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CN119812212A - Modified lithium metal electrode, preparation method and application thereof, and lithium ion battery containing same - Google Patents

Modified lithium metal electrode, preparation method and application thereof, and lithium ion battery containing same Download PDF

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Publication number
CN119812212A
CN119812212A CN202411998031.0A CN202411998031A CN119812212A CN 119812212 A CN119812212 A CN 119812212A CN 202411998031 A CN202411998031 A CN 202411998031A CN 119812212 A CN119812212 A CN 119812212A
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lithium metal
metal electrode
modified
modified lithium
lithium
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王进
孙文婷
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Shanghai Shanshan New Material Co ltd
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Shanghai Shanshan New Material Co ltd
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

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Abstract

本发明提供了一种改性锂金属电极及其制备方法和应用、含其的锂离子电池。该改性锂金属电极包含锂金属和附着在锂金属表面的表面界面膜;表面界面膜含有氯化锂和氮化锂;改性锂金属电极中,Cl元素的含量为0.4%‑0.8%,N元素的含量为0.4%‑0.8%。本发明的改性锂金属电极包含含有氯化锂和氮化锂的表面界面膜,与醚类电解液具有高度兼容性,具有高的电子绝缘性、低的离子扩散势垒以及优异的机械稳定性,显著抑制了锂枝晶的形成与生长,用于锂离子电池时,使得电池的循环稳定性和安全性能得到有效提高。

The present invention provides a modified lithium metal electrode, a preparation method and application thereof, and a lithium ion battery containing the same. The modified lithium metal electrode comprises lithium metal and a surface interface film attached to the surface of the lithium metal; the surface interface film comprises lithium chloride and lithium nitride; in the modified lithium metal electrode, the content of Cl element is 0.4%-0.8%, and the content of N element is 0.4%-0.8%. The modified lithium metal electrode of the present invention comprises a surface interface film containing lithium chloride and lithium nitride, is highly compatible with ether electrolytes, has high electronic insulation, low ion diffusion barrier and excellent mechanical stability, significantly inhibits the formation and growth of lithium dendrites, and when used in lithium ion batteries, effectively improves the cycle stability and safety performance of the battery.

