CN112771165A - 通过血脑屏障的核酸适配体及其应用 - Google Patents
通过血脑屏障的核酸适配体及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112771165A CN112771165A CN201980054926.XA CN201980054926A CN112771165A CN 112771165 A CN112771165 A CN 112771165A CN 201980054926 A CN201980054926 A CN 201980054926A CN 112771165 A CN112771165 A CN 112771165A
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Abstract
本发明涉及通过血脑屏障(Blood‑Brain Barrier,BBB)的核酸适配体,涉及使得这种核酸适配体及与存在于脑内的目标物质选择性地结合的物质相结合的复合体等的应用,本发明的核酸适配体及与该核酸适配体结合的复合体能够用作正电子发射计算机断层扫描(PET,positron emission tomography)放射线造影剂来早期诊断阿尔茨海默病或帕金森病等,可以用作可通过正电子发射计算机断层扫描来对通过血脑屏障的脑实质内的目标物质的分布进行早期造影的放射线造影剂,可以用作退行性脑疾病治疗剂。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及通过血脑屏障的核酸适配体及其应用。
背景技术
从病理性观点来看,阿尔茨海默病表现出脑实质内神经细胞之间的β-淀粉样蛋白与TDP-43的凝集,而帕金森病表现出在神经细胞内的称为路易小体(Lewy Body,LBs)的蛋白质的凝集,而路易小体的主要成分已知为称作α-突触核蛋白的蛋白质。已知这些目标物质在脑内的凝集在各种疾病的主要症状出现前就已开始,这样非正常凝集的蛋白质引起神经细胞的细胞凋亡,从而诱发疾病。
由此,有了若在早期确认脑疾病相关目标物质的凝集并阻止凝集就能够显著减少脑疾病发病率的想法。
核酸适配体是还被称作“化学抗体(chemical antibody)”的单链脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)或单链核糖核酸(ssDNA or ssRNA),是通过物质内碱基的互补结合形成多种形态的三维结构来选择性地与蛋白质、肽结合的物质。像抗体那样对目标物质的选择特异性高,而其尺寸只有1/10左右,通过合成来生产,可以避免像抗体那样的复杂的细胞培养和提纯的过程,具有能够均匀地保持生化特性的大优点。并且,脱氧核糖核酸或核糖核酸作为已存在于体内的物质,可以解决毒性问题。
核酸适配体可以与脑疾病目标物质特异(specific)结合,近来有与α-突触核蛋白(α-syn)特异结合来阻止α-突触核蛋白的凝集并促进分解的报告(Yuan Zheng et.al,(2018)Novel DNA Aptamers for Parkinson’s Disease Treatment Inhibit α-synuclein Aggregation and Facilitate its Degradation.Molecular Therapy 11:228-242)。因此,若利用核酸适配体,不仅可以与目标物质结合来用于早期诊断,还可以用于预防及治疗疾病,可以期待灵活用于在早期诊断疾病的同时还能够治疗的治疗诊断(Theragnosis,therapy+diagnosis)技术。
但是,为了与脑实质内存在的目标物质结合来表现功效,通过血液给药的核酸适配体必须通过血脑屏障(BBB)。通过血脑屏障向脑实质传递物质的非常有效的方法是通过受体结合实现的转胞吞作用(transcytosis)。已知通过转胞吞作用向脑实质传递物质的受体有转铁蛋白受体(Transferrin receptor)、胰岛素受体(Insulin receptor)、低密度脂蛋白受体(Low density lipoprotein receptor)等,尤其,很多有关于以转铁蛋白受体为目标向脑实质传递药物的研究正在进行。例如,有报告指出能够与转铁蛋白受体结合的抗体能够有效通过血脑屏障(Bell RD,Ehlers MD(2014)Breaching the blood-brainbarrier for drug delivery.Neuron 81:1-3)。并且,还有报告指出可以通过能够与转铁蛋白受体的细胞外结构域(Extracellular domain,ECD)结合的核酸适配体向细胞内有效传递溶酶体(l ysosomal)酶(Chen CH,et.al,(2008)Aptamer-based endocytosis of alysosomal enzyme.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:15908-15913)。
