CN111335022A - 一种蔗渣基重金属钝化剂制备方法、产品及应用 - Google Patents
一种蔗渣基重金属钝化剂制备方法、产品及应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种蔗渣基重金属钝化剂制备方法、产品及应用,通过将风干的蔗髓用冰醋酸过氧化氢的混合溶液处理后用高碘酸钠氧化、环氧氯丙院环氧化,再与三乙烯四胺及高枝化多胺衍生物反应,制得胺化改性蔗髓纤维,从而提高了蔗渣对重金属的吸附容量,可用于对重金属水溶液中重金属的吸附分离。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于重金属污染治理领域,具体涉及一种蔗渣基重金属钝化剂制备方法、产品及应用。
背景技术
蔗渣主要成分的木素、纤维素以及半纤维素,其中纤维素占大部分,都含有大量的活性基团羟基。纤维素是自然界中分布广泛、含量丰富的一种多糖,主要分布在一年生或多年生的植物体内,包括木材、草类、蕨类等,是细胞壁的主要组成成分。纤维素的用途也十分广泛,其中用于纺织、造纸工业的纤维素,每年达800万吨。分离纯化的纤维素可以制造人造丝,硝酸纤维素、醋酸纤维素等酯类衍生物和甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素等醚类衍生物,用于塑料、炸药、电工及科研器材等方面。中国专利CN108993434A公开了一种蔗髓纤维素基重金属离子吸附剂的制备方法;中国专利CN108452774公开了一种生物法转化蔗渣制备的吸附重金属材料及应用。由于纤维素特殊的化学结构和稳定的物理特能,目前纤维素类吸附剂已经成为研究的热点。
重金属元素广泛存在于地球表层,在岩石圈、水圈、大气圈和生物圈中均有分布,但由于人类对重金属的开采、冶炼、加工及商业制造活动日益增多,造成不少重金属如铅、镉、钴等进入大气、水、土壤中,引起严重的环境污染。并且以各种化学态存在的重金属,进入环境或生态系统后就会存留、积累和迁移,严重威胁人类和其他动植物的生存。重金属污染是全球难处理的水污染之一,寻找低廉有效的重金属处理方法,是保护环境和生态、科学而持续发展的当务之急。
发明内容
为解决上述技术问题,本发明提供一种蔗渣基重金属钝化剂制备方法、产品及应用。通过利用农业废弃物蔗渣中丰富的纤维素成分制备一种蔗渣基重金属钝化剂,并用于重金属污水中重金属的吸附去除,通过本发明的蔗渣改性方法处理所得到的蔗渣基重金属钝化剂对重金属的吸附容量有了极大的提升,实现了资源有效合理化利用。
本发明的技术方案之一,一种蔗渣基重金属钝化剂制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将蔗渣进行风干,用碱性亚硫酸盐法分离纤维部分,置于冰醋酸和过氧化氢的混合溶液中浸泡,蒸馏水洗涤,风干后粉碎得蔗髓纤维、密封备用;
(2)取步骤(1)制备的蔗髓纤维加入高碘酸钠溶液,调节pH值为2-4,晃动反应,反应完成后过滤,蒸馏水清洗至无碘存在时,过滤干燥得氧化纤维;
(3)步骤(2)制备的氧化纤维加入碱溶液、环氧氯丙烷和无水乙醇,加热反应后,水洗至中性,乙醇洗涤,干燥,得环氧化纤维;
(4)取步骤(3)制备的环氧化纤维,加入三乙烯四胺和三乙烯四胺高枝化多胺衍生物的混合物、碱溶液、甲醛溶液、水,反应完成后过滤,水洗、乙醇洗,干燥,得蔗渣基重金属钝化剂。
优选的,所述步骤(1)中,冰醋酸和过氧化氢的混合溶液中冰醋酸和过氧化氢的体积混合比例为1:1,浸泡温度90-100℃,浸泡时间1-4h,风干后粉碎成40-60目,得蔗髓纤维、密封备用;
优选的,所述步骤(2)中,高碘酸钠溶液浓度为0.4-0.6mol/L,反应温度为35-45℃,避光条件下反应,反应时间2-4h,干燥温度80℃;温度过高,氧化得到的醛基含量会减低,氧化纤维反应活性降低。
优选的,所述步骤(3)中,碱溶液为质量分数为8%的氢氧化钠,氧化纤维、碱溶液、环氧氯丙烷、无水乙醇加入量比值为1g∶50mL∶2-10mL∶5mL,反应温度50-90℃,反应时间1-2h,干燥温度70℃;
优选的,所述步骤(4)中,三乙烯四胺和三乙烯四胺高枝化多胺衍生物的混合物的质量混合比例为1:3-4,加入量为30-150kg/kg环氧化纤维,每1kg环氧化纤维加入碱溶液、甲醛溶液和水的量分别是30-40L,5-10L和50-60L,反应温度不高于60℃,反应时间3h,干燥温度70℃;
本发明的技术方案之二,上述蔗渣基重金属钝化剂制备方法所制备得到的蔗渣基重金属钝化剂。
本发明的技术方案之三,上述蔗渣基重金属钝化剂在吸附水体中重金属离子中的应用。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下有益效果:
在进行纤维改性前,先采用碱性亚硫酸盐法对蔗渣中的纤维部分进行充分的分离提取,有助于后续蔗渣纤维改性过程不受其他杂质的影响,使后期蔗渣纤维的改性过程顺利进行。经过碱性亚硫酸盐法处理后的蔗渣中仍然含有影响蔗渣纤维结构及暴露面积的木质素和半纤维素等,木质素与半纤维素的存在,会起到类似与胶的作用,使纤维粘结在一起,从而影响蔗渣纤维的改性效率,因此在进行改性前,还需要使用冰醋酸过氧化氢的混合溶液对纤维间残留的木质素和半纤维素进行充分的去除,从而得到纯净的蔗髓纤维。
将经过上述处理后得到的蔗髓纤维中加入高碘酸钠溶液,在pH值为2-4,35-45℃条件下避光反应2-4h,过程中部分羟基会被选择性氧化成醛基,避光反应可避免高碘酸钠见光分解,反应结束后,高碘酸钠氧化纤维后,自己被还原成碘离子,因此需要用蒸馏水对反应产物洗涤数次,以充分去除其中的碘元素,经干燥制得活化的氧化蔗髓纤维。
将经过高碘酸钠氧化后的氧化蔗髓纤维在氢氧化钠以及乙醇存在的条件下同环氧氯丙院发生反应,氧化蔗髓纤维中的未被氧化的羟基在氢氧化钠存在的碱性条件下,与环氧氯丙烷发生消除反应,将环氧基团接枝到纤维上,制得环氧化纤维,而乙醇起到分散环氧氯丙烷的作用。
环氧化纤维又进一步在碱溶液、甲醛溶液存在的条件下与三乙烯四胺以及三乙烯四胺高枝化多胺衍生物的混合物发生反应,在碱性条件下环氧基开环与三乙烯四胺及高枝化多胺衍生物发生接枝反应,同时,在甲醛存在下,发生纤维素存在的醛基发生曼尼希反应,也可使高枝化胺衍生物交联,使其固定在纤维表面,从而得到烯胺化纤维。所得到的烯胺化纤维由于具有丰富的具有金属离子螯合作用的胺基,高枝化的多胺衍生物提高了电荷密度,使其用于重金属吸附时的吸附性能得以显著的提升。
本发明中纤维通过氧化使部分羟基转化成具有了活性的醛基,通过环氧化使剩余的羟基接枝上活性的环氧基,再通过胺化反应将具有吸附螯合作用的胺基官能团引入到蔗髓纤维上,从而大大提高了蔗髓纤维的吸附性能。本发明以废弃农作物蔗渣为原料,经一系列改性处理后,使其中富含的纤维素成分得以充分的利用,显著提高了其吸附容量,实现了废弃资源的最大化利用。
附图说明
图1为实施例1制得的接枝后的改性蔗髓纤维。
具体实施方式
现详细说明本发明的多种示例性实施方式,该详细说明不应认为是对本发明的限制,而应理解为是对本发明的某些方面、特性和实施方案的更详细的描述。
应理解本发明中所述的术语仅仅是为描述特别的实施方式,并非用于限制本发明。
另外,对于本发明中的数值范围,应理解为还具体公开了该范围的上限和下限之间的每个中间值。在任何陈述值或陈述范围内的中间值以及任何其他陈述值或在所述范围内的中间值之间的每个较小的范围也包括在本发明内。这些较小范围的上限和下限可独立地包括或排除在范围内。
除非另有说明,否则本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有本发明所述领域的常规技术人员通常理解的相同含义。虽然本发明仅描述了优选的方法和材料,但是在本发明的实施或测试中也可以使用与本文所述相似或等同的任何方法和材料。本说明书中提到的所有文献通过引用并入,用以公开和描述与所述文献相关的方法和/或材料。在与任何并入的文献冲突时,以本说明书的内容为准。
在不背离本发明的范围或精神的情况下,可对本发明说明书的具体实施方式做多种改进和变化,这对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。由本发明的说明书得到的其他实施方式对技术人员而言是显而易见得的。本发明说明书和实施例仅是示例性的。
实施例1
(1)风干后的蔗渣用碱性亚硫酸盐法分离纤维部分置于体积比为1:1的冰醋酸过氧化氢的混合溶液在100℃条件下浸泡2h,去除残留的木质素和半纤维素,然后蒸馏水洗涤,风干后得蔗髓纤维,用植物样粉碎机粉碎,取40-60目装于密封袋中备用。
(2)取5g步骤(1)制备的蔗髓纤维置于烧杯中,室温下,加入0.4mol/l高碘酸钠,调节pH为3,于40℃可控温的水浴摇床中,避光反应2h,用蒸馏水清数次,用硫代硫酸钠鉴定无碘存在(在淀粉碘化钾试纸上滴加一滴滤液,然后滴上稀硫酸和改性蔗髓纤维重金属吸附材料溶液,不变色),过滤得氧化纤维,80℃干燥,备用。
(3)取2g步骤(2)制得的氧化纤维装入带有搅拌器、温度计的三口烧瓶内,加入100ml 8%氢氧化钠、10ml环氧氯丙烷、10ml无水乙醇,80℃下反应1h,水洗至中性,乙醇洗三次,70℃干燥,得环氧化纤维。
(4)取3g步骤(3)制得的环氧化纤维于三口瓶中,加入90g三乙烯四胺及其衍生的高枝化多胺的混合物(三乙烯四胺及其衍生的高枝化多胺的质量混合比例为1∶3),氢氧化钠溶液90ml、甲醛溶液15ml,水150ml,50℃反应3h,过滤、水洗、乙醇洗,于70℃干燥得蔗渣基重金属钝化剂。
