳米酶复合物,通过氢氧化钠微调水溶液的pH,能够准确实现不同比例葡萄糖氧化酶的包封;
(2)将含炔基的聚碳酸酯嵌段共聚物溶于二甲基亚砜(DMSO)中,在搅拌状态下缓慢滴加至步骤(1)所得的纳米复合物中,搅拌反应一段时间发生交联,最后透析除DMSO。
上述方法得到的交联载药纳米凝胶,可提高纳米粒子的稳定性。
有益效果:本发明与现有技术相比,具有如下显著优势:
1.本发明首次公开了一种蛋白质药物的负载方式,通过材料和蛋白质药物之间的电荷作用能够准确实现不同比例药物的包封,极大改善了纳米载体对大分子药物的包封效率。
2.本发明首次提出了一种稳定由电荷相互作用形成的纳米复合物的方法,通过含炔基的聚碳酸酯嵌段共聚物覆盖在纳米酶复合物表面进行交联,从而增强其稳定性,使其在细胞外和血液中不易解离,克服了现有技术中药物在体内易泄漏、运载效率低的缺陷。
3.本发明中葡萄糖氧化酶的负载方式能够最大程度的保留酶活性,接枝的左旋精氨酸仍具有在活性氧存在的条件下氧化生成一氧化氮的性质,从而利用饥饿疗法的产物达成二次治疗。同时一氧化氮能够缓解葡萄糖氧化酶加剧的肿瘤乏氧环境,对肿瘤的转移产生十分有效的抑制效果。
4.本发明利用特定的酶促反应消耗内源葡萄糖并释放一氧化氮气体,通过饥饿和气体疗法杀死癌细胞,同时一氧化氮气体能够将癌细胞内的氧气重新分配,缓解肿瘤的乏氧,在抗肿瘤和抑制肿瘤的转移方面有着广泛的应用前景,用于协同癌症饥饿和气体疗法。
附图说明
图1为实施例1中含叠氮基团的功能化聚乙烯亚胺(PEI-AATA-Arg)的红外图谱;
图2为实施例3中所得交联后纳米凝胶的粒径及其稳定性;
图3为实施例5中所得纳米凝胶对小鼠乳腺癌4T1细胞的细胞毒性效果图。
具体实施方式
实施例1 PEI-AATA-Arg的合成
(1)合成叠氮化的聚乙烯亚胺PEI-AATA
PEI-AATA的合成路线图如下:
将叠氮乙酸(48μL,0.64mmol)溶于高纯水中,再加入催化剂1-乙基-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳酰二亚胺N-羟基丁二酰亚胺对羧基进行活化;同时将聚乙烯亚胺(300mg,0.16mmol)溶于高纯水中,加入浓盐酸调节pH后加入活化后的叠氮乙酸溶液,反应24h后,经透析,冷冻干燥,得到淡黄色粉末叠氮化聚乙烯亚胺,其结构标为PEI-AATA。
(2)合成含叠氮基团的功能化聚乙烯亚胺(PEI-AATA-Arg)
PEI-AATA-Arg的合成路线图如下:
将左旋精氨酸(278mg,1.6mmol)溶于高纯水中,加入浓盐酸调节pH,再加入催化剂1-乙基-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳酰二亚胺N-羟基丁二酰亚胺对羧基进行活化;最后加入叠氮化聚乙烯亚胺(200mg,0.1mmol)反应24h,经透析,冷冻干燥,得到淡黄色粉末叠氮化聚乙烯亚胺,其结构标为PEI-AATA-Arg,红外图谱如图1所示。
实施例2 BCN-MPA-PAC-PEG-PAC-MPA-BCN的合成
(1)含丙烯酸酯功能基团三嵌段共聚物PAC-PEG-PAC的合成
在手套箱里,500mg PEG和120mg AC单体溶于二氯甲烷中,加入密封反应器里,然后加入催化量双(双三甲基硅基)胺锌,接着把反应器密封好,转移出手套箱,放入40℃油浴中反应24h,用冰乙酸终止反应,在冰乙醚中进行沉淀,最终经过离心,弃去上清液真空干燥得到产物,核磁结果表明三嵌段共聚物中AC单元的比例为16.6%,其结构标为PAC-PEG-PAC。
(2)三嵌段共聚物AC单元的双键被羧基完全取代
0.1g三嵌段共聚物PAC-PEG-PAC溶于二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中,加入巯基丙酸MPA(40μL,0.46mmol)和催化量的三乙胺反应6h,再将反应液收集在透析袋中于二氯甲烷中透析后在冰乙醚中进行沉淀,最终经过离心,弃去上清液真空干燥得到产物,其结构标为MPA-PAC-PEG-PAC-MPA。
(3)含炔基的聚碳酸酯三嵌段共聚物BCN-MPA-PAC-PEG-PAC-MPA-BCN的合成
0.1g三嵌段共聚物MPA-PAC-PEG-PAC-MPA溶于无水DMF中,抽真空后在氮气保护下加入双环[6.1.0]壬-4-炔-9-基甲醇BCN(38mg,0.4μmol),再加入催化量的二环己基碳二亚胺/4-二甲氨基吡啶,反应24h,再将反应液收集在透析袋中于二氯甲烷中透析过夜,在冰乙醚中进行沉淀,最终经过离心,弃去上清液真空干燥得到产物,其结构标为BCN-MPA-PAC-PEG-PAC-MPA-BCN。
实施例3纳米凝胶的制备
(1)纳米酶复合物的制备