但是,由于这些受体不存在于脑血管中,因此以受体为目标向脑实质传递的相当量的药物必然会向肝、心脏、肺、肾脏等的组织传递,从而可能引起无法预料的副作用。为了解决这样的问题,正在进行寻找只特异性地通过脑血管的物质的研究。例如,有通过利用单链抗体文库的筛查找到的只选择性地通过血脑屏障的抗体的报告(Angela,et.al,(2014)Identifying blood-brain barrier-selective single-chain antibodyfragments.Biotechnol J 9(5):664-74)。
现有技术文献
韩国公开专利公报第10-2014-0019091号
发明内容
本发明由上述必要性而提出,本发明的目的在于,提供一种通过血脑屏障的核酸适配体。
本发明的再一目的在于,提供一种新型的用于早期诊断阿尔茨海默病或帕金森病等的正电子发射计算机断层扫描(PET,positron emission tomography)放射线造影剂。
本发明的又一目的在于,提供一种新型的对于阿尔茨海默病或帕金森病等的治疗剂。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供一种通过血脑屏障的核酸适配体,选自由如序列1至序列100所示的碱基序列组成的寡核苷酸组。
在本发明的一实例中,上述通过血脑屏障的核酸适配体共同具有序列101的碱基序列,但不限定于此。
并且,本发明提供一种复合体,使得与存在于脑内的目标物质选择性地结合的物质和本发明的上述通过血脑屏障的核酸适配体相结合。
在本发明的一实例中,优选地,与上述存在于脑内的目标物质选择性地结合的物质为选自由难以向脑实质内传递的药物、化学物质、核酸适配体、小干扰核糖核酸(siRNA)、反义寡核苷酸、微小核糖核酸(miRNA)、CpG寡核苷酸、肽及蛋白质组成的组中的物质,但不限定于此。
在本发明的再一实例中,与上述存在于脑内的目标物质选择性地结合的物质和上述通过血脑屏障的核酸适配体通过衔接物连接,但不限定于此。
在本发明的又一实例中,与上述存在于脑内的目标物质选择性地结合的物质为标记放射性同位素的物质,但不限定于此。
并且,本发明提供一种用于正电子发射计算机断层扫描的组合物,包含本发明的上述复合体作为有效成分。
并且,本发明提供一种用于退行性脑疾病诊断的组合物,包含本发明的上述复合体作为有效成分。
并且,本发明提供一种用于退行性脑疾病治疗的组合物,包含本发明的上述复合体作为有效成分。
在本发明的一实例中,优选地,上述退行性脑疾病为阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病或者亨廷顿病,但不限定于此。
以下,对本发明进行说明。
本发明制备一种使得通过血脑屏障的核酸适配体及与存在于脑内的目标物质选择性地结合的物质相结合的复合体(例如,双特异性(Bi-specific)(双重特异性或嵌合(dual-specific or chimeric))核酸适配体),将其用作正电子发射计算机断层扫描放射线造影剂(Aptamer-based radiotracer),阻止目标物质的凝集来早期诊断、预防及治疗阿尔茨海默病或帕金森病等。
例如,本发明涉及如下物质的开发:利用连接与α-突触核蛋白(alpha-synuclein)、β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloid beta)、tau蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶1(SOD1)、TDP-43等在退行性脑疾病中凝集增加的多种物质选择性地结合来抑制凝集的核酸适配体和本发明的上述通过血脑屏障的核酸适配体来呈现的双特异性核酸适配体,由此可以通过正电子发射计算机断层扫描来对通过血脑屏障的脑实质内的目标物质的分布进行早期造影,从而能够用于防止目标物质的凝集的治疗诊断技术。
