CN113611935A - Lithium cell self discharge testing arrangement - Google Patents
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- CN113611935A CN113611935A CN202110707076.8A CN202110707076A CN113611935A CN 113611935 A CN113611935 A CN 113611935A CN 202110707076 A CN202110707076 A CN 202110707076A CN 113611935 A CN113611935 A CN 113611935A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
- H01M50/531—Electrode connections inside a battery casing
- H01M50/533—Electrode connections inside a battery casing characterised by the shape of the leads or tabs
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
- H01M50/531—Electrode connections inside a battery casing
- H01M50/536—Electrode connections inside a battery casing characterised by the method of fixing the leads to the electrodes, e.g. by welding
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- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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Abstract
本发明提出了一种锂电池自放电测试装置，包括第一金属箔材、第二金属箔材、第一极耳、第二极耳和铝塑膜；第一金属箔材、第二金属箔材封装在铝塑膜内且第一金属箔材与第二金属箔材之间设置有隔膜，铝塑膜内填充有电解液；第一极耳、第二极耳位于铝塑膜外部且第一极耳、第二极耳插入铝塑膜内分别与第一金属箔材、第二金属箔材连接。本发明可以准确验证隔膜黑点、破损是否会导致电池发生自放电，并且定量隔膜黑点、破损对自放电的影响程度。
The invention provides a lithium battery self-discharge test device, comprising a first metal foil, a second metal foil, a first tab, a second tab and an aluminum plastic film; a first metal foil, a second metal foil The material is encapsulated in an aluminum-plastic film, and a diaphragm is arranged between the first metal foil and the second metal foil, and the aluminum-plastic film is filled with electrolyte; the first tab and the second tab are located outside the aluminum-plastic film and the third A pole lug and a second pole lug are inserted into the aluminum plastic film and connected to the first metal foil material and the second metal foil material respectively. The present invention can accurately verify whether the black spot and breakage of the separator will cause self-discharge of the battery, and quantify the degree of influence of the black spot and breakage on the self-discharge of the separator.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of lithium battery self-discharge tests, in particular to a lithium battery self-discharge test device and a test method thereof.
Background
The lithium battery is used as a clean and renewable energy device, and is widely applied to the fields of mobile electronic products, new energy automobiles and energy storage, particularly the field of the new energy automobiles. However, the lithium battery has many technical problems which are not solved, and the performance of the lithium battery and the application of the lithium battery are influenced to a certain extent. The self-discharge of the battery is one of the technical problems to be solved urgently, the self-discharge phenomenon not only causes the energy loss of the battery, but also causes the service life of the lithium battery pack to be reduced and the capacity to be rapidly attenuated due to the inconsistency of the self-discharge among the batteries.
The current research suggests that the main causes of self-discharge of lithium batteries include reaction between positive and negative electrode materials and an electrolyte, deterioration of a separator, and a manufacturing process failure. Among them, the deterioration of the separator is one of the main causes of self-discharge, and the separator has a main function of ensuring physical separation between positive and negative electrodes and isolating electrons. If the quality of the separator is problematic or damaged, the barrier function will not work properly, and the positive and negative electrodes come into contact, which will result in a physical self-discharge. In the self-discharge analysis process of the battery, the black spots and the breakage of the diaphragm can be observed frequently when the battery is disassembled, the reason of the self-discharge of the battery can be judged qualitatively, but a verification experiment is lacked, and the influence degree of the black spots and the breakage of the diaphragm at a single site on the self-discharge cannot be quantified.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the technical problems in the background art, the invention provides a lithium battery self-discharge testing device.
The invention provides a self-discharge testing device of a lithium battery, which comprises a first metal foil, a second metal foil, a first lug, a second lug and an aluminum-plastic film, wherein the first metal foil is arranged on the first lug; the first metal foil and the second metal foil are packaged in the aluminum plastic film, a diaphragm is arranged between the first metal foil and the second metal foil, and electrolyte is filled in the aluminum plastic film; the first tab and the second tab are positioned outside the aluminum-plastic film, and the first tab and the second tab are inserted into the aluminum-plastic film and are respectively connected with the first metal foil and the second metal foil.
Preferably, the first metal foil and the first tab are made of metal materials with oxidation potential higher than 4.0V in an electrolyte environment; preferably, the first metal foil and the first tab are made of silver, gold, platinum or aluminum.
Preferably, the second metal foil and the second tab are made of metal materials with oxidation potential higher than 2.0V in an electrolyte environment; preferably, the second metal foil and the second tab are made of aluminum, copper, nickel, silver, gold or platinum.
