CN119367357A - Psph抑制剂在制备预防、治疗或改善神经系统疾病的药物中的用途 - Google Patents
Psph抑制剂在制备预防、治疗或改善神经系统疾病的药物中的用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN119367357A CN119367357A CN202411346150.8A CN202411346150A CN119367357A CN 119367357 A CN119367357 A CN 119367357A CN 202411346150 A CN202411346150 A CN 202411346150A CN 119367357 A CN119367357 A CN 119367357A
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Abstract
本发明公开了PSPH抑制剂在制备预防、治疗或改善神经系统疾病的药物中的用途,本发明涉及小分子药物技术领域。本发明提供了PSPH(磷酸丝氨酸磷酸酶)抑制剂在制备治疗神经系统疾病药物中的用途,利用小分子化学抑制剂抑制PSPH活性,进行实现对神经系统疾病的治疗,尤其是发挥优异的抗癫痫效果,同时给出具有PSPH抑制活性的小分子化合物,填补目前没有强效PSPH抑制剂的空白。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及小分子药物技术领域,尤其是涉及PSPH抑制剂在制备预防、治疗或改善神经系统疾病的药物中的用途。
背景技术
神经系统是人体中结构与功能最为复杂,并起主导作用的调节系统。当神经系统发生病变时,常常会出现意识、认知、运动障碍以及颅内压异常等症状,严重降低患者生活质量。常见的神经系统疾病包括脑血管疾病、神经退行性疾病、癫痫、中枢神经系统感染性疾病等。
中国专利CN 112585154A公开了血-脑屏障(blood-brainbarrier,BBB)的透过力得到改善的新型丝氨酸衍生化合物(serine derivative compound)及其用途,更具体地,涉及与L-丝氨酸(L-serine)相比较,血-脑屏障透过力更加改善的新型丝氨酸衍生化合物和包含上述化合物作为有效成分的用于预防或治疗/改善中枢神经系统疾病(centralnervous system diseases)的药学组合物等。该发明公开的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐与L-丝氨酸相比,呈现显著改善的血-脑屏障透过率,使神经细胞的增殖激活,通过抑制氧化应激引起的线粒体膜电位受损和/或内质网应激引起的神经细胞凋亡的神经细胞保护效果,认知障碍、智力障碍、小脑症、癫痫、神经发育障碍、痴呆、孤独症谱系障碍、唐氏综合征、雷特综合征、脆性X综合征、阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、亨廷顿病及肌萎缩侧索硬化症等中枢神经系统疾病的预防、治疗及改善效果优秀。
兴奋性毒性是多种急慢性神经病变中神经元损伤和死亡的重要原因,其因谷氨酸释放过多或摄取障碍导致的NMDA受体的过度活化所致。有研究表明,D-丝氨酸与兴奋性毒性有关,例如,应用D-丝氨酸脱氨酶可显著减少神经元的损伤及死亡。以上研究结果表明,D-丝氨酸是大多数NMDA受体的内源性配体。
动物大脑内发现D-丝氨酸在大脑内的分布不均匀,在脑皮质、海马、纹状体含量最高,间脑、中脑次之,脑桥、延髓、小脑和脊髓中浓度最低,还有报道称视网膜也有D-丝氨酸存在。对鼠脑的研究显示,D-丝氨酸浓度约为L-丝氨酸的1/3,较许多常见氨基酸的浓度要高。在人类脑内,D-丝氨酸的含量随年龄变化,从妊娠14周直到出生一直处于高水平,在青少年时期和成熟大脑内浓度减至一半。与甘氨酸比较,星形胶质细胞释放的D-丝氨酸作为共激动剂与NMDA(N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸)受体的甘氨酸位点结合显得更有效,选择性也更强。D-丝氨酸与甘氨酸位点的结合可增强谷氨酸对NMDA受体的激动作用,导致突触后膜去极化、钙离子内流等。
在病理条件下,因D-丝氨酸浓度过高导致的NMDA受体过度活化可能与很多神经系统疾病有关,如中风、癫痫、慢性疼痛、帕金森病(PD)、阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)、亨廷顿病(DHD)、缺血再灌注损伤等。有报道称缺血再灌注损伤在给与甘氨酸位点拮抗剂后有所减轻;脑卒中患者体内D-丝氨酸的水平明显升高。在PD与AD患者体内虽未检测到D-丝氨酸的浓度异常,但应用甘氨酸位点拮抗剂可使PD患者的行为异常有所改善。相反,NMDA受体功能低下会导致精神分裂症。与正常人相比,此种患者血清和前额皮质中的D-丝氨酸水平下降。在癫痫中D-丝氨酸与NMDA受体的甘氨酸位点结合可产生相反的结果。有报道称由此激活NMDA受体可导致癫痫间大发作;但另有研究显示这种结合能够提高癫痫间大发作的阈值。对于惊厥,D-丝氨酸有着类似的作用:一方面,NMDA受体拮抗剂能够抑制惊厥,另一方面,作为NMDA受体共激动剂的D-丝氨酸又能增强抗惊厥药物的活性。D-丝氨酸这种作用的二重性可能与其结合的NMDA受体亚型不同等因素有关。其机制尚不完全明了。
在神经系统疾病中,癫痫是由中枢神经系统功能活动异常诱发,是最常见的慢性神经系统疾病之一,而其中近三分之一的患者对靶向离子通道的抗癫痫药物没有反应,为药物难治性癫痫。颞叶癫痫(Temporal lobe epilepsy,TLE)是最常见一种成人药物难治性癫痫,患者在正确服用足量的抗癫痫药物后仍不能有效控制癫痫发作,往往只能通过手术切除致癫灶海马的方式治疗癫痫。药物难治性癫痫给社会和家庭带来的医疗、经济负担远远高于一般的癫痫综合征。因此,阐明颞叶癫痫等难治性癫痫的发病机制、开发新型有效治疗药物,将为患者提供非手术治疗选择,填补难治性癫痫的治疗缺口。
NMDA是一种广泛表达的离子型谷氨酸受体,其表达或功能异常在癫痫放电中发挥至关重要的作用。虽然靶向NMDA的小分子拮抗剂(其中大多数是通道阻滞剂)在临床上显示出抗癫痫作用,但由于其强烈的毒副反应,它们并不能作为TLE患者的日常药物。例如,高剂量的氯胺酮可治疗处于癫痫持续状态的患者,但其可能对呼吸、心血管和神经系统造成影响。除谷氨酸结合位点外,NMDA还需要在甘氨酸调节位点结合D-丝氨酸或甘氨酸才能发挥作用。有研究指出D-丝氨酸是海马突触的共激活剂,它以一种门控调节的方式影响神经元电生理活动,D-丝氨酸水平的升高显著提高海马神经元的放电。
在大脑中,星形胶质细胞通过葡萄糖经三步酶促反应从头合成L-丝氨酸,释放到周围神经元后,在丝氨酸消旋酶(Serine racemase,SR)的作用下生成D-丝氨酸,这种模式称为“丝氨酸穿梭”,接着,D-丝氨酸释放到突触后膜作用于NMDAR受体进一步调节突触活动。有研究表明,靶向丝氨酸消旋酶的抑制剂在细胞和动物癫痫模型中具有一定抗兴奋作用,但现有丝氨酸消旋酶抑制剂由于脱靶效应和抑制效力较低,因此暂时不具备临床开发的潜质。另一方面,阻断上游从头合成途径可能是另一种降低D-丝氨酸水平、治疗颞叶癫痫的另一种潜在方法。但其中涉及的分子级联反应和药物靶点仍有待研究。