Description

Modified lithium metal electrode, preparation method and application thereof, and lithium ion battery containing modified lithium metal electrode
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, and particularly relates to a modified lithium metal electrode, a preparation method and application thereof, and a lithium ion battery containing the modified lithium metal electrode.
Background
In recent thirty years, lithium ion batteries are widely applied to the fields of portable electronic equipment, aerospace, power grid energy storage, new energy electric automobiles and the like due to good cycle stability and use safety. However, scientists have studied for many years that traditional graphite anode materials have reached their theoretical capacity limit and cannot continue to meet the demands of people for higher energy densities of batteries. Lithium metal is considered the final negative electrode choice in high performance lithium batteries due to its ultra-high theoretical specific capacity (3860 mAh/g) and lowest electrode potential (-3.04V vs. standard hydrogen electrode). However, lithium metal has high activity, is easy to generate side reaction with electrolyte, generates an unstable interfacial film, causes ultra-high volume expansion, causes uncontrollable dendrite growth, and causes short circuit of a battery due to continuous growth of dendrite, thereby generating thermal runaway and further causing fire explosion accidents.
The lithium metal interface film is connected with electrolyte and lithium metal, and the ionic conductivity and stability of the interface film directly determine the cycling stability and safety of the lithium metal battery, so that the preparation of a layer of artificial interface film with high ionic conductivity and high stability is an effective way for accelerating the commercialization of the lithium metal battery. Research shows that lithium chloride (LiCl) has high electronic insulation and low ion diffusion barrier, can effectively reduce interface resistance and promote ion transmission rate as a component of the interface film, and lithium nitride (Li 3 N) has excellent mechanical stability and can effectively promote the ability of the interface film to inhibit lithium dendrite growth and promote the cycle stability of a battery as a component of the interface film. There have been current researchers to introduce additives into the electrolyte to build interfacial films. However, the electrolyte additive is disadvantageous in forming a stable interfacial film due to a higher reduction potential, and furthermore, a single additive cannot simultaneously satisfy the requirements of multi-component interfacial film construction.
In order to solve the problem of dendrite growth of the lithium metal battery, the cycling stability and the safety of the battery are improved. The invention adopts a chemical vapor deposition method to prepare the lithium metal electrode rich in the interfacial film of lithium chloride and lithium nitride. The developed lithium metal electrode has high compatibility with ether electrolyte and more excellent electrochemical performance. The invention is a promising way to solve the technical obstacle of advanced lithium metal electrode preparation and promote the practical application of lithium metal batteries.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects that in the prior art, a lithium metal battery is easy to generate side reaction with electrolyte due to high activity, so that a surface interface film is unstable, dendrite growth, volume expansion, battery short circuit and safety accidents are further caused, and the traditional additive is difficult to meet the requirements of the stability and high ion conductivity of the surface interface film at the same time. The modified lithium metal electrode provided by the invention comprises a surface interface film containing lithium chloride and lithium nitride, has high compatibility with ether electrolyte, high electronic insulation, low ion diffusion barrier and excellent mechanical stability, remarkably inhibits the formation and growth of lithium dendrites, and effectively improves the cycle stability and safety performance of a battery when used for a lithium ion battery. The preparation method of the modified lithium metal electrode has the advantages of simple flow, easy control of reaction conditions, low-cost and easily obtained raw materials, and strong practical application prospect, and can be put into practical production.
The invention solves the technical problems by the following technical scheme:
The invention provides a modified lithium metal electrode, which comprises the lithium metal and a surface interface film attached to the surface of the lithium metal;
the surface interface film contains lithium chloride and lithium nitride;
in the modified lithium metal electrode, the content of Cl element is 0.4% -0.8%, and the percentage of the mass of Cl element is the percentage of the total mass of the modified lithium metal electrode;
in the modified lithium metal electrode, the content of N element is 0.4% -0.8%, and the percentage of the mass of N element is the percentage of the total mass of the modified lithium metal electrode.
In the scheme, the stability and ion conductivity of the surface interface film are optimized by selecting the content of Cl element and the content of N element, so that the method plays a key role in improving the cycling stability of the battery and inhibiting the growth of lithium dendrites.
Preferably, the thickness of the surface interface film is 1 μm to 100. Mu.m.
Further preferably, the thickness of the surface interface film is 1 μm to 4. Mu.m.
In the scheme, the thickness of the surface interface film ensures that the surface interface film can still maintain good ionic conductivity while effectively protecting the lithium metal electrode. The thinner surface interface film helps to improve the electrochemical performance of the battery and reduce the internal resistance of the battery.
Preferably, the content of the Cl element is 0.7% -0.8%.
Preferably, the content of the N element is 0.5% -0.6%.
Preferably, the lithium metal is a lithium foil.
Preferably, the lithium metal has a thickness of 195 μm to 499 μm, preferably 295 μm to 399 μm, for example 296 μm.
Preferably, the surface interface film further contains lithium oxide and lithium carbonate.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the modified lithium metal electrode, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of respectively placing ammonium chloride powder and lithium metal at the lower part and the upper part of a reaction container under the protection of inert gas and making the ammonium chloride powder and the lithium metal not contact with each other, and preparing the modified lithium metal electrode by a chemical vapor deposition method;