Preferably, the first tab and the first metal foil are connected by ultrasonic welding.
Preferably, the second tab and the second metal foil are connected by ultrasonic welding.
Preferably, the diaphragm is a normal diaphragm, a diaphragm with holes or a diaphragm with black dots.
The invention also provides a testing method of the lithium battery self-discharge testing device, which comprises the following steps:
s1, taking a single battery and enabling the single battery to be at a preset multiplying power X1Carrying out constant volume at normal temperature; after the constant volume is finished, the preset multiplying power X is set1Adjusting the single battery to a predetermined SOC value and testing the self-discharge rate epsilon of the single battery under the predetermined SOC value0；
S2, at preset multiplying power X2Constant volume is carried out at normal temperature; after the constant volume is finished, the preset multiplying power X is set2Charging the single battery and recording the charging capacity C1；
S3, at normal temperature, connecting the positive tab and the negative tab of the single battery with a first tab and a second tab of a testing device respectively through leads for T;
s4, disconnecting the single battery from the testing device and setting the multiplying power X at the preset multiplying power3The cell was then discharged and the discharge capacity C was recorded2；
S5, calculating the self-discharge rate epsilon of the single battery in the process of connecting the testing device1＝(C1-C2)/T；
S6, calculating the influence degree K ═ epsilon of the diaphragm on the self-discharge rate of the single battery1/ε0。
Preferably, the predetermined magnification X1With a predetermined magnification X2Equal and predetermined multiplying power X1Predetermined magnification X2Is in the range of 0.1C-1C.
Preferably, the predetermined SOC value in step S1 is equal to the predetermined SOC value in step S2, and the predetermined SOC value range is 5% SOC-95% SOC.
Preferably, in step S3, the connection time T is 1-14 days.
The lithium battery self-discharge testing device provided by the invention can accurately verify whether the self-discharge of the battery can be caused by the black spots and the breakage of the diaphragm, and quantify the influence degree of the black spots and the breakage of the diaphragm on the self-discharge.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a lithium battery self-discharge testing device according to the present invention;
fig. 2 is an exploded view of a lithium battery self-discharge testing device according to the present invention;
fig. 3 is a working schematic diagram of a lithium battery self-discharge testing device according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
Referring to fig. 1-3, the present invention provides a lithium battery self-discharge testing device, which includes a first metal foil 1, a second metal foil 2, a first tab 3, a second tab 4, and an aluminum-plastic film 5; the first metal foil 1 and the second metal foil 2 are packaged in the aluminum plastic film 5, a diaphragm 6 is arranged between the first metal foil 1 and the second metal foil 2, and the diaphragm 6 is a normal diaphragm 6, a diaphragm 6 with holes or a diaphragm 6 with black spots. The aluminum-plastic film 5 is filled with electrolyte. The first tab 3 and the second tab 4 are located outside the aluminum-plastic film 5, and the first tab 3 and the second tab 4 are inserted into the aluminum-plastic film 5 and connected with the first metal foil 1 and the second metal foil 2 respectively.
The first metal foil 1 and the first tab 3 are made of a metal material with an oxidation potential higher than 4.0V in an electrolyte environment, and are preferably silver, gold, platinum or aluminum. The second metal foil 2 and the second tab 4 are made of a metal material having an oxidation potential higher than 2.0V in an electrolyte environment, and preferably made of aluminum, copper, nickel, silver, gold or platinum.
The invention provides a manufacturing method of a lithium battery self-discharge testing device, which comprises the following steps:
s1, taking the No. 1 metal foil and the No. 2 metal foil with smooth surfaces, and stamping the materials into required shapes on a stamping machine to obtain a first metal foil 1 and a second metal foil 2;
s2, welding the first tab 3 and the second tab 4 with the first metal foil 1 and the second metal foil 2 respectively;
s3, sequentially placing a first metal foil 1, a diaphragm 6 and a second metal foil 2 from bottom to top, integrally packaging the first metal foil, the diaphragm 6 and the second metal foil in an aluminum-plastic film, and then filling electrolyte in the aluminum-plastic film to enable the whole to be immersed in the electrolyte;
and S4, sealing the aluminum-plastic film in a vacuum environment to obtain the testing device.