综上,目前仍需研究针对包括癫痫在内的神经系统疾病具有有效治疗效果的小分子药物。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供PSPH(磷酸丝氨酸磷酸酶)抑制剂在制备治疗神经系统疾病药物中的用途,利用小分子化学抑制剂抑制PSPH活性,进行实现对神经系统疾病的治疗,尤其是发挥优异的抗癫痫效果,同时给出具有PSPH抑制活性的小分子化合物,填补目前并没有强效的PSPH抑制剂的空白。
本发明中,化合物Z218484536即为所记载的化合物1。
为实现上述发明目的,本发明技术方案如下:
第一方面,本发明提供PSPH抑制剂在制备预防、治疗或改善神经系统疾病的药物中的用途。
术语“PSPH抑制剂”是指能够跨越血脑屏障、且能抑制磷酸丝氨酸磷酸酶靶标物质活性的试剂。
优选地,所述PSPH抑制剂通过抑制磷酸丝氨酸磷酸酶的活性,进而实现抑制星形胶质细胞中L-丝氨酸生产和释放,进而抑制D-丝氨酸上调来实现预防、治疗或改善神经系统疾病。
优选地,所述神经系统疾病选自认知障碍、智力障碍、小脑症、癫痫、神经发育障碍、痴呆、孤独症谱系障碍、唐氏综合征、雷特综合征、脆性X综合征、阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、亨廷顿病、肌萎缩侧索硬化症、缺血再灌注损伤中的至少一种。
进一步优选为中风、癫痫、慢性疼痛、帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病、亨廷顿病、缺血再灌注损伤中的至少一种。
更进一步优选为癫痫。
更进一步优选为颞叶癫痫。
优选地,PSPH抑制剂为式I化合物或其立体异构体、几何异构体、互变异构体、氮氧化物、水合物、溶剂化物、药学上可接受的盐或前药:
式中,R1选自H、取代或未取代的C1-8烷基、C3-8环烷基、芳基、杂环基、卤素、C1-8烷氧基,所述取代的取代基为C1-4烷基、C1-4烷氧基、C1-4卤代烷基、卤素、氰基、苯基、含氧和/或氮的5-6元芳杂环基、含氧和/或氮的5-6元杂环基中的至少一种;
R2为-CH=N-或-CH2CH2-。
优选地,R1选自取代或未取代的C1-5烷基、C3-5环烷基、芳基、3-6元杂环基、卤素、C1-5烷氧基,所述取代的取代基为C1-4烷基、C1-4烷氧基、C1-4卤代烷基、卤素、氰基、苯基、含氧和/或氮的5-6元芳杂环基、含氧和/或氮的5-6元杂环基中的至少一种;
进一步优选地,R1选自C1-5烷基、C3-5环烷基、苯基、卤素、C1-5烷氧基;
更进一步优选地,R1选自C1-3烷基、苯基、卤素、C1-3烷氧基;
更进一步优选地,R1选自C1-3烷基、卤素、C1-3烷氧基;
更进一步优选地,R1选自卤素、C1-3烷氧基;
更进一步优选地,R1选自F、Cl、Br、C1-3烷氧基;
更进一步优选地,R1选自F、甲氧基;最优选为F
更进一步优选地,所述式I化合物选自以下化合物:
组优选地,所述式I化合物选自以下化合物:
优选地,所述药物可制备成丸剂、胶囊剂、颗粒剂、口服液、粉剂、片剂、锭剂、糖锭剂、注射剂等给药剂型,针对不同的剂型可选择本领域合适的药物载体。
所使用的药物载体可以是固体、液体或气体。固体载体示例包括乳糖、白陶土、蔗糖、滑石粉、明胶、琼脂、果胶、阿拉伯胶、硬脂酸镁和硬脂酸。液体载体的例子包括糖浆、花生油、橄榄油和水。气体载体的例子包括二氧化碳和氮气。
在制备口服剂型的药物时,可以使用任何方便的药物介质。例如,水、乙醇、油、醇、调味剂、防腐剂、着色剂等可用于形成口服液体制剂,如混悬剂、剂和溶液;而载体,如淀粉、糖类、微晶纤维素、稀释剂、制粒剂、乳化剂、润滑剂、粘合剂、崩解剂可用于形成口服固体制剂,如粉剂、胶囊剂和片剂。由于其易于给药,片剂和胶囊是使用固体药物载体的优选口服剂量单位。可选择使用标准水性或非水性技术对片剂进行包衣。
片剂可以通过压片或模塑制备,可选择使用一种或多种辅助成分或佐剂。可通过在适当的机器中以自由流动的形式(如粉末或颗粒)压片活性成分,可选择与粘合剂、润滑剂、惰性稀释剂、表面活性物质或分散剂混合来制备压片。模制片剂可在适当的机器中模制,即用惰性液体稀释剂润湿的粉末状化合物混合物。每片优选含有约0.05mg至约5g活性成分,每个小袋或胶囊优选含有约0.05mg至约5g活性成分。例如,拟用于人体口服给药的制剂可能含有约0.5mg至约5g活性药物,与适量且方便的载体材料混合,其可能约占总组成的5%至95%。单位剂型通常含有约1mg至约2g活性成分,通常为25mg、50mg、100mg、200mg、300mg、400mg、500mg、600mg、800mg或1000mg。
适用于胃肠外给药的药物可制备为活性化合物的水溶液或混悬液。可以包括适当的表面活性剂,例如羟丙基纤维素。也可以在甘油、液体聚乙二醇和其油混合物中制备分散体。此外,可以加入防腐剂以防止微生物的有害生长。。
本发明的药物可以是适合局部使用的形式,例如气雾剂、乳膏、软膏、洗剂、粉剂或类似物。此外,组合物可以是适当的形式用于透皮给药装置。例如,通过混合亲水性材料和水,以及约5wt%至约10wt%的化合物,制备具有所需稠度的乳膏或软膏。
本发明的药物可以是适用于直肠给药的形式,其中载体是固体。最好将混合物制成单位剂量栓剂。合适的载体包括可可脂和其他本领域中常用的材料。栓剂可通过首先形成混合含有软化或熔化载体的组合物,随后在模具中冷却和塑形。
除上述载体成分外,上述药物可能包括(如适用)一种或多种额外的载体成分,如稀释剂、缓冲液、矫味剂、粘合剂、表面活性剂、增稠剂、润滑剂、防腐剂(包括抗氧化剂)等。此外,可加入其它辅料,例如乳糖、淀粉、纤维素衍生物、硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸等、着色剂和矫味剂等。使制剂与预期受体的血液等渗。还可以粉末或浓缩液形式制备含有本发明中药组合物的组分。
所述药物还包括其他活性成分。
所述其他活性成分选自以下成分中的至少一种。
| 苯妥英钠(Phenytoin Sodium) | 丙戊酸(Valproate,VPA) |
| 苯巴比妥(Phenobarbital) | 拉莫三嗪(Lamotrigine) |
| 卡马西平(Carbamazepine) | 托吡酯(Topiramate) |
| 奥卡西平(Oxcarbazepine) | 左乙拉西坦(Levetiracetam) |
| 加巴喷丁(Gabapentin) | 氯硝西泮(Clonazepam) |
| 拉科沙胺(Lacosamide) | 卢非酰胺(Rufinamide) |
第二方面,本发明提供D-丝氨酸抑制剂在制备治疗神经系统疾病药物中的用途。
优选地,所述神经系统疾病具有与前述相同的定义。
优选地,所述药物具有与前述相同的定义。
优选地,所述D-丝氨酸抑制剂为式I化合物或其立体异构体、几何异构体、互变异构体、氮氧化物、水合物、溶剂化物、药学上可接受的盐或前药,所述式I化合物具有与前述相同的定义。
第三方面,本发明提供L-丝氨酸抑制剂在制备治疗神经系统疾病药物中的用途。