The distance between the lithium metal and the ammonium chloride powder is less than or equal to 5cm;
the temperature of the chemical vapor deposition is more than or equal to 100 ℃.
Preferably, the reaction vessel is a crucible.
Preferably, the reaction vessel is supported by a copper mesh and divided into an upper part and a lower part.
Further preferably, the mesh size of the copper mesh is 1 mesh to 60 mesh, for example 6 mesh.
Preferably, the inert gas is one or more of argon, helium or nitrogen, such as argon.
Preferably, the ammonium chloride powder is spread to a thickness of 0.2cm to 1cm.
Further preferably, the ammonium chloride powder is spread to a thickness of 0.4cm to 0.6cm or 0.6cm to 0.8cm.
Preferably, the distance between the lithium metal and the ammonium chloride powder is 1cm to 5cm, and more preferably 3cm to 5cm.
In this embodiment, the distance between the lithium metal and the ammonium chloride powder is a distance from the lower surface of the lithium metal to the upper surface of the ammonium chloride powder.
Preferably, the temperature of the chemical vapor deposition is 100 ℃ to 500 ℃.
Further preferably, the temperature of the chemical vapor deposition is 300 ℃ to 500 ℃.
Preferably, the chemical vapor deposition time is 1h to 4h.
Further preferably, the time of the chemical vapor deposition is 2h-3h or 3h-4h.
In the scheme, the time range of chemical vapor deposition can ensure the sufficient formation of the surface interface film on the premise of not damaging the performance of the lithium metal electrode.
Preferably, the chemical vapor deposition step is followed by a rinsing step.
Further preferably, in the step of flushing, the flushing liquid used is one or more of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, dimethyl carbonate or diethyl carbonate.
Further preferably, the amount of rinse solution used in each of the rinsing steps is from 0.5mL to 2mL, for example from 1mL to 2mL.
Further preferably, the number of flushes is 1-10, for example 3-10.
Further preferably, the step of rinsing is followed by a step of drying.
Still more preferably, the drying time is from 5h to 24h, for example 12h.
Preferably, the lithium metal has a thickness of 200 μm to 500. Mu.m, preferably 300 μm to 400. Mu.m, for example 300. Mu.m.
Preferably, before the step of chemical vapor deposition, a film scraping treatment is performed on a side of the lithium metal, which is close to the ammonium chloride powder.
In the scheme, the film scraping treatment is carried out on one side of the lithium metal close to the ammonium chloride powder, so that the state of the surface of the lithium metal is further optimized, and a better foundation is provided for the deposition of the surface interfacial film.
Further preferably, the thickness of the scratch film treatment is 10 μm to 30 μm, for example 20 μm to 30 μm.
Further preferably, the step of the doctor blade treatment is performed in a glove box.
Further preferably, the treatment device for the film scraping treatment is a film scraper.
Further preferably, the step of the doctor blade treatment is performed under an inert gas.
Still more preferably, the inert gas is argon.
The invention also provides a modified lithium metal electrode, which is prepared by the preparation method.
The invention also provides a lithium ion battery comprising the modified lithium metal electrode.
The invention has the positive progress effects that:
(1) The surface interface film has greatly raised stability, and the surface interface film containing lithium chloride and lithium nitride is formed on the surface of the lithium metal electrode to raise the electronic insulating performance and mechanical stability of the electrode. The surface interfacial film can effectively inhibit the formation and growth of lithium dendrites, and reduce the risk of battery short circuit, thereby remarkably improving the safety of the battery. And the lithium metal electrode of the present invention has excellent compatibility with ether electrolyte, and the assembled battery exhibits excellent cycle stability and safety.
(2) The low ion diffusion barrier characteristic of the surface interface film of the invention makes the lithium ion transmission more efficient in the charge and discharge process, thereby improving the ion conductivity of the battery. This feature ensures the stability of the battery in long-term cyclic use, prolongs the service life of the battery and improves the performance thereof.
(3) The preparation method is simplified and low in cost, and the chemical vapor deposition technology adopted by the invention not only can accurately control the components of the surface interface film, but also has the characteristics of simplicity, easiness and low cost. The raw materials used in the preparation process are easy to obtain, the reaction conditions are easy to control, the large-scale production can be realized, and the method has strong industrial application potential.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional SEM image of the modified lithium metal electrode prepared in example 1.
Fig. 2 is a surface SEM image and EDS elemental distribution of the modified lithium metal electrode prepared in example 1.
Fig. 3 is an electrochemical performance of the modified lithium metal electrode prepared in example 1 and the lithium metal electrode prepared in comparative example 1 applied in Li symmetric batteries.
Fig. 4 is a surface SEM image of the lithium metal electrode of comparative example 1 applied in a Li symmetric battery after 50 cycles.
Fig. 5 is a surface SEM image of the lithium metal electrode prepared in example 1 applied to a Li symmetric battery after 50 cycles.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by means of the following examples, which are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
In the following examples, the glove box was from Milkalona (Shanghai) Industrial Intelligent technologies Co., ltd, model number Super Pro 750.
In the following examples, lithium foil was obtained from Anhui Jin Yueguan New Material technology Co., ltd, model 10377-51-2, and thickness 300. Mu.m.
In the following examples, the crucible was obtained from Wilter ceramic technology Co., ltd (113X 55X 25 semicircle boat).
In the following examples, the electric heater is from Haidelf company, model 506-11100-05-0.