The invention provides a testing method of a lithium battery self-discharge testing device, which comprises the following steps:
s1, taking a single battery and enabling the single battery to be at a preset multiplying power X1Carrying out constant volume at normal temperature; after the constant volume is finished, the preset multiplying power X is set1Adjusting the single battery to a predetermined SOC value and testing the self-discharge rate epsilon of the single battery under the predetermined SOC value0；
S2, at preset multiplying power X2Constant volume is carried out at normal temperature; after the constant volume is finished, the preset multiplying power X is set2Charging the single battery and recording the charging capacity C1；
S3, at normal temperature, connecting the positive tab and the negative tab of the single battery with a first tab and a second tab of a testing device respectively through leads for T;
s4, disconnecting the single battery from the testing device and setting the multiplying power X at the preset multiplying power3The cell was then discharged and the discharge capacity C was recorded2；
S5, calculating the self-discharge rate epsilon of the single battery in the process of connecting the testing device1＝(C1-C2)/T；
S6, calculating the influence degree K ═ epsilon of the diaphragm on the self-discharge rate of the single battery1/ε0。
To verify the feasibility and accuracy of this embodiment, three examples are listed below.
Example 1
Referring to fig. 2, the manufacturing method of the self-discharge testing device for the lithium battery provided by the invention comprises the following steps:
s1, taking the aluminum foil and the copper foil with smooth surfaces, and stamping the aluminum foil and the copper foil into a rectangle with the size of 65mm multiplied by 55mm on a stamping machine, wherein the shape of a side belt lug is obtained to obtain a first metal foil 1 and a second metal foil 2;
s2, welding the first tab 3 and the second tab 4 with the reserved tab areas of the first metal foil 1 and the second metal foil 2 respectively;
s3, sequentially placing a first metal foil 1, a diaphragm 6 and a second metal foil 2 from bottom to top, fixing the first metal foil, the diaphragm 6 and the second metal foil by using an adhesive tape, integrally packaging the fixed first metal foil and the second metal foil in an aluminum-plastic film with the size of 80mm multiplied by 100mm, and then filling electrolyte in the aluminum-plastic film to enable the whole to be immersed in the electrolyte;
and S4, sealing the aluminum-plastic film in a vacuum environment to obtain the testing device.
Referring to fig. 3, the testing method of the lithium battery self-discharge testing device provided by the invention comprises the following steps:
s1, taking a 23Ah square lithium iron phosphate single battery, and keeping the volume constant at 0.5C/0.5C for three weeks at the normal temperature of 25 ℃; filling 0.5C into 5Ah according to the constant volume capacity, and storing for 45h at normal temperature and 25 ℃; then discharged at 0.5C, the discharge capacity was recorded as 4.86Ah, and the self-discharge rate ε of the battery was calculated0＝(5-4.86)÷45×24＝0.0747Ah·d-1；
S2, charging 0.5C into the 23Ah square lithium iron phosphate single battery with the capacity of 5 Ah;
s3, connecting the single battery with a testing device at the normal temperature of 25 ℃, connecting the positive electrode of the battery with an aluminum lug, and connecting the negative electrode of the battery with a copper lug for 45 hours;
and S4, after the connection time is 45 hours, disconnecting the single battery from the testing device, discharging the single battery at 0.5C multiplying power, and recording the discharge capacity C2＝4.857Ah；
S5, calculating the self-discharge rate epsilon of the single battery in the process of connecting the testing device1＝(5-4.857)÷45×24＝0.0763Ah·d-1；
And S6, calculating the influence degree K of the normal diaphragm on the self-discharge rate of the single battery, wherein the influence degree K is 0.0763 ÷ 0.0747 ≈ 1.02.
Example 2
Referring to fig. 2, the manufacturing method of the self-discharge testing device for the lithium battery provided by the invention comprises the following steps:
s1, taking the aluminum foil and the copper foil with smooth surfaces, and stamping the aluminum foil and the copper foil into a rectangle with the size of 65mm multiplied by 55mm on a stamping machine, wherein the shape of a side belt lug is obtained to obtain a first metal foil 1 and a second metal foil 2;
s2, welding the first tab 3 and the second tab 4 with the reserved tab areas of the first metal foil 1 and the second metal foil 2 respectively;
s3, sequentially placing a first metal foil 1, a diaphragm 6 with black spots and a second metal foil 2 from bottom to top, fixing the first metal foil, the diaphragm 6 with black spots and the second metal foil by using an adhesive tape, integrally packaging the fixed first metal foil and the second metal foil in an aluminum-plastic film with the size of 80mm multiplied by 100mm, and then filling electrolyte in the aluminum-plastic film to enable the whole aluminum-plastic film to be immersed in the electrolyte;
and S4, sealing the aluminum-plastic film in a vacuum environment to obtain the testing device.