优选地,所述L-丝氨酸抑制剂可以抑制供星形胶质细胞中L-丝氨酸的生产和释放。
优选地,所述神经系统疾病具有与前述相同的定义。
优选地,所述药物具有与前述相同的定义。
优选地,所述L-丝氨酸抑制剂为式I化合物或其立体异构体、几何异构体、互变异构体、氮氧化物、水合物、溶剂化物、药学上可接受的盐或前药,所述式I化合物具有与前述相同的定义。
第四方面,本发明提供一种化合物或其立体异构体、几何异构体、互变异构体、氮氧化物、水合物、溶剂化物、药学上可接受的盐或前药,结构式如下:
其中,R1具有与前述相同的定义。
具体的:R1选自H、取代或未取代的C1-8烷基、C3-8环烷基、芳基、杂环基、卤素、C1-8烷氧基,所述取代的取代基为C1-4烷基、C1-4烷氧基、C1-4卤代烷基、卤素、氰基、苯基、含氧和/或氮的5-6元芳杂环基、含氧和/或氮的5-6元杂环基中的至少一种;
优选地,R1选自取代或未取代的C1-5烷基、C3-5环烷基、芳基、3-6元杂环基、卤素、C1-5烷氧基,所述取代的取代基为C1-4烷基、C1-4烷氧基、C1-4卤代烷基、卤素、氰基、苯基、含氧和/或氮的5-6元芳杂环基、含氧和/或氮的5-6元杂环基中的至少一种;
进一步优选地,R1选自C1-5烷基、C3-5环烷基、苯基、卤素、C1-5烷氧基;
更进一步优选地,R1选自C1-3烷基、苯基、卤素、C1-3烷氧基;
更进一步优选地,R1选自C1-3烷基、卤素、C1-3烷氧基;
更进一步优选地,R1选自卤素、C1-3烷氧基;
更进一步优选地,R1选自F、Cl、Br、C1-3烷氧基;
更进一步优选地,R1选自F、甲氧基;
最优选为F,优选为F时结构式如下:
第五方面,本发明提供第四方面所述化合物的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
优选地,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)在溶剂中加入化合物1,加入碱、催化剂和(Boc)2O,在20-40℃下反应1-5小时,得化合物2;
(2)将NaBH4加入化合物2的溶液中,温度为-10-10℃,反应0.2-1小时,得化合物3;
(3)将化合物3溶解于溶剂中,冷却至-5-5℃,依次加入碱和MsCl(甲基磺酰氯),在-10-10℃反应2-4小时,得化合物4;
(4)化合物4在-5-5℃、惰性氛围下加入溶剂、还原剂,将混合物加热至20-40℃反应1-3小时,得化合物5;
(5)将化合物5和氰酸钾、溶剂混合,在55-75℃、惰性氛围反应2-4小时,得产物。
第六方面,本发明提供一种药物,包括第四方面所述化合物或其立体异构体、几何异构体、互变异构体、氮氧化物、水合物、溶剂化物、药学上可接受的盐或前药。
优选地,所述药物可制备成丸剂、胶囊剂、颗粒剂、口服液、粉剂、片剂、锭剂、糖锭剂、注射剂等给药剂型,针对不同的剂型可选择本领域合适的药物载体。
所使用的药物载体可以是固体、液体或气体。固体载体示例包括乳糖、白陶土、蔗糖、滑石粉、明胶、琼脂、果胶、阿拉伯胶、硬脂酸镁和硬脂酸。液体载体的例子包括糖浆、花生油、橄榄油和水。气体载体的例子包括二氧化碳和氮气。
在制备口服剂型的药物时,可以使用任何方便的药物介质。例如,水、乙醇、油、醇、调味剂、防腐剂、着色剂等可用于形成口服液体制剂,如混悬剂、剂和溶液;而载体,如淀粉、糖类、微晶纤维素、稀释剂、制粒剂、乳化剂、润滑剂、粘合剂、崩解剂可用于形成口服固体制剂,如粉剂、胶囊剂和片剂。由于其易于给药,片剂和胶囊是使用固体药物载体的优选口服剂量单位。可选择使用标准水性或非水性技术对片剂进行包衣。
片剂可以通过压片或模塑制备,可选择使用一种或多种辅助成分或佐剂。可通过在适当的机器中以自由流动的形式(如粉末或颗粒)压片活性成分,可选择与粘合剂、润滑剂、惰性稀释剂、表面活性物质或分散剂混合来制备压片。模制片剂可在适当的机器中模制,即用惰性液体稀释剂润湿的粉末状化合物混合物。每片优选含有约0.05mg至约5g活性成分,每个小袋或胶囊优选含有约0.05mg至约5g活性成分。例如,拟用于人体口服给药的制剂可能含有约0.5mg至约5g活性药物,与适量且方便的载体材料混合,其可能约占总组成的5%至95%。单位剂型通常含有约1mg至约2g活性成分,通常为25mg、50mg、100mg、200mg、300mg、400mg、500mg、600mg、800mg或1000mg。
适用于胃肠外给药的药物可制备为活性化合物的水溶液或混悬液。可以包括适当的表面活性剂,例如羟丙基纤维素。也可以在甘油、液体聚乙二醇和其油混合物中制备分散体。此外,可以加入防腐剂以防止微生物的有害生长。。
本发明的药物可以是适合局部使用的形式,例如气雾剂、乳膏、软膏、洗剂、粉剂或类似物。此外,组合物可以是适当的形式用于透皮给药装置。例如,通过混合亲水性材料和水,以及约5wt%至约10wt%的化合物,制备具有所需稠度的乳膏或软膏。
本发明的药物可以是适用于直肠给药的形式,其中载体是固体。最好将混合物制成单位剂量栓剂。合适的载体包括可可脂和其他本领域中常用的材料。栓剂可通过首先形成混合含有软化或熔化载体的组合物,随后在模具中冷却和塑形。
除上述载体成分外,上述药物可能包括(如适用)一种或多种额外的载体成分,如稀释剂、缓冲液、矫味剂、粘合剂、表面活性剂、增稠剂、润滑剂、防腐剂(包括抗氧化剂)等。此外,可加入其它辅料,例如乳糖、淀粉、纤维素衍生物、硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸等、着色剂和矫味剂等。使制剂与预期受体的血液等渗。还可以粉末或浓缩液形式制备含有本发明中药组合物的组分。
所述药物还包括其他活性成分。
所述其他活性成分选自以下成分中的至少一种。
| 苯妥英钠(Phenytoin Sodium) | 丙戊酸(Valproate,VPA) |
| 苯巴比妥(Phenobarbital) | 拉莫三嗪(Lamotrigine) |
| 卡马西平(Carbamazepine) | 托吡酯(Topiramate) |
| 奥卡西平(Oxcarbazepine) | 左乙拉西坦(Levetiracetam) |
| 加巴喷丁(Gabapentin) | 氯硝西泮(Clonazepam) |
| 拉科沙胺(Lacosamide) | 卢非酰胺(Rufinamide) |
第七方面,本发明提供一种神经系统疾病的治疗方法,包括给药特定剂量的PSPH抑制剂、D-丝氨酸抑制剂或L-丝氨酸抑制剂。
优选地,所述给药途径药物可适于通过任何合适的途径给药,例如通过口服(包括口腔或舌下),直肠,鼻,局部(包括口腔,舌下或透皮),阴道或胃肠外(包括皮下,肌肉内,静脉内或真皮内)途径给药。这样的组合物可以通过药学领域已知的任何方法制备,例如通过在无菌条件下将活性成分与载体混合。
进一步优选地,适于口服给药的药物可以以胶囊或片剂的形式提供;作为粉末或颗粒;作为溶液,糖浆或悬浮液(在水性或非水性液体中);或作为乳液。
片剂或硬胶囊可以包括乳糖,玉米淀粉或其衍生物,硬脂酸或其盐。
软明胶胶囊可以包括植物油,蜡,脂肪,半固体或液体多元醇等。
溶液和糖浆可以包括水,多元醇和糖。为了制备悬浮液,油(例如植物油)可用于提供水包油或油包水悬浮液。