通过本发明可以知道,本发明的核酸适配体通过血脑屏障,可将包含这种酸适配体的复合体用作正电子发射计算机断层扫描放射线造影剂,由此可以早期诊断阿尔茨海默病或帕金森病等,可用作能够通过正电子发射计算机断层扫描来对通过血脑屏障的脑实质内的目标物质的分布进行早期造影的放射线造影剂。并且,还可以通过防止目标物质的凝集来用作治疗剂。
附图说明
图1为确认人脑微血管内皮细胞株(hCMEC/D3)的闭锁小带蛋白1(ZO-1)的表达的图像。
图2为示出在体外(In vitro)制备血脑屏障后寻找通过人工血脑屏障的核酸适配体(aptamer)的图。
图3为确认使用指数富集的配体系统进化技术(SELEX)的血脑屏障-透过核酸适配体的方法及结果的图。
图4为示出血脑屏障透过核酸适配体的下一代测序技术(NGS)结果的图。
图5为示出血脑屏障透过核酸适配体候补的透过率检测结果的图。
图6为本发明的一应用例,示出灵活运用通过使得本发明的核酸适配体和通过血脑屏障来与存在于脑实质的目标物质相结合的核酸适配体相结合的双特异性核酸适配体实现的治疗诊断技术的战略。
具体实施方式
以下,通过非限定性的实施例更加详细地说明本发明。但下述实施例仅属于本发明的例示,而不应解释为本发明的范围限定于下述实施例。
实施例1:确认核酸适配体是否能够防止在细胞内表达的α-突触核蛋白的凝集或促进分解
利用慢病毒载体(lenti viral vector)使α-突触核蛋白在人神经母细胞瘤细胞(SH-SY5Y)过度表达后,使用能够与α-突触核蛋白的单体(monomer)/低聚物(oligomer)特异性地结合(binding)的核酸适配体进行处理。之后,通过蛋白质印迹法(western blot)确认α-突触核蛋白的凝集和分解程度。
实施例2:人脑微血管内皮细胞株(hCMEC/D3)的闭锁小带蛋白1的表达
用于在体外制备血脑屏障模型的hCMEC/D3细胞株为源自人脑微血管内皮细胞的细胞株,是在血脑屏障研究中很常用的细胞株,在将hCMEC/D3细胞株培养为单一层的同时,对作为紧密连接蛋白质指标之一的闭锁小带蛋白1进行免疫荧光染色,来确认是否形成作为血脑屏障重要表达型的紧密连接,使用Hoechst(蓝色)染色细胞核。最终,确认到培养时间越长,随着细胞的接触,紧密连接得越好(图1)。
实施例3:在体外制备人工血脑屏障模型(BBB model)后,通过核酸适配体筛选(aptamer selection)来寻找能够特异性地只通过脑血管的核酸适配体,并进行特性研究。
使用作为人脑微血管内皮细胞株的hCMEC/D3来在体外中制备血脑屏障模型(hCMEC/D3细胞从Millipore公司购入。培养液为在EBM-2(Lonza公司)中添加5%的牛胎血清(FBS)(gibco公司)、1.4μM的氢化可的松(Hydrocortisone)(sigma公司)、5μg/ml的抗坏血酸(Ascorbic Acid)(sigma公司)、1ng/ml的碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)(sigma公司)、10mM的4-羟基乙基哌嗪乙磺酸(HEPES)(gibco公司)、1×的化学成分确定的脂质(chemically defined lipid)(gibco公司)、P/S(gibco公司)。培养液的更换周期为2~3天。为了在体外中制备血脑屏障模型,将hCMEC/D3细胞在转移板(transwell)(12孔,每孔尺寸:0.4μm,康宁公司(12 well insert,pore size:0.4μm,corning))内部种植(seeding)2.2×105个细胞,之后培养6~10天。利用这样制备的血脑屏障模型,在相当于人工模型的血管的位置处理脱氧核糖核酸核酸适配体文库(DNA aptamer library)后,筛选(selection)脱氧核糖核酸池(DNA pool)。每轮(Round)使用一个血脑屏障模型。)后,将脱氧核糖核酸核酸适配体文库在人工模型中相当于血管的位置进行处理来筛选通过hCMEC/D3细胞的脱氧核糖核酸池(DNA pool)。
简要来说,如图2所示,为了寻找通过体外血脑屏障模型的核酸适配体,进行了指数富集的配体系统进化技术。在此情况下使用的随机脱氧核糖核酸文库共有60-mer,由中心30-mer的随机序列与在两端用于扩增的15-mer的固定的引物序列构成(5’-ATGCGGATCCCGCGC-N30-GCGCGAAGCTTGCGC-3’,序列103)。在第一轮中,在血脑屏障模型中处理1nmol的随机脱氧核糖核酸文库,在37℃的温度下反应60分钟后,筛选通过的核酸适配体。
