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CN113633786A - 一种牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN113633786A
CN113633786A CN202111206825.5A CN202111206825A CN113633786A CN 113633786 A CN113633786 A CN 113633786A CN 202111206825 A CN202111206825 A CN 202111206825A CN 113633786 A CN113633786 A CN 113633786A
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秦大伟
王利振
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Abstract

本发明涉及多糖技术领域,尤其涉及一种牛血清白蛋白‑疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊及其制备方法,以正十六烷酸改性壳聚糖,并进一步制备负载抗肿瘤药物的牛血清白蛋白‑疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊。本发明所制备的纳米微囊为两层结构,内层为疏水改性壳聚糖、9‑O‑正十八烷基小檗碱和紫杉醇,外层为牛血清白蛋白。该纳米药物能够显著增强紫杉醇对肿瘤细胞的抑制活性。

Description

一种牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及多糖技术领域,尤其涉及一种牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊及其制备方法。
背景技术
紫杉醇是世界闻名的抗肿瘤药物之一,具有独特的作用机制和广泛的抗肿瘤活性。但是,紫杉醇微溶于水,为了提高其溶解性,临床上使用时需要联合乙醇和聚氧乙烯蓖麻油使用,但是联合乙醇和聚氧乙烯蓖麻油使用会增加化疗期间的超敏反应。
现有技术中,通常将紫杉醇做成脂质体制剂,如中国专利CN101011357公开的一种紫杉醇脂质体制剂的制备方法,采用薄膜分散法或喷雾干燥法制备长循环紫杉醇脂质体,以胆固醇、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰胆碱和十四酸为稳定剂,蔗糖为冻干保护剂,氯仿、甲醇为有机溶剂;并且采用两亲性聚乙二醇衍生物修饰脂质体膜,同时采用挤压或高压均质的方法使脂质体粒径≤100nm,包封率≥85%。该方法制得的紫杉醇脂质体制剂具有毒性小,稳定性高的优点,提高了紫杉醇的溶解性,但是脂质体在体内分解、代谢较快,且脂质体紫杉醇仍有严重的副作用,易产生过敏反应、恶心呕吐等症状,限制了使用。
纳米载体载药率高、可延长紫杉醇在体内的循环时间。壳聚糖是天然存在的多糖,具有无毒副作用、生物相容性好、可降解、细胞粘附性好等优点,是一种制备纳米药物载体的理想材料。牛血清白蛋白是来自于血清中的一种球蛋白,起到维持血液渗透压、pH缓冲作用和载体作用,具有出色的生物相容性,因此可用于制备纳米载体,对抗肿瘤药物具有较好的物理保护作用,延长药物在体内的作用时间。但是,壳聚糖和牛血清白蛋白都由亲水性单体组成,制备成纳米载体后,对于疏水性的紫杉醇,其载药率不高,且在体内容易发生渗漏。
发明内容
本发明的目的是解决现有技术中的问题,提供一种在壳聚糖结构中引入疏水性烷基,可以高效负载疏水性紫杉醇,延长药物在体内的运输时间,防止药物渗漏的牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊的制备方法。
本发明的技术方案是:
一种牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
⑴疏水改性壳聚糖的制备:称取正十六烷酸和壳聚糖,加入到溶剂一中,搅拌10~20分钟,控制温度在15~25℃,加入缩合剂和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺,搅拌0.5~1.5小时,升温至60~90℃,搅拌12~24小时,降温至20~40℃,得到混合液,将所得混合液倾入到溶剂二中,搅拌20~40分钟,过滤,滤饼用洗涤剂洗涤,真空干燥得疏水改性壳聚糖;
所述溶剂一为二甲亚砜或乙醇;
所述缩合剂为1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐或N,N-二异丙基碳二亚胺;
所述溶剂二为异丙醇或乙醇;
所述洗涤剂为乙醇水混合物,其中乙醇和水的质量比为2~4:1;