进一步优选地,适于透皮给药的药物可以作为离散的贴剂提供,所述贴剂用于在延长的时间内保持与接受者的表皮紧密接触。例如,活性成分可以通过离子电渗从贴剂中递送。
进一步优选地,适于局部给药的药物可以以软膏,乳膏,悬浮液,洗剂,粉末,溶液,糊剂,凝胶,喷雾剂,气雾剂或油的形式提供。
对于眼睛或其它外部组织的感染,例如口腔和皮肤,优选使用局部软膏或乳膏。当配制成软膏时,活性成分可与石蜡或与水混溶的软膏基质一起使用。或者,活性成分可以配制成具有水包油型基质或油包水型基质的乳膏。
适于局部施用于眼睛的药物包括滴眼液。这里,活性成分可以溶解或悬浮在合适的载体中,例如在水性溶剂中。
适于口腔局部给药的药物包括锭剂,锭剂和漱口剂。
进一步优选地,适用于直肠给药的药物可作为栓剂或灌肠剂提供。
进一步优选地,适用于鼻给药的使用固体载体的药物包括粗粉(例如具有20-500微米范围内的粒度)。这可以以吸入鼻烟的方式给药,即,从靠近鼻子的粉末容器通过鼻子快速吸入。
使用液体载体的用于鼻给药的组合物包括鼻喷雾剂或滴鼻剂。这些可以包括活性成分的水溶液或油溶液。
适于通过吸入给药的药物包括细颗粒粉尘或雾,其可以通过各种类型的装置产生,例如加压气雾剂,喷雾器或喷雾器。这种装置可被构造成提供预定剂量的活性成分。
进一步优选地,适于阴道给药的药物可以作为阴道栓剂,棉塞,乳膏,凝胶,糊剂,泡沫剂或喷雾制剂提供。
进一步优选地,适于胃肠外给药的药物包括水性和非水性无菌可注射溶液或悬浮液。这些组合物可包含抗氧化剂,缓冲剂,抑菌剂和溶质,使组合物与预期的接受者的血液基本上等渗。这些组合物中可能存在的其它组分包括例如水,醇,多元醇,甘油和植物油。适用于胃肠外给药的组合物可存在于单位剂量或多剂量容器中,例如密封安瓿和小瓶中,并且可在使用前立即以冷冻干燥(冻干)条件储存,该条件只需要加入无菌液体载体,例如用于注射的无菌水。瞬时注射溶液和悬浮液可以由无菌粉末,颗粒和片剂制备。
优选地。所述剂量易于通过常规试验确定,并由医师或临床医师控制。用于确定合适剂量的指导原则是输送适当有效但无毒或可接受毒性的材料量。对于NB-DNJ或类似化合物,成人的日剂量可以预期在1mg-2g活性剂的范围内,并且可以在100-800mg或300-600mg的范围内。该剂量可在一天中以单剂量给药,或者在一天中以两次,三次或更多次给药。
优选地,所述PSPH抑制剂、D-丝氨酸抑制剂或L-丝氨酸抑制剂与其他活性成分组合给药。
所述其他活性成分选自以下成分中的至少一种。
| 苯妥英钠(Phenytoin Sodium) | 丙戊酸(Valproate,VPA) |
| 苯巴比妥(Phenobarbital) | 拉莫三嗪(Lamotrigine) |
| 卡马西平(Carbamazepine) | 托吡酯(Topiramate) |
| 奥卡西平(Oxcarbazepine) | 左乙拉西坦(Levetiracetam) |
| 加巴喷丁(Gabapentin) | 氯硝西泮(Clonazepam) |
| 拉科沙胺(Lacosamide) | 卢非酰胺(Rufinamide) |
优选地,所述PSPH抑制剂、D-丝氨酸抑制剂或L-丝氨酸抑制剂具有与前述相同的定义。
关于术语的解释和说明:
在本发明中,术语“预防”是指使受试者避免或避开疾病或病症或者推迟病症的一个或多个症状的复发或出现的方法。术语“改善”是指使受试者已出现的症状减轻或症状发展趋势变缓和的方法。术语“治疗”是指得到需要的药理学和/或生理学效应,所述效应从完全或者部分地防止疾病或其症状方面来说可以是预防性的,并且/或者从部分或者完全地治愈疾病和/或由所述疾病引起的不利效应的方面来说可以是治疗性的。本文使用的术语“治疗”包括对哺乳动物,尤其是人的疾病的任何治疗,并且包括(a)预防易患某种疾病但仍尚未诊断为患有该疾病的受试者中的所述疾病发生;(b)抑制所述疾病,即,阻止其发展;并且(c)消除所述疾病,即使所述疾病消退并且/或者消除一个或多个疾病症状。“治疗”还应包括试剂的递送以提供药理学效果,即使疾病或病状不存在。
在本发明中,术语“包含”、“含有”和“包括”,是指包括但不限于,不排除还有例如其他添加剂、组分。
除非有说明,本文所用的术语“烷基”包括具有特定数目碳原子的支链和直链饱和的脂肪烃基团,包括所有异构体。烷基的常用缩写例如甲基可以用“Me”或CH3表示,乙基可以用“Et”或CH2CH3表示,丙基可以用“Pr”或CH2CH2CH3表示,丁基可以用“Bu”或CH2CH2CH2CH3表示等。例如“C1-4烷基”(或“C1-C4烷基”)是指具有特定数目碳原子的直链或支链烷基,包括所有异构体。C1-4烷基包括正、异、仲和叔丁基、正和异丙基,乙基和甲基。术语“C1-10烷基”等具有类似的含义。
术语“烷氧基”表示通过氧桥连接的标明数目碳原子的直链和支链烷基。
术语“卤素”(或卤代)是指氟、氯、溴和碘(或者称为氟代(F)、氯代(Cl)、溴代(Br)和碘代(I))。
术语“芳基”是指芳香的单和多碳环系统,其中在多环系统中各个碳环是稠合的或通过单键相互连接。一般芳基包括苯基、萘基和亚联苯基。
术语“杂环”是指碳原子及非碳原子构成的环状结构,环中的非碳原子举例如氮、氧和硫等。一般杂环基包括吡啶、喹啉、托烷、吩噻嗪、苯并二氮杂卓、呋喃、吡唑酮和嘧啶。
术语“芳杂环”是指5或6元单环芳香环或7-12元双环,其由碳原子和一个或多个选自N、O和S的杂原子构成。芳杂环举例包括吡啶基、吡咯基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基、哒嗪基、噻吩基(或噻吩基、噻唑基、呋喃基、咪唑基、吡唑基、三唑基、四唑基、唑基、异唑基、二唑基、噻唑基、异噻唑基和噻二唑基、苯并三唑基、吲哚基、异吲哚基、吲唑基、二氢吲哚基、异二氢吲哚基、喹喔啉基、喹唑啉基、噌啉基、色满基、异色满基、四氢喹啉基、喹啉基、四氢异喹啉基、异喹啉基、2,3-二氢苯并呋喃基、2,3-二氢苯并-1,4-二烯基、咪唑并(2,1-b)(1,3)噻唑和苯并-1,3-间二氧杂环戊烯基。
术语“药学上可接受的盐”是指由药学可接受的无毒碱或酸制备的盐。当本发明的化合物是酸性时,其相应的盐可以容易地由无机碱或有机碱制备。衍生自这种无机碱的盐包括铝、铵、钙、铜(铜和亚铜)、铁、亚铁、锂、镁、锰(锰和亚锰)、钾、钠、锌等盐。优选的为铵、钙、镁、钾和钠等盐。由有机碱制备的盐包括来源于天然和合成来源的伯胺、仲胺和叔胺。可以形成盐的药学可接受的有机无毒碱包括精氨酸、甜菜碱、咖啡因、胆碱、N,N′-二苄基亚乙基二胺、二乙基胺、2-二乙氨基乙醇、2-二甲氨基乙醇、乙醇胺、乙二胺、N-乙基吗啉、N-乙基哌啶、葡萄糖胺、氨基葡萄糖、组氨酸、哈胺、异丙胺、二环己基胺、赖氨酸、甲基葡萄糖胺、吗啉、哌嗪、哌啶、聚胺树脂、普鲁卡因、嘌呤类、可可碱、三乙胺、三甲胺、三丙胺、氨丁三醇等。当本发明的化合物是碱性时,其相应的盐可以容易地由无机酸或有机酸制备。这种酸包括例如乙酸、苯磺酸、苯甲酸、樟脑磺酸、柠檬酸、乙磺酸、富马酸、葡糖酸、谷氨酸、氢溴酸、盐酸、羟乙基磺酸、乳酸、马来酸、苹果酸、扁桃酸、甲磺酸、粘酸、硝酸、扑酸、泛酸、磷酸、琥珀酸、硫酸、酒石酸、对甲苯磺酸等。