根据指数富集的配体系统进化技术,在95℃的温度下对单链脱氧核糖核酸处理10分钟后,在常温下放置5分钟并进行折叠(Folding)来准备。在使用牛胎血清对细胞进行洗涤(wash)后,使用包含鲑鱼精脱氧核糖核酸(salmon sperm DNA)(10mg/ml)的牛胎血清培养10~15分钟后经过阻塞(blocking)过程。之后,使用准备好的单链脱氧核糖核酸处理阻塞的细胞,利用苯酚/氯仿/异戊醇(phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol;PCI)提取法来筛选单链脱氧核糖核酸。为了获得用于下一轮的脱氧核糖核酸试样,通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增筛选的核酸适配体。
聚合酶链式反应扩增经过两个步骤。在此情况下,正向引物使用5’-ATGCGGATCCCGCGC-3’序列(序列104),反向引物为在5’-GCGCAAGCTTCGCGC-3’(序列105)序列附着生物素(biotin)来使用。第一步骤利用对称聚合酶链式反应(symmetric PCR)将筛选的单链脱氧核糖核酸池(ssDNA pool)制成双链脱氧核糖核酸(dsDNA)。
上述聚合酶链式反应的条件为:步骤(Step)1,在95℃的温度下进行3分钟(min);步骤2,在95℃的温度下10进行秒钟(sec)、在59℃的温度下进行10秒钟、在72℃的温度下进行10秒钟,反复11个循环~15个循环;步骤3,在72℃的温度下进行1分钟。
这个步骤是将所制备的双链脱氧核糖核酸用作模板(template),以正向引物与反向引物的比例为25∶1的方式进行不对称聚合酶链式反应(asymmetric PCR)。
上述聚合酶链式反应的条件为:步骤1,在95℃的温度下进行3分钟;步骤2,在95℃的温度下进行10秒钟、在59℃的温度下进行10秒钟、在72℃的温度下进行10秒钟,反复30个循环;步骤3,在72℃温度下进行1分钟。
由于正向引物的比例高,因此制备的单链脱氧核糖核酸比双链脱氧核糖核酸多。在此情况下,双链脱氧核糖核酸会包含附着于反向引物(primer)的生物素。为了分离出用于指数富集的配体系统进化技术的单链脱氧核糖核酸,利用附着有链霉亲和素(Streptavidin)的磁珠(magnetic bead)来去除双链脱氧核糖核酸。
在第二轮中,将所处理的脱氧核糖核酸试样的量减少为200pmol。随着轮次的进行,将所要处理的脱氧核糖核酸的试样量和反应时间分别较少为50pmol和20分钟。为了判断指数富集的配体系统进化技术的适合与否,在第四轮和第九轮进行评估。
利用聚合酶链式反应方式,通过电泳方法以检测脱氧核糖核酸条带(DNA band)强度(intensity)的方法来确认。
分别在各血脑屏障模型中处理进行第四轮时的100pmol的随机脱氧核糖核酸文库和第三轮时筛选并扩增的脱氧核糖核酸试样后,通过对称聚合酶链式反应来确认所通过的脱氧核糖核酸的量(与聚合酶链式反应扩增步骤1的条件相同)。最终,确认到在处理随机脱氧核糖核酸文库的组中的聚合酶链式反应产物比第三轮中筛选并扩增的脱氧核糖核酸试样少。在进行第九轮时,分别在各血脑屏障中处理在第三轮和第八轮中筛选并扩增的脱氧核糖核酸试样。在通过聚合酶链式反应来确认所通过的脱氧核糖核酸的量时,确认到在第八轮中筛选的脱氧核糖核酸试样更好地通过。通过此种方式确认到,随着轮次越往后,越能够筛选出能够更好地通过血脑屏障模型的核酸适配体(图3)。对通过第九轮获得的脱氧核糖核酸试样实施了下一代测序技术分析(下一代测序技术(NGS)分析是在Macrogen集团用illumina公司platform型的测序仪(sequencer)实施的)。
下一代测序技术分析的结果,确认到顺位靠前的序列中大部分包含10-mer的共同的序列(GAGCACGGGG;序列101),在表1中记载的顺位靠前的100个序列中,24个序列包含上述的10-mer的序列(图4)。利用顺位靠前的4个序列来进行实验。
实施例4:血脑屏障-透过核酸适配体的透过率测试
在序列2至序列5的在下一代测序技术序列中判读(read)的数高的序列(有多少序列就判读多少序列)中的4个核酸适配体序列(BBB-1、2、3、4)的3’部分附着作为荧光物质的FAM,分别在各脑血屏障模型中处理,一个小时后,检测所通过的核酸适配体的荧光强度。