将葡萄糖氧化酶Gox和PEI-AATA-Arg分别溶于高纯水中,浓度为1mg/mL,将两种溶液等比例涡旋混合后静置,即得纳米酶复合物。氢氧化钠微调PEI-AATA-Arg溶液的pH后,能够将不同比例的两种溶液混合得到粒径均一的纳米酶复合物,平均粒径为190nm,粒径分布为0.18。此纳米酶复合物静置稳定,但是在PBS中发生解离。
(2)纳米凝胶的制备
将BCN-MPA-PAC-PEG-PAC-MPA-BCN溶于二甲基亚砜中,在搅拌状态下缓慢滴加至(1)所得的纳米复合物中(叠氮基团和炔基等摩尔量),搅拌反应一段时间发生交联,最后透析除去DMSO,即得纳米凝胶,平均粒径为190nm,粒径分布为0.18。交联后纳米粒子稳定性极大提高,静置和在PBS中粒径皆无明显变化,粒径表征图如图2所示。
实施例4纳米凝胶在葡萄糖溶液中释放过氧化氢和一氧化氮
将制备好的纳米凝胶溶液分成两份,并分别置于两种不同介质中:(i)PBS,pH7.4,37℃;(ii)葡萄糖的PBS溶液(1mg/mL),pH 7.4,37℃。迅速将这些溶液分别转移到透析袋中,置于37℃恒温摇床中。前者被浸入相应PBS溶液中,后者被浸入相应的葡萄糖的PBS溶液中,在指定的时间从释放体系中取0.5mL的透析介质,然后补充相同体积的新鲜介质。释放的过氧化氢和一氧化氮用酶标仪测定。
实施例5葡萄糖氧化酶聚合物纳米凝胶对4T1细胞毒性测试(MTT)
葡萄糖氧化酶聚合物纳米凝胶在4T1细胞中的毒性通过MTT法测定。首先将100μL细胞的DMEM悬浮液(无糖DMEM培养基中含10%胎牛血清、100IU/mL青霉素和100μg/mL链霉素)铺于96孔培养板中,并置于37℃,5%二氧化碳条件下培养24h使单层细胞的覆盖率达到70~80%。然后向每孔中加入10μL不同浓度的NPs-Gox和NPs-Gox-Arg,使药物在细胞孔中的最终浓度为2.5、5、7.5和10μg/mL,待细胞摄取后加入葡萄糖溶液,使96孔培养板中葡萄糖终浓度为1mg/mL。待继续培养24h后,向每孔中加入10μL 3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2,5-二苯基四氮唑溴盐(MTT)的PBS溶液(5mg/mL),并放入培养箱继续培养4h以使MTT与活细胞作用。随后移除含有MTT的培养液,向每孔中加入150μL DMSO以溶解活细胞与MTT产生的紫色甲臜结晶,并使用酶标仪(SpectraMax i3x)测定每个孔在570nm处的吸收。细胞相对存活率通过与只有空白细胞的对照孔在570nm处的吸收相比得到。实验数据均是平行三组进行的。
细胞存活率(%)=(OD570样品/OD570对照)×100%
如图3,空载的NPs表现出90%以上的细胞存活率,而随着包载Gox浓度的提高,NPs-Gox的细胞毒性也随之增强,并且随着包载Gox浓度的提高,NPs-Gox-Arg较NPs-Gox的细胞毒性的显著性差异也更加明显,能够明显降低4T1细胞的存活率,说明双负载的治疗效果高于单一饥饿疗法,NPs-Gox-Arg能够实现良好的配合,将饥饿疗法和气体疗法集于一身,给癌症的治疗带来了新思路。
Claims (9)
1.一种具有饥饿联合气体疗法抗肿瘤功能的纳米凝胶的制备方法,其特征在于,先由带正电荷的叠氮化聚合物与葡萄糖氧化酶通过静电相互作用制成纳米酶复合物,然后在其表面覆盖含炔基的聚碳酸酯嵌段共聚物,利用叠氮与炔基的点击化学反应交联即得所述纳米凝胶。
2.根据权利要求1所述具有饥饿联合气体疗法抗肿瘤功能的纳米凝胶的制备方法,其特征在于,所述带正电荷的叠氮化聚合物的制备方法,包括:聚乙烯亚胺依次与含叠氮基的羧酸类单体、左旋精氨酸通过酰胺化反应得到所述功能化聚乙烯亚胺。
3.根据权利要求2所述具有饥饿联合气体疗法抗肿瘤功能的纳米凝胶的制备方法,其特征在于,聚乙烯亚胺的分子量为1.8-25kDa。
5.根据权利要求1所述具有饥饿联合气体疗法抗肿瘤功能的纳米凝胶的制备方法,其特征在于,所述含炔基的聚碳酸酯嵌段共聚物的制备方法,包括:首先以聚乙二醇(PEG)作为引发剂与含丙烯酸酯功能基团的环状碳酸酯类单体通过开环聚合得到含丙烯酸酯功能基团的三嵌段共聚物;含巯基的羧酸类单体通过迈克尔加成反应将双键修饰为羧基,最后含羟基的炔类单体通过酯化反应将羧基修饰为炔基,即得炔基化的聚碳酸酯嵌段聚合物。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述具有饥饿联合气体疗法抗肿瘤功能的纳米凝胶的制备方法,其特征在于,所述纳米酶复合物由功能化聚乙烯亚胺和葡萄糖氧化酶通过电荷作用在水中自组装形成粒径均一的纳米酶复合物。
8.根据权利要求7所述具有饥饿联合气体疗法抗肿瘤功能的纳米凝胶的制备方法,其特征在于,通过调节溶液的pH,能够准确实现不同比例葡萄糖氧化酶的包封。
9.权利要求1-8任一项制备方法制备得到的纳米凝胶在制备抗肿瘤药物中的应用。
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