术语“溶剂化物”是指由溶质(即式I化合物)或其药学可接受的盐和不妨碍溶质生物活性的溶剂形成的可变化学计量的复合物。溶剂的实例包括但不限于水、乙醇和乙酸。当溶剂是水时,该溶剂化物称为水合物。水合物包括但不限于半、一、一倍半、二和三水合物。
术语“前药”是本发明化合物的功能性衍生物,其在体内容易转化为需要的化合物。
本发明的有益效果为:
本发明发现PSPH(磷酸丝氨酸磷酸酶)可以作为神经系统疾病-尤其是癫痫的新的治疗靶点,由此为神经系统疾病的治疗提供了新的方向,同时,基于PSPH这一靶点,本发明提供了可作为PSPH抑制剂的小分子化合物,利用小分子化学抑制剂抑制PSPH活性,进行实现对神经系统疾病的治疗,尤其是发挥优异的抗癫痫效果。新发现的PSPH抑制剂化合物显示出良好的药理特性,在小鼠TLE模型中表现出良好的抗癫痫作用,且相比其他靶向NMDARs的通道阻滞剂具有更小的毒副作用。
附图说明
图1为D-丝氨酸促进KA诱导的急性癫痫发作图。(a-c)通过代谢组学分析了海马硬化患者(HS,n=6)、非海马硬化患者(nonHS,n=3)以及无神经系统疾病尸检对照组(n=7)的海马样本中谷氨酸、丝氨酸和甘氨酸水平。(d、e)通过微透析和零流速倒退法测定对照组小鼠和慢性TLE小鼠海马L/D-丝氨酸水平,并进行统计学分析(n=6)。(f)具代表性的2分钟脑电示意图。建立了海人酸诱导的急性癫痫模型,并预先向致癫灶处分别注射低剂量D-丝氨酸(10μM)、高剂量D-丝氨酸(100μM)、D氨基酸氧化酶(1U/mL)、热失活的氨基酸氧化酶(1U/mL)、7-CKA(100μM)或甘氨酸(200μM)。(g-k)分析对照组、低剂量D-丝氨酸组、高剂量D-丝氨酸组、D氨基酸氧化酶组、hiDAAO组、7-CKA组和甘氨酸组在癫痫发作起始时间(g)、癫痫发作总数(h)、每次癫痫发作时间(i)、电临床癫痫发作总数(j)和癫痫诱发率(k)方面的差异(n=9)。
图2为D-丝氨酸调节自发性癫痫发作图。(a)实验方案示意图(甘氨酸组n=4,其他组n=8)。(b-p)每组的代表性1分钟脑电图(左)、实验过程的癫痫发作分布示意图(中)、以及单侧海马注射溶剂(d)、D氨基酸氧化酶(g)、7-CKA(j)、D-丝氨酸(m)或甘氨酸(p)后基线、注射后0-12小时和注射后12-28小时的海马阵发性放电统计分析图(右)。在脑电图检测基线20h后,第2天8:00通过预先植入的导管向海人酸注射的同侧海马注射0.5μL的溶剂、D氨基酸氧化酶(1U/ml)、7-CKA(100μM)、D-丝氨酸(10μM)或甘氨酸(200μM),观察海马阵发性放电的变化。
图3为星形胶质细胞产生的L-丝氨酸调节D-丝氨酸水平和癫痫发作图。(a)星形胶质细胞与神经元间丝氨酸穿梭途径示意图。(b)反向微透析(1μL/min)和同步脑电图记录方案示意图。(c)实验过程和分组信息示意图。(d)反向微透析将KA注入海马后诱发的海马阵发性放电脑电示意图。(e-j)栅格图显示特定处理对癫痫发作海马阵发性放电的影响,每次海马阵发性放电的发生以红线表示。(k-m)对癫痫发作次数(k)以及透析液中L-丝氨酸(l)和D-丝氨酸(m)水平的统计分析(n=6)。
图4为PSPH在TLE中上调并调节间质L-丝氨酸和D-丝氨酸水平图。(a)星形胶质细胞从头合成L-丝氨酸的三步酶促反应示意图。(b、c)使用一组siRNAs分别对星形胶质细胞中PSPH、PSAT1或PHGDH进行敲低培养,并对细胞裂解液(b)和培养基上清(c)中的L-丝氨酸水平进行统计分析。(d)小鼠七个不同脑区的PSPH、PSAT1和PHGDH水平检测(左)和统计分析(右)。(e)腹腔注射戊四唑(PTZ)或PTZ+水合氯醛(CH)0、1、2和4h后小鼠海马裂解液的免疫印迹(左)和统计分析(右)。(f,g)手术切除的患有海马硬化的颞叶患者(TLE-HS)和无神经系统疾病的尸检对照组(对照组)海马(f)或正常小鼠对照组和颞叶癫痫小鼠(海人酸诱导状态性癫痫发作后4周)海马(g)中GFAP和PSPH的免疫荧光染色;比例尺=50μm。(h)双侧海马注射AAV5-gfa104-eGFP(对照组)或AAV5-gfa104-PSPH-IRES-eGFP(PSPH过表达)一个月后,小鼠海马中PSPH、GFP和GFAP的免疫荧光染色;比例尺=50μm。(i,j)使用微透析测量对照组和PSPH过表达小鼠海马细胞外液中L-丝氨酸(i)和D-丝氨酸(j)的水平(n=6)。(k-n)通过预先植入的导管向对照组和PSPH过表达小鼠海马注射海人酸(7ng),诱导急性癫痫发作,并统计分析对照组和PSPH过表达小鼠对海人酸的反应差异,包括癫痫发作起始时间(k)、癫痫发作次数(l)、每次癫痫发作时长(m)和电临床发作次数(n)(n=8)。
图5为化合物1的质谱分析图。
图6为化合物2的质谱分析图。
图7为化合物3的质谱分析图。
图8为化合物1的PSPH抑制活性测试结果。(a,b)上清液和细胞裂解液中L-丝氨酸的含量。化合物1处理的原代星形胶质细胞在无丝氨酸培养基中,用化合物1处理星形胶质细胞24小时,然后更换新鲜无丝氨酸的培养基,再培养细胞24小时,检测上清液和细胞裂解液中L-丝氨酸的水平(n=4)。(c,d)慢性癫痫小鼠腹腔注射五次溶剂或4mg/kg Z218484536后,通过微透析法测量海马内L-丝氨酸(t)和D-丝氨酸(u)的水平(n=6)。
图9为化合物2的PSPH抑制活性测试结果。(a)在体外试管中,加入不同浓度的化合物2观察对重组PSPH降解底物O-磷酸-L-丝氨酸从而产生L-丝氨酸的抑制能力。(b,c)上清液和细胞裂解液中L-丝氨酸的含量,化合物2处理的原代星形胶质细胞在无丝氨酸培养基中,用40-2000μM化合物2处理星形胶质细胞24小时,然后更换新鲜无丝氨酸的培养基,再培养细胞24小时,检测上清液和细胞裂解液中L-丝氨酸的水平(n=4)。
图10为化合物3的PSPH抑制活性测试结果。(a)在体外试管中,加入不同浓度的derivative-2观察对重组PSPH降解底物O-磷酸-L-丝氨酸从而产生L-丝氨酸的抑制能力。(b,c)上清液和细胞裂解液中L-丝氨酸的含量。化合物3处理的原代星形胶质细胞在无丝氨酸培养基中,用化合物3处理星形胶质细胞24小时,然后更换新鲜无丝氨酸的培养基,再培养细胞24小时,检测上清液和细胞裂解液中L-丝氨酸的水平(n=4)。
图11为四种化合物的动物实验结果。
图12为化合物1的分子对接实验与药代动力学示意图。
图13为化合物1的靶点作用示意图。(a)在11个物种间进行PSPH蛋白序列比对,发现PSPH的四个结合位点具有高度的进化保守性。(b)野生型(WT)和发生Asp22Ala、Ala51Val、Ala51Gly、Gly110Val、Gly110Ala、Lys158Ala或Ala51Val/Gly110Ala位点突变的PSPH突变体的酶活性测定。(c)化合物1与PSPHAla51Val/Gly110Ala突变体结合的MST分析。(d,e)细胞裂解液(d)和培养基上清液(e)中L-丝氨酸的含量。PSPH敲低和PSPH-MT过表达(Ala51Val/Gly110Ala)是通过慢病毒介导的基因转移实现的。