Referring to fig. 3, the testing method of the lithium battery self-discharge testing device provided by the invention comprises the following steps:
s1, taking a 23Ah square lithium iron phosphate single battery, and keeping the volume constant at 0.5C/0.5C for three weeks at the normal temperature of 25 ℃. Charging 0.5C into 5Ah according to constant volume capacity, storing at normal temperature and 25 deg.C for 45h, discharging at 0.5C, recording discharge capacity as 4.86Ah, and calculating self-discharge rate ε0＝(5-4.86)÷45×24＝0.0747Ah·d-1；
S2, charging 0.5C into the 23Ah square lithium iron phosphate single battery with the capacity of 5 Ah;
s3, connecting the single battery with a testing device at the normal temperature of 25 ℃, connecting the positive electrode of the battery with an aluminum lug, and connecting the negative electrode of the battery with a copper lug for 45 hours;
s4, connection time 4After 5h, the single battery is disconnected from the testing device, the single battery is discharged under 0.5C multiplying power, and the discharge capacity C is recorded2＝4.827Ah；
S5, calculating the self-discharge rate epsilon of the single battery in the process of connecting the testing device1＝(5-4.827)÷45×24＝0.0923Ah·d-1；
And S6, calculating the influence degree K of the diaphragm with the black spot on the self-discharge rate of the single battery, wherein K is 0.0923 ÷ 0.0747 ≈ 1.24.
Example 3
Referring to fig. 2, the manufacturing method of the self-discharge testing device for the lithium battery provided by the invention comprises the following steps:
s1, taking the aluminum foil and the copper foil with smooth surfaces, and stamping the aluminum foil and the copper foil into a rectangle with the size of 65mm multiplied by 55mm on a stamping machine, wherein the shape of a side belt lug is obtained to obtain a first metal foil 1 and a second metal foil 2;
s2, welding the first tab 3 and the second tab 4 with the reserved tab areas of the first metal foil 1 and the second metal foil 2 respectively;
s3, sequentially placing a first metal foil 1, a diaphragm 6 with micropores and a second metal foil 2 from bottom to top, fixing the first metal foil, the diaphragm 6 with micropores and the second metal foil by using an adhesive tape, integrally packaging the fixed first metal foil, the diaphragm and the second metal foil in an aluminum-plastic film with the size of 80mm multiplied by 100mm, and filling electrolyte in the aluminum-plastic film to enable the whole aluminum-plastic film to be immersed in the electrolyte;
and S4, sealing the aluminum-plastic film in a vacuum environment to obtain the testing device.
Referring to fig. 3, the testing method of the lithium battery self-discharge testing device provided by the invention comprises the following steps:
s1, taking a 23Ah square lithium iron phosphate single battery, and keeping the volume constant at 0.5C/0.5C for three weeks at the normal temperature of 25 ℃. Charging 0.5C into 5Ah according to constant volume capacity, storing at normal temperature and 25 deg.C for 45h, discharging at 0.5C, recording discharge capacity as 4.86Ah, and calculating self-discharge rate ε0＝(5-4.86)÷45×24＝0.0747Ah·d-1；
S2, charging 0.5C into the 23Ah square lithium iron phosphate single battery with the capacity of 5 Ah;
s3, connecting the single battery with a testing device at the normal temperature of 25 ℃, connecting the positive electrode of the battery with an aluminum lug, and connecting the negative electrode of the battery with a copper lug for 45 hours;
and S4, after the connection time is 45 hours, disconnecting the single battery from the testing device, discharging the single battery at 0.5C multiplying power, and recording the discharge capacity C2＝4.854Ah；
S5, calculating the self-discharge rate epsilon of the single battery in the process of connecting the testing device1＝(5-4.854)÷45×24＝0.0779Ah·d-1；
And S6, calculating the influence degree K of the microporous diaphragm on the self-discharge rate of the single battery, wherein the influence degree K is 0.0779 ÷ 0.0747 ≈ 1.04.