在此情况下,所使用的脑血屏障模型比在指数富集的配体系统进化技术中使用的脑血屏障模型小。将8×104个细胞在24孔转移板(24well insert transwell)(每孔尺寸:0.4μm,康宁公司)中培养7天来制备模型。在模型的相当于血管的部分分别放入50pmol的附着有FAM的核酸适配体进行处理后培养1小时。之后,利用Synergy H1(Bioteck公司),在发射(emission)波长490nm、探测(detection)波长520nm的条件下,检测所通过的核酸适配体的荧光强度和所放入的总核酸适配体(total aptamer)的荧光强度后,计算通过率。(通过率=所通过的核酸适配体的荧光强度/所放入的荧光适配体的荧光强度×100)。与阴性对照组(5’-CGCGCGTCAGGCATTCCTCACAATTCTTCG-3’;序列102)比较时,确认实验组全体中的透过率增加,尤其,BBB-2及BBB-4增加的幅度大,其中BBB-2的通过率最高。
实施例5:双特异性(双重特异性或嵌合)核酸适配体的开发
通过聚胸腺嘧啶衔接物(poly Thymidine linker)(T10~T20)以背靠背(back-to-back)的方式连接本发明的血脑屏障通过核酸适配体与以α-突触核蛋白或β-淀粉样蛋白等为目标物质的核酸适配体来制备双特异性核酸适配体。在此情况下,可设计成在中间向衔接物放入核糖尿苷(ribosyUridine)等来发生转胞吞作用后易断裂而释放出对目标物质的核酸适配体。
若通过衔接物进行连接,则通常会使核酸适配体的结合亲和力(bindingaffinity)下降。由此,为了使各个适配体的功能能够与连接前保持一致,需使双特异性核酸适配体最优化(optimization)。
在固定血脑屏障通过核酸适配体的序列(sequence)来制作脱氧核糖核酸文库(DNA library)后,执行对α-突触核蛋白或β-淀粉样蛋白等目标物质的指数富集的配体系统进化技术。
在通过固定与α-突触核蛋白或β-淀粉样蛋白等目标物质结合的核酸适配体的序列来制作脱氧核糖核酸文库之后,筛选通过人工血脑屏障模型的核酸适配体。
实施例6:确认双特异性核酸适配体在通过人工血脑屏障后能否与目标物质结合
在人工血脑屏障模型中相当于脑实质部分的一侧培养过度表达(overexpression)α-突触核蛋白的SH-SY5Y细胞。在相当于血管的一侧处理标记有荧光物质的双特异性核糖适配体后,确认了能否在SH-SY5Y细胞的细胞质中看到荧光。并且,对α-突触核蛋白进行荧光染色来确认有多少α-突触核蛋白与核糖适配体被共定位(co-localization)。
表1
表1为有关通过血脑屏障的核酸适配体序列的表。
Claims (12)
1.一种通过血脑屏障的核酸适配体,其特征在于,选自由如序列1至序列100所示的碱基序列组成的寡核苷酸组。
2.根据权利要求1所述的通过血脑屏障的核酸适配体,其特征在于,上述核酸适配体共同具有序列101的碱基序列。
3.一种复合体,其特征在于,使得与存在于脑内的目标物质选择性地结合的物质和根据权利要求1或2中任一项所述的通过血脑屏障的核酸适配体相结合。
4.根据权利要求3所述的复合体,其特征在于,与上述存在于脑内的目标物质选择性地结合的物质为选自由难以向脑实质内传递的药物、化学物质、核酸适配体、小干扰核糖核酸、反义寡核苷酸、微小核糖核酸、CpG寡核苷酸、肽及蛋白质组成的组中的物质。
5.根据权利要求3所述的复合体,其特征在于,上述存在于脑内的目标物质为α-突触核蛋白、tau蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶1或β-淀粉样蛋白。
6.根据权利要求3所述的复合体,其特征在于,与上述存在于脑内的目标物质选择性地结合的物质和上述通过血脑屏障的核酸适配体通过衔接物连接。
7.根据权利要求3所述的复合体,其特征在于,与上述存在于脑内的目标物质选择性地结合的物质为标记放射性同位素的物质。
8.一种用于正电子发射计算机断层扫描的组合物,其特征在于,包含根据权利要求3至7中任一项所述的复合体作为有效成分。
9.一种用于退行性脑疾病诊断的组合物,其特征在于,包含根据权利要求3至7中任一项所述的复合体作为有效成分。
10.根据权利要求9所述的用于退行性脑疾病诊断的组合物,其特征在于,上述退行性脑疾病为阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病或者亨廷顿病。
11.一种用于退行性脑疾病治疗的组合物,其特征在于,包含根据权利要求3至7中任一项所述的复合体作为有效成分。
12.根据权利要求11所述的用于退行性脑疾病治疗的组合物,其特征在于,上述退行性脑疾病为阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病或者亨廷顿病。
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