图14-图15为化合物1对一组包含25种蛋白磷酸酶的活性检测。(a-z)Z218484536和阳性对照对PSPH、20种蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶超家族酶(包括SHP1、SHP2、PTPN2、PTBN4、PTPN7、PTPN9、PTPN12、PTPN13、PTPN22、PTPRB、PTPRC、PTPRE、PTPRM、DUSP3、DUSP10、DUSP13、DUSP22、YopH、LMPTP-a、LMPTP-B)和五种蛋白丝氨酸/苏氨酸磷酸酶超家族酶类(包括PP1A、PP1B、PP2A、λPP和PP5)的抑制作用的统计分析。每张小图的左边是酶的已知阳性抑制剂,右边是化合物1的检测结果。
图16为化合物1在海人酸慢性颞叶癫痫小鼠模型中表现出抗癫痫作用。(a)实验设计方案。(b-e)每日记录溶剂、拉莫三嗪和Z218484536组自发性惊厥发作次数。拉莫三嗪以每天20mg/kg的剂量腹腔注射给药(n=8)。Z218484536每天以2或4mg/kg的剂量腹腔注射给药(n=9)。DMSO用作溶剂对照(n=8)。(f)折线图显示小鼠在3周基线记录和随后7周药物治疗期间的每日癫痫发作频率。(g-j)溶剂组、拉莫三嗪组、化合物1剂量2mg/kg组和4mg/kg组治疗前后癫痫发作频率的统计分析。
具体实施方式
以下非限制性实施例可以使本领域的普通技术人员更全面的理解本发明,但不以任何方式限制本发明。下述内容仅仅是对本发明要求保护的范围的示例性说明,本领域技术人员可以根据所公开的内容对本发明的发明作出多种改变和修饰,而其也应当属于本申请要求保护的范围之中。
下面以具体实施例的方式对本发明作进一步的说明。本发明实施例中所使用的各种化学试剂如无特殊说明均通过常规商业途径获得。若无特殊说明,下文中所述含量均为质量含量。若无特殊说明,理解为在室温下进行。
下述实施例中,缩写的释义:PSPH:Phosphoserine Phosphatase,磷酸丝氨酸磷酸酶;PSAT1:Phosphoserine Aminotransferase 1,磷酸丝氨酸氨基转移酶1;PHGDH:phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase,磷酸甘油酸脱氢酶;ASM:Anti-seizure Medication,抗癫痫药物;NMDAR:N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor,N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体;SR:Serine Racemase,丝氨酸消旋酶;TLE:temporal lobe epilepsy,颞叶癫痫;HS:hippocampal sclerosis,海马硬化;NonHS:non hippocampal sclerosis,非海马硬化;KA:Kainicacid,海人酸;DAAO:D-α-amino acid oxidase,D-氨基酸氧化酶;hiDAAO:Heatinactivated D-α-amino acid oxidase,热灭活的DAAO;7-CKA:7-Chlorokynurenic acid,7-氯犬尿酸;Gly:Glycine,甘氨酸HPDs:hippocampal paroxysmal discharges,海马阵发性放电;CH:chloral hydrate,水合氯醛;SE:status epilepticus,癫痫持续状态;GFP:Green fluorescentprotein,绿色荧光蛋白;GFAP:glial fibrillary acidic protein,胶质纤维酸性蛋白;HTVS:High-throughput virtual screening,高通量虚拟筛选;PTZ:pentylenetetrazol,戊四唑;PK:Pharmacokinetics,药物动力学;CCK8:Cell CountingKit-8,细胞活力检测;LD50:Lethal Dose,50%,半数致死量;HepG2:Humanhepatocellular carcinomas,肝癌细胞;LTG:lamotrigine,拉莫三嗪;AST:Aspartateaminotransferase,谷草转氨酶;ALT:Alanine aminotransferase,谷丙转氨酶;BUN:bloodurea nitrogen,血尿素氮;Cr:creatinine,肌酐;ASCT1/2:Alanine/Serine/Cysteine/Threonine Transporter1/2丙氨酸/丝氨酸/半胱氨酸/苏氨酸转运蛋白1和2;ASC1:Alanine/Serine/Cysteine Transporter1丙氨酸丝氨酸半胱氨酸转运体-1;L-4FPG:L-4-氟苯甘氨酸;ATA1/2:amino acid transporter1/2氨基酸转运体1和2;Gln:Glutamine,谷氨酰胺;KO:Knockout,基因敲除;OE:Overexpression,基因过表达;SESs:Spontaneouselectroclinical seizures,自发性电临床发作;IC50:halfmaximal inhibitoryconcentration,半数抑制浓度;Kd:The equilibrium dissociation constant,平衡解离常数;IP:Intraperitoneal Injections,腹腔注射;LC-MS:Liquid Chromatograph MassSpectrometer,液相色谱-质谱联用仪;EEG:Electroencephalogram,脑电图;NAD:Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide,烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸;KEGG:KyotoEncyclopedia ofGenes and Genomes,京都基因与基因组百科全书;RT(rt):室温,通常为25℃。
实施例1PSPH作治疗靶点的验证实验
(1)D-丝氨酸对海人酸(KA,Kainic acid)诱导的急性癫痫发作的影响