⑵负载抗肿瘤药物的牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊的制备:取步骤⑴所得的疏水改性壳聚糖,加入到二甲亚砜中,加入9-O-正十八烷基小檗碱和紫杉醇,搅拌5~10分钟,滴加牛血清白蛋白水溶液,滴加速度为2~3滴/秒,滴加完毕后超声10~30分钟,用分子量为3500的透析袋透析24~72小时,冻干得一种负载抗肿瘤药物的牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊;
所述牛血清白蛋白水溶液的质量浓度为0.5~1.5%;
其中正十六烷酸、壳聚糖、溶剂一、缩合剂、N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺、溶剂二、洗涤剂、二甲亚砜、9-O-正十八烷基小檗碱、紫杉醇、牛血清白蛋白水溶液的质量比为0.2~0.5:0.8~1.4:100~200:0.3~0.5:0.25~0.4:100~300:5~15:20~40:0.02~0.18:0.06~0.26:200~400。
优选的,所述壳聚糖平均分子量是20万,脱乙酰度大于80%。
优选的,所述溶剂一为二甲亚砜。
优选的,所述缩合剂为1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐。
优选的,所述溶剂二为异丙醇。
优选的,所述洗涤剂中,乙醇和水的质量比为3:1。
优选的,所述牛血清白蛋白水溶液中牛血清白蛋白的质量浓度为1.0%。
一种牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊为两层球状结构,内层为疏水改性壳聚糖、9-O-正十八烷基小檗碱和紫杉醇,外层为牛血清白蛋白。
本发明的有益效果为:本发明得到的产品为核壳结构,内部核层为疏水改性壳聚糖、紫杉醇和9-O-正十八烷基小檗碱,外部壳层为牛血清白蛋白。首先正十六烷酸与壳聚糖上的氨基反应,在壳聚糖分子上引入疏水性的烷基,获得两亲性高分子材料,在水中两亲性高分子可以进行自组装形成微囊结构,疏水端被包裹在核内,亲水端在外;根据相似相容原理,疏水改性壳聚糖的长链烷基与疏水的紫杉醇结合,被包裹在内部,外部被糖类化合物保护,可有效改善紫杉醇水溶性差的缺点,且在体内具有较长的循环时间,使药物缓慢释放;
其次,9-O-正十八烷基小檗碱是在小檗碱的9-O位置引入了疏水性长链烷基,根据相似相容原理,更容易与疏水改性壳聚糖结合形成微囊结构,且小檗碱具有一定的抗肿瘤作用,能够与紫杉醇协同作用实现更好的抗肿瘤效果;本发明的疏水改性壳聚糖中还剩余部分裸露氨基,在肿瘤细胞酸性微环境下可以质子化,并实现药物的快速释放;
另外,本发明在制备纳米载体时,最后加入了牛血清白蛋白,牛血清白蛋白中含有大量的羧基,可以与疏水改性壳聚糖中剩余的氨基通过静电结合,在微囊外部形成保护层,进一步防止药物过快释放,同时增加载体的生物相容性,延长其在体内的循环时间。
附图说明
图1为细胞毒性测试结果;
图2为透射电镜测定的实施例3制备的纳米材料的外观形态;
图3为原子力显微镜测定的实施例3制备的纳米材料的外观形态。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的技术手段、技术特征、发明目的与技术效果易于明白了解,下面结合具体图示,进一步阐述本发明。
实施例1:
一种牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
⑴疏水改性壳聚糖的制备:称取2g正十六烷酸和8g壳聚糖,加入到1000g二甲亚砜中,搅拌10分钟,控制温度在15℃,加入3g 1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐和2.5g N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺,搅拌0.5小时,升温至60℃,搅拌12小时,降温至20℃,得到混合液,将所得混合液倾入到1000g异丙醇中,搅拌20分钟,过滤,滤饼用50g乙醇水混合物洗涤(乙醇和水的质量比为2:1),真空干燥得疏水改性壳聚糖;
⑵负载抗肿瘤药物的牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊的制备:取步骤⑴所得的疏水改性壳聚糖,加入到200g二甲亚砜中,加入0.2g9-O-正十八烷基小檗碱和0.6g紫杉醇,搅拌5分钟,滴加2000g牛血清白蛋白水溶液(质量浓度为0.5%),滴加速度为2滴/秒,超声10分钟,用分子量为3500的透析袋透析24小时,冻干得一种负载抗肿瘤药物的牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊。
实施例2:
一种牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
⑴疏水改性壳聚糖的制备:称取5g正十六烷酸和14g壳聚糖,加入到2000g乙醇中,搅拌20分钟,控制温度在25℃,加入5gN,N-二异丙基碳二亚胺和4gN-羟基琥珀酰亚胺,搅拌1.5小时,升温至90℃,搅拌24小时,降温至40℃,得到混合液,将所得混合液倾入到3000g乙醇中,搅拌40分钟,过滤,滤饼用150g乙醇水混合物洗涤(乙醇和水的质量比为4:1),真空干燥得疏水改性壳聚糖;
⑵负载抗肿瘤药物的牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊的制备:取步骤⑴所得的疏水改性壳聚糖,加入到400g二甲亚砜中,加入1.8g9-O-正十八烷基小檗碱和2.6g紫杉醇,搅拌10分钟,滴加4000g牛血清白蛋白水溶液(质量浓度为1.5%),滴加速度为3滴/秒,超声30分钟,用分子量为3500的透析袋透析72小时,冻干得一种负载抗肿瘤药物的牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊。
实施例3:
一种牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
⑴疏水改性壳聚糖的制备:称取4g正十六烷酸和10g壳聚糖,加入到1500g二甲亚砜中,搅拌15分钟,控制温度在20℃,加入4g 1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐和3.5g N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺,搅拌1小时,升温至80℃,搅拌18小时,降温至30℃,得到混合液,将所得混合液倾入到1500g异丙醇中,搅拌30分钟,过滤,滤饼用100g乙醇和水的混合物洗涤(乙醇和水的质量比为3:1),真空干燥得疏水改性壳聚糖;
⑵负载抗肿瘤药物的牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊的制备:取步骤⑴所得的疏水改性壳聚糖,加入到300g二甲亚砜中,加入1.2g9-O-正十八烷基小檗碱和2.0g紫杉醇,搅拌8分钟,滴加3000g牛血清白蛋白水溶液(质量浓度为1.0%),滴加速度为3滴/秒,超声20分钟,用分子量为3500的透析袋透析48小时,冻干得一种负载抗肿瘤药物的牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊。
实施例4:
纳米药物的包封率测试:
采用高效液相色谱法测定纳米载体的包封率,分别称取紫杉醇和9-O-正十八烷基小檗碱,配制成浓度为0,0.5,1,4,7,10,13,16,20μmol/L的溶液,在高效液相色谱仪上测定其液相谱图,绘制标准曲线。
称取一定量的实施例1、2、3制备的负载抗肿瘤药物的牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊,用纯水溶解,甲醇定容,采用超声波发破碎纳米微囊,使其中的紫杉醇和9-O-正十八烷基小檗碱完全释放,高效液相色谱仪上测定其液相谱图,根据峰面积和标准曲线计算紫杉醇和9-O-正十八烷基小檗碱的包封率,计算公式如下:
包封率=高效液相法测定的药品含量/药品的投入量×100%。
测试结果见表1:
表1.纳米微囊对紫杉醇和9-O-正十八烷基小檗碱的包封率测试结果
Figure 407208DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
本发明所制备的纳米微囊对紫杉醇和9-O-正十八烷基小檗碱均具有较高的包封率。
细胞毒性测试:
材料的细胞毒性测试采用MTT法,用浓度为2,4,6,8,10μmol/L的样品(以紫杉醇计)处理HeLa细胞48小时,测定细胞的抑制率,如图1所示,为细胞毒性测试结果。负载有紫杉醇的纳米材料对HeLa细胞的抑制活性明显由于加入了紫杉醇,特别是实施例3制备的纳米材料,在紫杉醇浓度为4μmol/L时,对细胞的抑制率达到约76%,远高于无纳米材料包裹的紫杉醇药物的抑制率。这说明本发明制备的纳米材料可显著提高紫杉醇药物的抗肿瘤活性。
体内抗肿瘤活性评价:
选取BALB/C小鼠(辽宁长生生物技术股份有限公司),测定纳米药物在体内的抗肿瘤活性。将HeLa细胞注射入BALB/C小鼠体内,注射量为200μL,注射浓度105个细胞/mL,常温下饲养2周,构建小鼠肿瘤异种移植模型。将移植瘤小鼠分组,设置药物组、对照组和模型组,药物组给与口服灌胃纳米药物,给药量以紫杉醇含量计为2mg/kg,对照组给药纯紫杉醇或9-O-正十八烷基小檗碱,给药量2mg/kg,模型组为移植瘤小鼠,正常饲养。每天给药一次,连续给药20天,手术取出小鼠体内的肿瘤,称重,计算肿瘤的平均重量,结果见表2。