In the following examples, the copper mesh was obtained from the wire mesh products of the company Windwire (6 mesh brass wires) in the county of Anpingshand.
In the following examples, NH 4 Cl powder was obtained from Allatin Chemicals, inc., model 12125-02-9, and had a purity of 99.5%.
Example 1
The modified lithium metal electrode was prepared by the following method:
s1, treating lithium metal in a glove box (H 2O≤0.1ppm,O2 is less than or equal to 0.1 ppm) in an argon atmosphere by using a film scraping device, wherein the treatment thickness is 20 mu m, and the surface of the lithium metal can be observed to be brand-new metallic luster after the treatment.
S2, uniformly spreading 2gNH 4 Cl powder at the bottom of a crucible, wherein the spreading thickness D of NH 4 Cl powder is 0.2cm, and then placing the treated lithium foil above the crucible by using a copper net as a support, wherein the distance H between the lithium foil and NH 4 Cl powder is 1cm. And then slowly moving the crucible to an electric heater, heating for 1h at 100 ℃, naturally cooling to room temperature, repeatedly flushing with 1mL of electrolyte solvent ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DME) for three times, and naturally drying for 12h to obtain the modified lithium metal electrode.
Example 2
Other parameters and preparation methods were the same as in example 1, except that the NH 4 Cl powder was spread to a thickness D of 0.4cm.
Example 3
Other parameters and preparation methods were the same as in example 1, except that the NH 4 Cl powder was spread to a thickness D of 0.6cm.
Example 4
Other parameters and preparation methods were the same as in example 1, except that the NH 4 Cl powder was spread to a thickness D of 0.8cm.
Example 5
Other parameters and preparation methods were the same as in example 1, except that the NH 4 Cl powder was spread to a thickness D of 1.0cm.
Example 6
Other parameters and preparation methods were the same as in example 1, except that the distance H between the lithium foil and the NH 4 Cl powder was 3cm.
Example 7
Other parameters and preparation methods were the same as in example 1, except that the distance H between the lithium foil and the NH 4 Cl powder was 5cm.
Example 8
Other parameters and preparation method were the same as in example 1, the crucible was slowly moved to an electric heater and heated at 300 ℃ for 1h.
Example 9
Other parameters and preparation method were the same as in example 1, the crucible was slowly moved to an electric heater and heated at 500 ℃ for 1h.
Example 10
Other parameters and preparation method were the same as in example 1, the crucible was slowly moved to an electric heater and heated at 300 ℃ for 2h.
Example 11
Other parameters and preparation method were the same as in example 1, the crucible was slowly moved to an electric heater and heated at 300 ℃ for 3 hours.
Example 12
Other parameters and preparation method were the same as in example 1, the crucible was slowly moved to an electric heater and heated at 300 ℃ for 4 hours.
Comparative example 1
The lithium foil was treated with a doctor blade in a glove box under argon atmosphere (H 2O≤0.1ppm,O2. Ltoreq.0.1 ppm) to a thickness of 20. Mu.m, and after the treatment, a novel metallic luster was observed on the lithium metal surface.
Effect example 1
SEM observation of the modified lithium metal electrode obtained in example 1 is carried out, and the results are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. As can be seen from FIG. 1, the modified lithium metal electrode prepared in example 1 had a surface interface film thickness of 4. Mu.m. From the surface SEM image of fig. 2, it can be seen that the surface interfacial film of the modified lithium metal electrode prepared in example 1 is uniformly distributed on the surface of lithium metal.
Effect example 2
EDS elemental analysis was performed on the modified lithium metal electrode prepared in example 1, and the corresponding distribution patterns of chlorine and nitrogen in FIG. 2 were fully confirmed that LiCl and Li 3 N were first generated, while it was also visually seen that the composite interface film prepared by chemical vapor deposition was in a state of uniform distribution of LiCl and Li 3 N components. The EDS spectrum shows that the modified lithium metal electrode prepared in example 1 has N and Cl contents of 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively.
Effect example 3
The modified lithium metal electrode prepared in example 1 and the lithium metal electrode prepared in comparative example 1 were assembled to a Li-Li symmetric battery by matching with a conventional ether electrolyte (DOL: dme= 1:1,1M LiTFSI+0.2M LiNO 3), and their electrochemical properties were tested under conditions of a current density of 0.5mA/cm 2 and 2mA/cm 2, and a limited capacity of 2mAh/cm 2. The sample test results of example 1 and comparative example 1 are shown in fig. 3, the gray part is the sample test data of example 1, and the black part is the sample test data of comparative example 1, and it can be seen that the li|li-symmetric battery assembled with the modified lithium metal electrode of example 1 exhibits low overpotential and more excellent cycle stability, and the li|li-symmetric battery assembled with the lithium metal electrode of comparative example 1, which has been subjected to only the surface scratch treatment, exhibits unstable potential fluctuation and poor cycle stability.
After 50 cycles of the symmetric cell, the cell was disassembled and SEM-characterized for the deposited sides of the lithium metal electrodes of example 1 and comparative example 1, the test results of example 1 are shown in fig. 4, the modified lithium metal electrode exhibiting a relatively uniform and flat surface, demonstrating uniform deposition of the composite interfacial film on the surface of the lithium foil. SEM characterization was also performed on the deposition side of the lithium metal electrodes of examples 2-12, resulting in a composite interfacial film deposited on the surface of the lithium foil, consistent with example 1. The test results of comparative example 1 are shown in fig. 5, and the surface of the lithium metal electrode exhibits large lithium particles and earthworm-like lithium dendrites.
While specific embodiments of the invention have been described above, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that this is by way of example only, and the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims. Various changes and modifications to these embodiments may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, but such changes and modifications fall within the scope of the invention.