实施例2
同实施例1,区别在于,步骤(2)中高碘酸钠的浓度为0.6mol/l,调节pH为4,于35℃可控温的水浴摇床中,避光反应3h;步骤(3)中环氧氯丙烷加入量为15ml,60℃下反应2h;步骤(4)中三乙烯四胺及其衍生的高枝化多胺混合物(三乙烯四胺及其衍生的高枝化多胺的质量混合比例为1∶3)的加入量为100g。
实施例3
同实施例1,区别在于步骤(1)未经过体积比为1:1的冰醋酸过氧化氢的混合溶液浸泡去除残留的木质素和半纤维素步骤处理。
实施例4
同实施例2,区别在于,步骤(4)中反应时间为70℃反应2h。
实施例5
同实施例2,区别在于,省略步骤(2)。
实施例6
同实施例2,区别在于,省略步骤(3)。
实施例7
同实施例2,区别在于省略步骤(4)。
效果验证
取实施例1-7所制备的蔗渣基重金属钝化剂,以及实施例1步骤(1)制备的蔗髓纤维分别置于浓度为50mg/L的Cu(II)金属溶液中,pH为5.5,30℃,进行铜离子的吸附验证,验证结果见表1;
表1
| 吸附饱和时间,min | 最大吸附量,mg/g | |
| 实施例1 | 30 | 273 |
| 实施例2 | 40 | 289 |
| 实施例3 | 35 | 246 |
| 实施例4 | 30 | 225 |
| 实施例5 | 30 | 234 |
| 实施例6 | 30 | 219 |
| 实施例7 | 25 | 157 |
| 蔗髓纤维 | 60 | 65 |
以上结合优选的实施方式对本发明进行了说明,仅是范例性的,起到说明作用。应当指出,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干替换和改进,这些均应包含在本发明的保护范围内。
Claims (7)
1.一种蔗渣基重金属钝化剂制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)将蔗渣进行风干,用碱性亚硫酸盐法分离纤维部分,置于冰醋酸和过氧化氢的混合溶液中浸泡,蒸馏水洗涤,风干后粉碎得蔗髓纤维,密封备用;
(2)取步骤(1)制备的蔗髓纤维加入高碘酸钠溶液,调节pH值为2-4,晃动反应,反应完成后过滤,蒸馏水清洗至无碘存在时,过滤干燥得氧化纤维;
(3)步骤(2)制备的氧化纤维加入碱溶液、环氧氯丙烷和无水乙醇,加热反应后,水洗至中性,乙醇洗涤,干燥,得环氧化纤维;
(4)取步骤(3)制备的环氧化纤维,加入三乙烯四胺和三乙烯四胺高枝化多胺衍生物的混合物、碱溶液、甲醛溶液、水,反应完成后过滤,水洗、乙醇洗,干燥,得蔗渣基重金属钝化剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的蔗渣基重金属钝化剂制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中,冰醋酸和过氧化氢的混合溶液中冰醋酸和过氧化氢的体积混合比例为1:1,浸泡温度90-100℃,浸泡时间1-4h,风干后粉碎成40-60目,得蔗髓纤维、密封备用。
3.根据权利要求1所述的蔗渣基重金属钝化剂制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中,高碘酸钠溶液浓度为0.4-0.6mol/L,反应温度为35-45℃,避光条件下反应,反应时间2-4h,干燥温度80℃。
4.根据权利要求1所述的蔗渣基重金属钝化剂制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(3)中,碱溶液为质量分数为8%的氢氧化钠,氧化纤维、碱溶液、环氧氯丙烷、无水乙醇的加入量比值为1g∶50ml∶5-10ml∶5ml,反应温度50-90℃,反应时间1-2h,干燥温度70℃。
5.根据权利要求1所述的蔗渣基重金属钝化剂制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(4)中,三乙烯四胺和三乙烯四胺高枝化多胺衍生物的混合物的质量混合比例为1:3-4,加入量为30-150kg/kg环氧化纤维,每1kg环氧化纤维加入碱溶液、甲醛溶液和水的量分别是30-40L,5-10L和50-60L,反应温度不高于60℃,反应时间3h,干燥温度70℃。
6.一种根据权利要求1-5任一项所述的蔗渣基重金属钝化剂制备方法所制备得到的蔗渣基重金属钝化剂。
7.一种根据权利要求6所述的蔗渣基重金属钝化剂在吸附水体中重金属离子中的应用。
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