表2.负载抗肿瘤药物的纳米微囊的体内抗肿瘤活性
Figure 917823DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
实施例1~3包裹紫杉醇和9-O-正十八烷基小檗碱的纳米药物抗肿瘤活性要远好于紫杉醇,其平均瘤重小于0.47g,而单纯的紫杉醇给药20天后,平均瘤重为0.71g。
材料的外观形态测试:
如图2所示,为透射电镜测定的实施例3制备的纳米材料的外观形态,本发明制备的纳米材料平均粒径在200nm左右,材料分散性较好,粒径均匀。如图3所示,为原子力显微镜测定的实施例3制备的纳米材料的外观形态,原子力显微镜检测结果表明,材料为球形结构。
综上所述仅为本发明较佳的实施例,并非用来限定本发明的实施范围。即凡依本发明申请专利范围的内容所作的等效变化及修饰,皆应属于本发明的技术范畴。

Claims (8)

1.一种牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊的制备方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:
⑴疏水改性壳聚糖的制备:称取正十六烷酸和壳聚糖,加入到溶剂一中,搅拌10~20分钟,控制温度在15~25℃,加入缩合剂和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺,搅拌0.5~1.5小时,升温至60~90℃,搅拌12~24小时,降温至20~40℃,得到混合液,将所得混合液倾入到溶剂二中,搅拌20~40分钟,过滤,滤饼用洗涤剂洗涤,真空干燥得疏水改性壳聚糖;
所述溶剂一为二甲亚砜或乙醇;
所述缩合剂为1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐或N,N-二异丙基碳二亚胺;
所述溶剂二为异丙醇或乙醇;
所述洗涤剂为乙醇水混合物,其中乙醇和水的质量比为2~4:1;
⑵负载抗肿瘤药物的牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊的制备:取步骤⑴所得的疏水改性壳聚糖,加入到二甲亚砜中,加入9-O-正十八烷基小檗碱和紫杉醇,搅拌5~10分钟,滴加牛血清白蛋白水溶液,滴加速度为2~3滴/秒,滴加完毕后超声10~30分钟,用分子量为3500的透析袋透析24~72小时,冻干得一种负载抗肿瘤药物的牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊;
所述牛血清白蛋白水溶液中牛血清白蛋白的质量浓度为0.5~1.5%;
其中正十六烷酸、壳聚糖、溶剂一、缩合剂、N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺、溶剂二、洗涤剂、二甲亚砜、9-O-正十八烷基小檗碱、紫杉醇、牛血清白蛋白水溶液的质量比为0.2~0.5:0.8~1.4:100~200:0.3~0.5:0.25~0.4:100~300:5~15:20~40:0.02~0.18:0.06~0.26:200~400。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊的制备方法,其特征在于:所述壳聚糖平均分子量是20万,脱乙酰度大于80%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊的制备方法,其特征在于:所述溶剂一为二甲亚砜。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊的制备方法,其特征在于:所述缩合剂为1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊的制备方法,其特征在于:所述溶剂二为异丙醇。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊的制备方法,其特征在于:所述洗涤剂中乙醇和水的质量比为3:1。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊的制备方法,其特征在于:所述牛血清白蛋白水溶液中牛血清白蛋白的质量浓度为1.0%。
8.一种牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊,其特征在于:按照权利要求1-7任一一项所述的制备方法得到,所述牛血清白蛋白-疏水改性壳聚糖纳米微囊为两层球状结构,内层为疏水改性壳聚糖、9-O-正十八烷基小檗碱和紫杉醇,外层为牛血清白蛋白。
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