Claims (10)

1. A modified lithium metal electrode, characterized in that the modified lithium metal electrode comprises the lithium metal and a surface interface film attached to the surface of the lithium metal;
the surface interface film contains lithium chloride and lithium nitride;
in the modified lithium metal electrode, the content of Cl element is 0.4% -0.8%, and the percentage of the mass of Cl element is the percentage of the total mass of the modified lithium metal electrode;
in the modified lithium metal electrode, the content of N element is 0.4% -0.8%, and the percentage of the mass of N element is the percentage of the total mass of the modified lithium metal electrode.
2. The modified lithium metal electrode of claim 1, wherein the surface interfacial film has a thickness of 1 μm to 100 μm;
preferably, the thickness of the surface interface film is 1 μm to 4 μm;
and/or the content of the Cl element is 0.7% -0.8%;
And/or the content of the N element is 0.5% -0.6%;
And/or, the lithium metal is a lithium foil;
and/or the lithium metal has a thickness of 195 μm to 499 μm, preferably 295 μm to 399 μm, for example 296 μm;
And/or, the surface interface film further contains lithium oxide and lithium carbonate.
3. The preparation method of the modified lithium metal electrode is characterized by comprising the following steps of respectively placing ammonium chloride powder and lithium metal at the lower part and the upper part of a reaction container under the protection of inert gas, and preparing the modified lithium metal electrode by a chemical vapor deposition method;
The distance between the lithium metal and the ammonium chloride powder is less than or equal to 5cm;
the temperature of the chemical vapor deposition is more than or equal to 100 ℃.
4. The method for producing a modified lithium metal electrode according to claim 3, wherein the reaction vessel is a crucible;
And/or the reaction vessel is supported by a copper mesh and is divided into an upper part and a lower part;
preferably, the mesh size of the copper mesh is 1 mesh to 60 mesh, for example 6 mesh.
5. The method of producing a modified lithium metal electrode according to claim 3, wherein the inert gas is one or a combination of argon, helium or nitrogen, such as argon;
and/or the thickness of the ammonium chloride powder spread is 0.2cm-1cm;
preferably, the ammonium chloride powder is spread to a thickness of 0.4cm to 0.6cm or 0.6cm to 0.8cm;
And/or the lithium metal is at a distance of 1cm to 5cm, preferably 3cm to 5cm, from the ammonium chloride powder;
And/or the chemical vapor deposition temperature is 100-500 ℃;
Preferably, the temperature of the chemical vapor deposition is 300-500 ℃;
and/or the chemical vapor deposition time is 1h-4h;
Preferably, the time of the chemical vapor deposition is 2h-3h or 3h-4h.
6. The method of preparing a modified lithium metal electrode according to claim 3, further comprising a step of rinsing after the step of chemical vapor deposition;
preferably, in the step of flushing, the flushing liquid used is one or more of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, dimethyl carbonate or diethyl carbonate;
Preferably, the rinse solution is used in an amount of 0.5mL to 2mL, such as 1mL to 2mL, per said rinsing step;
Preferably, the number of flushes is 1-10, for example 3-10;
preferably, after the rinsing step, a drying step is further included;
more preferably, the drying time is from 5h to 24h, for example 12h.
7. A method of producing a modified lithium metal electrode according to claim 3, wherein the lithium metal has a thickness of 200 μm to 500 μm, preferably 300 μm to 400 μm, for example 300 μm;
And/or, before the step of chemical vapor deposition, performing film scraping treatment on one side of the lithium metal, which is close to the ammonium chloride powder;
preferably, the thickness of the scratch film treatment is 10 μm to 30 μm, for example 20 μm to 30 μm;
preferably, the step of the film scraping treatment is performed in a glove box;
preferably, the processing equipment for the film scraping treatment is a film scraper;
Preferably, the step of the film scraping treatment is performed in inert gas;
more preferably, the inert gas is argon.
8. A modified lithium metal electrode, characterized in that the modified lithium metal electrode is prepared by the preparation method according to any one of claims 3 to 7.
9. Use of a modified lithium metal electrode according to any one of claims 1-2 or 8 in a lithium ion battery.
10. A lithium ion battery comprising a modified lithium metal electrode according to any one of claims 1-2 or claim 8.
CN202411998031.0A 2024-12-31 2024-12-31 Modified lithium metal electrode, preparation method and application thereof, and lithium ion battery containing same Pending CN119812212A (en)

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