对海马硬化患者、非海马硬化患者以及无神经系统疾病尸检对照组的海马样本中神经递质的水平进行分析,如图1中的a,b所示,与正常样本和非海马硬化样本相比,海马硬化样本中谷氨酸和丝氨酸的浓度显著升高,而三组间甘氨酸的水平没有明显差异(图1中的c)。为了进一步检测海马细胞外液中L-丝氨酸和D-丝氨酸的水平,建立了海人酸诱导的慢性癫痫小鼠模型,单侧海马注射海人酸4周后,小鼠出现自发性复发性癫痫发作。通过微透析及零流速倒推法,我们计算出注射生理盐水的对照组小鼠中,L-丝氨酸和D-丝氨酸的水平分别为7.1μM和1.5μM(图1中的d,e)。而在注射海人酸后小鼠海马细胞外液的L-丝氨酸和D-丝氨酸的含量分别比对照组增加了2.7倍(19.0μM)和3.7倍(5.5μM)。过量的D-丝氨酸释放到突触后膜作用于NMDAR受体进一步调节突触活动,从而影响癫痫发作,表明D-丝氨酸水平变化可能会影响海人酸诱导的急性癫痫发作。通过预先植入的导管向清醒的小鼠单侧海马注射7ng海人酸可在约一小时内诱发数次海马阵发性放电(Hippocampal paroxysmaldischarges,HPDs),少数小鼠会表现出抽搐症状,在脑电图记录中表现为电临床发作(图1中的f),发现预先注射低剂量D-丝氨酸(10μM)可显著缩短KA诱导的癫痫发作起始时间(图1中的g),并导致更严重的癫痫表型,包括癫痫发作次数的增加(图1中的h)、每次癫痫发作时长的增加(图1中的i)和电临床发作次数的增加(图1中的j)。相比之下,预先注射D氨基酸氧化酶(D-amino acid oxidase,DAAO)降解细胞外D-丝氨酸后,几乎完全抑制了海人酸诱发的急性癫痫发作(图1中的h、j、k)。我们将D-氨基酸氧化酶在95℃加热3min进行热失活,再将热失活后的D氨基酸氧化酶注射到小鼠脑内,发现并不会抑制小鼠的癫痫发作(图1中的g-k)。此外,7-CKA(7-chlorokynurenic acid)作为NMDARs甘氨酸位点的选择性拮抗剂,也能显著抑制KA诱导的急性癫痫发作,但我们推测这种效应并非由甘氨酸引起,因为预先注射甘氨酸并没有促惊厥效应(图1中的g-k)。同时发现海马注射高剂量D-丝氨酸与低剂量D-丝氨酸的效果相反,在高剂量丝氨酸的作用下癫痫发作受到抑制(图1中的g-k)。这种抑制作用可能是由于高剂量D-丝氨酸与NMDARs的谷氨酸结合位点的非特异性竞争结合所致。综上,D-丝氨酸对KA诱导的急性癫痫发作起到促进作用。
(2)D-丝氨酸调节自发性复发性癫痫发作
为了进一步证明D-丝氨酸对于自发性慢性癫痫发作的影响,我们建立了慢性颞叶癫痫小鼠模型。在小鼠海马单侧注射海人酸4周后,给小鼠植入颅骨下电极用于脑电图监测,并植入导管用于海马给药注射(图2中的a)。我们首先连续记录颞叶癫痫小鼠脑电20小时,以获得海马阵发性放电的基线。与基线相比(图2中的b-d),D氨基酸氧化酶能显著抑制海马注射后12小时内的海马阵发性放电(图2中的e-g)。同样,小鼠注射7-CKA时也观察到了相同的结果(图2中的h-j)。然而,注射额外的D-丝氨酸并没有增加海马阵发性放电的次数(图2中的k-m),我们推测在颞叶癫痫小鼠中,NMDARs上的D-丝氨酸可能已经饱和,且注射甘氨酸对海马阵发性放电也没有影响(图2中的n-p)。这些数据共同表明,D-丝氨酸的上调是慢性颞叶癫痫小鼠产生癫痫发作的一个先决条件,而消除D-丝氨酸或阻止其对NMDARs的作用能够发挥抗癫痫作用。
(3)星形胶质细胞产生的L-丝氨酸能调节D-丝氨酸水平和癫痫发作
星形胶质细胞是大脑中合成L-丝氨酸的主要细胞类型,通过葡萄糖经三步酶促反应从头合成L-丝氨酸,释放并被周围神经元后摄取,在丝氨酸消旋酶的作用下生成D-丝氨酸,这种模式称为“丝氨酸穿梭”。因此,我们试图证明星形胶质细胞产生的L-丝氨酸是否会影响D-丝氨酸水平和癫痫发作。如图3中的a所示,L-丝氨酸首先由星形胶质细胞通过丙氨酸/丝氨酸/半胱氨酸/苏氨酸转运蛋白1和2(ASCT1/2)释放,然后被氨基酸转运体1和2(ATA1/2)吸收进神经元并在丝氨酸消旋酶的作用下转化为D-丝氨酸,最后通过神经元丙氨酸丝氨酸半胱氨酸转运体-1(Asc-1)释放,以促进突触NMDARs的激活。为了验证上述通路在癫痫中的作用,我们通过反向微透析(Reverse microdialysis)将海人酸和上述转运体的抑制剂注射到清醒小鼠的海马中,同步收集透析液分析其丝氨酸水平,并通过脑电图实时检测癫痫发作(图3中的b)。实验共设置6组,组别设置如图3中的c所示。我们首先以1μL/min的速度灌注7ng/μL海人酸,发现能成功诱导出癫痫,EEG中表现为海马阵发性放电(图3中的d)。与溶剂对照组相比,灌注海人酸1小时可诱导4至5次海马阵发性放电(图3中的e,f)。当灌注L-4FPG抑制ASCT1和ASCT2后,几乎完全阻断了KA诱导的癫痫发作(图3中的g)。当再次补充外源L-丝氨酸又可抵消L-4FPG对海马阵发性放电的抑制作用(图3中的h)。当我们用谷氨酰胺进一步抑制神经元对L-丝氨酸的摄取(抑制ATA1和ATA2)或用BMS-466442阻断神经元D-丝氨酸的释放(抑制Asc-1)时,海马阵发性放电又几乎被消除了(图3中的i,l)。上述各组癫痫发作的统计结果详见图3中的k。我们还对各组透析液中的L-丝氨酸和D-丝氨酸水平进行了检测,结果发现,L-4FPG有效阻止了海人酸诱导的L-丝氨酸和D-丝氨酸水平的增加(图3中的l,m)。在有L-4FPG存在的情况下,外源性L-丝氨酸会再次引起D-丝氨酸的增加;谷氨酰胺或BMS-466442会进一步阻断D-丝氨酸的增加(图3中的l,m)。综上,星形胶质细胞生成的L-丝氨酸在调节间质D-丝氨酸水平和癫痫发作中发挥着重要作用。
(4)PSPH是调节星形胶质细胞中L-丝氨酸生产和释放的关键靶标
鉴于L-丝氨酸在调节癫痫发作中的潜在作用,我们检验了调控L-丝氨酸合成是否是一种有效的抗癫痫方法。如图4中的a所示,星形胶质细胞通过三步酶促反应由糖酵解中间体3-磷酸甘油酸合成L-丝氨酸,该过程依次由磷酸甘油酸脱氢酶(PHGDH)、磷酸丝氨酸氨基转移酶1(PSAT1)和磷酸丝氨酸磷酸酶(PSPH)催化。根据下列证据,证明了PSPH是治疗靶标。首先,与PSAT1和PHGDH相比,PSPH的敲低导致细胞内、外L-丝氨酸水平的下降最为显著(图4中的b,c)。其次,我们测量了这三种酶在小鼠7个不同脑区的表达,发现海马中的PSPH含量最高(图4中的d),而海马则是颞叶癫痫的致癫灶脑区。此外,我们还发现海马PSPH蛋白的表达与神经元活动有关(图4中的e)。最后,在颞叶癫痫患者手术切除的致癫灶海马和慢性颞叶癫痫小鼠的海马星形胶质细胞中,PSPH的水平异常升高(图4中的f,g)。通过以上实验,我们推测调控PSPH水平会影响体内丝氨酸水平和癫痫发作活动,为了证实这一假说,我们首先通过AAV5-gfa104-PSPH-IRES-eGFP在正常小鼠的海马星形胶质细胞中过表达PSPH(图4中的h),并利用微透系检测海马中的L-丝氨酸和D-丝氨酸水平,发现二者均显著升高(图4中的i,j)。同样与对照组小鼠相比,PSPH过表达小鼠对海人酸诱导的急性癫痫发作更加易感,表现为海人酸注射后小鼠癫痫发作起始时间更短,发作次数更多,每次癫痫发作时长更长,并且电临床发作次数更多(图4中的k-n)。
实施例2化合物合成示例
(1)化合物1的合成
在20mL 50%醇中的溶液中,向3-(4-氟苯基)-1H-吡唑-4-甲醛(3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde;1g,5.26mmol)加入肼甲酰胺盐酸盐(0.59g,5.26mmol),然后回流1小时。冷却后,过滤沉淀并在乙醇中重结晶,得到白色固体产物产物(600mg,46.15%)。
LCMS(5_95_3min,Rt=1.540min),MS(ESI):m/z=248.0[M+H]+1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6):δ13.26,13.19(s,1H),9.91(s,1H),8.27,8.02(s,1H),7.91,7.87(s,1H),7.60–7.58(m,2H),7.40–7.26(m,2H),6.30-6.26(m,2H).