TABLE test results of the examples
According to the data in the table, the influence degree K of the normal diaphragm on the self-discharge of the single battery is 1.02, and the K value is close to 1, which indicates that the influence degree of the normal diaphragm on the self-discharge of the single battery is small; the influence degree K of the black dot diaphragm on the self-discharge of the single battery is 1.24, which indicates that the black dot diaphragm can accelerate the self-discharge of the single battery, and the self-discharge rate of the single battery is increased by 1.24 times; the influence degree K of the microporous membrane on the self-discharge of the single battery is 1.04, which indicates that the influence degree of the normal membrane on the self-discharge of the single battery is small, and further indicates the micropores on the membrane, and if the positive plate and the negative plate of the battery are not contacted, the self-discharge of the battery is not aggravated. The larger the influence degree K value of the diaphragm on the self-discharge of the battery is, the larger the influence of the diaphragm in the testing device on the self-discharge of the battery is, and the influence degree of the diaphragms in different degradation states in the testing device on the self-discharge of the battery can be evaluated according to the K value.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art should be considered to be within the technical scope of the present invention, and the technical solutions and the inventive concepts thereof according to the present invention should be equivalent or changed within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A lithium battery self-discharge testing device is characterized by comprising a first metal foil (1), a second metal foil (2), a first tab (3), a second tab (4) and an aluminum-plastic film (5); the first metal foil (1) and the second metal foil (2) are packaged in the aluminum plastic film (5), a diaphragm (6) is arranged between the first metal foil (1) and the second metal foil (2), and the aluminum plastic film (5) is filled with electrolyte; the first tab (3) and the second tab (4) are located outside the aluminum-plastic film (5), and the first tab (3) and the second tab (4) are inserted into the aluminum-plastic film (5) and are connected with the first metal foil (1) and the second metal foil (2) respectively.
2. The lithium battery self-discharge testing device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first metal foil (1) and the first tab (3) are made of metal materials with an oxidation potential higher than 4.0V in an electrolyte environment; preferably, the first metal foil (1) and the first tab (3) are made of silver, gold, platinum or aluminum.
3. The lithium battery self-discharge testing device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second metal foil (2) and the second tab (4) are made of metal materials with oxidation potential higher than 2.0V in an electrolyte environment; preferably, the second metal foil (2) and the second tab (4) are made of aluminum, copper, nickel, silver, gold or platinum.
4. The lithium battery self-discharge testing device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the first tab (3) is connected to the first metal foil (1) by ultrasonic welding.
5. The lithium battery self-discharge testing device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the second tab (4) is connected to the second metal foil (2) by ultrasonic welding.
6. The lithium battery self-discharge testing device according to claim 1, characterized in that the separator (6) is a normal separator (6), a perforated separator (6) or a membrane (6) with black dots.
7. A test method of the lithium battery self-discharge test device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized by comprising the steps of:
s1, taking a single battery and enabling the single battery to be at a preset multiplying power X1Carrying out constant volume at normal temperature; after the constant volume is finished, the preset multiplying power X is set1Adjusting the single battery to a predetermined SOC value and testing the self-discharge rate epsilon of the single battery under the predetermined SOC value0；
S2, at preset multiplying power X2Constant volume is carried out at normal temperature; after the constant volume is finished, the preset multiplying power X is set2Charging the single battery and recording the charging capacity C1；
S3, at normal temperature, connecting the positive electrode tab and the negative electrode tab of the single battery with a first electrode tab (3) and a second electrode tab (4) of a testing device respectively through leads for T;
s4, disconnecting the single battery from the testing device and setting the multiplying power X at the preset multiplying power3The cell was then discharged and the discharge capacity C was recorded2；
S5, calculating the self-discharge rate epsilon of the single battery in the process of connecting the testing device1＝(C1-C2)/T；
S6, calculating the influence degree K ═ epsilon of the diaphragm (6) on the self-discharge rate of the single battery1/ε0。
8. The method for testing the lithium battery self-discharge testing device according to claim 7, wherein the predetermined magnification X is1With a predetermined magnification X2Equal and predetermined multiplying power X1Predetermined magnification X2Is in the range of 0.1C-1C.
9. The testing method of the lithium battery self-discharge testing device as claimed in claim 7, wherein the predetermined SOC value in the step S1 is equal to the predetermined SOC value in the step S2, and the predetermined SOC value ranges from 5% SOC to 95% SOC.
10. The method for testing a lithium battery self-discharge testing device according to claim 7, wherein the connection time T is 1 to 14 days in step S3.
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| CN115184346A (en) * | 2022-07-08 | 2022-10-14 | 天鹏锂能技术(淮安)有限公司 | Battery self-discharge detection method |
| CN117590255A (en) * | 2023-12-13 | 2024-02-23 | 江苏正力新能电池技术有限公司 | Method for detecting influence of diaphragm black points on self-discharge of battery |
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| JP2012141166A (en) * | 2010-12-28 | 2012-07-26 | Yokogawa Electric Corp | Self discharge defect detection device and self discharge defect detection method |
| US20140049227A1 (en) * | 2011-01-20 | 2014-02-20 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Method for estimating the self-discharge of a lithium battery |
| KR20190125824A (en) * | 2018-04-30 | 2019-11-07 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | Apparatus and method for testing secondary battery |
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