(2)化合物2的合成
向3-(4-甲氧基苯基)-1H-吡唑-4-甲醛(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde;200mg,0.99mmol)在4.0mL 50%乙醇中的溶液中,加入盐酸肼甲酰胺(hydrazinecarboxamide hydrochloride;111mg,0.99mmol),然后将反应混合物回流1小时。冷却后,过滤沉淀并用50%乙醇重结晶,得到产物(150mg,产率58.43%),为淡黄色固体。
LCMS:IDSUF06-DE-2-4R-GU Method:5_95_3min,t=1.509min,MS(ESI):m/z=260.0[M+H]
1H NMR(400.30MHz,DMSO)δ13.13(s,1H),9.88(s,1H),8.11(d,J=92.9Hz,1H),7.89(s,1H),7.47(d,J=7.8Hz,2H),7.06(s,2H),6.29(s,2H),3.81(s,3H).
(3)化合物3的合成
步骤1、在THF(50mL)中加入3-(4-氟苯基)-1h-吡唑-4-醛(5.0g,26mmol)溶液,加入TEA(7.87g,78mmol)、DMAP(0.3g,2.6mmol)和(Boc)2O(17.0g,78mmol)。将混合物在室温下搅拌3小时。用水(300mL)稀释所得混合物,用乙酸乙酯(3×200mL)提取。结合有机层用盐水(200mL×3)洗涤,在无水Na2SO4上干燥。过滤后的滤液在真空下浓缩。粗产物经硅胶柱纯化,用EA/PE(0-10%)洗脱,得到3-(4-氟苯基)-4-甲酰-1h-吡唑-1-羧酸叔丁基(7.0g,24.11mmol,92%)为白色固体。
LCMS:m/z calcd。([M+H-56]+):235.0
步骤2、将NaBH4(1.9g,52mmol)加入到3-(4-氟苯基)-4-甲酰基-1h-吡唑-1-羧酸叔丁基(5.0g,26mmol)在MeOH(50mL)中的溶液中,温度为0℃。将混合物在0℃下搅拌0.5小时。所得混合物用水(300mL)稀释。所得混合物用乙酸乙酯(3×300mL)提取。结合有机层用盐水(300mL×3)洗涤,在无水Na2SO4上干燥。过滤后的滤液在真空下浓缩。用硅胶柱层析纯化残渣,用[PE/EtOAc](10:1)洗脱,得到所需产品(3.5g,11.97mmol,70%)为白色固体。
LCMS:m/z calcd.([M+H]+):237.0
步骤3、将3-(4-氟苯基)-4-(羟甲基)-1h-吡唑-1-羧酸叔丁基(0.50g,1.71mmol)溶解于DCM(5mL)中,冷却至0℃。依次加入TEA(865.46mg,8.55mmol)和MsCl(293.89mg,2.57mmol),在0℃搅拌3小时。将混合物经蒸发器浓缩,加水,氯仿提取,在硫酸镁上干燥浓缩,得到淡橙色的油状化合物。
在DMF(10mL)中搅拌得到的化合物溶液中,RT下加入NaCN(125.74mg,2.59mmol),RT下搅拌反应混合物3h,用TLC监测反应过程。将反应混合物倒入冰水中,用乙酸乙酯(2×200mL)提取。结合有机层用盐水(200mL)洗涤,无水na2s04干燥,过滤后减压浓缩,得到标题化合物(250mg,1.24mmol,72%),为浅黄色油。
LCMS:m/z calcd.([M+H+ACN]+):243.0
步骤4、2-(3-(4-氟苯基)-1h-吡唑-4-基)乙腈(250mg,1.24mmol)在0℃氮气条件下加入THF(5mL)溶液,然后加入LiAlH4(2mL,2mmol,1M/THF),将混合物加热至室温搅拌2小时。用5mL水淬后,用乙酸乙酯(20mL)提取残渣。用饱和盐溶液(5mL*2)洗涤有机层。有机层在无水硫酸钠上干燥并过滤,滤液在真空中浓缩,用前tlc(5%甲醇/二氯甲烷)纯化,得到2-(3-(4-氟苯基)-1h-吡唑-4-基)乙比-胺(120mg,584.69umol,47%)为黄色固体。
LCMS:m/z calcd.([M+H]+):206.2
步骤5、将2-(3-(4-氟苯基)-1h-吡唑-4-基)乙二胺(110mg,0.54mmol)和氰酸钾(48.19mg,0.59mmol)与甲醇(5mL)AcOH(0.2mL)混合,在65℃下氮气搅拌3小时。将混合物过滤后,真空浓缩滤液,采用预高效液相色谱(10mmol/LNH4HCO3 in H2O,B:ACN)纯化,得到1-(2-(3-(4-氟苯基)-1h-吡唑-4-基)乙基)尿素(21mg,84.59umol,15.78%)为白色固体。
LCMS:m/z calcd.([M+H]+):249.2
实施例4PSPH抑制活性测试
测试方法:在HEK293细胞中表达并纯化PSPH-FLAG重组蛋白(重组PSPH),在体外反应体系中将底物O-磷酸-L-丝氨酸水解为L-丝氨酸,通过LC-MS方法检测试管中L-丝氨酸水平。在反应前将每种抑制剂与PSPH预混合,以测试抑制剂效果。
测试结果如图8-图10所示。
图8结果表明,化合物1以0.4μM的半最大抑制浓度(IC50)抑制星形胶质细胞释放到培养基中的L-丝氨酸,并以0.38μM的IC50抑制细胞内L-丝氨酸水平。使用海人酸小鼠慢性颞叶癫痫模型结合微透析技术进行分析海马细胞外液中的丝氨酸水平,结果显示连续三次腹腔注射注射化合物1后,海马L-丝氨酸和D-丝氨酸水平显著降低。这些数据表明,可渗透进大脑的化合物1与PSPH具有相对较强的结合亲和力,毒性较小,具有抗癫痫潜质。
图9结果表明,Z218484536的结构上一些关键原子都与PSPH形成相互作用。我们考虑苯环上16位的氟原子能否被替换。因此我们合成了一种衍生物,16-Methoxy-Z218484536(16-甲氧基-Z218484536),用甲氧基取代了原有的氟原子。我们发现这一化学结构上的变化,既不改变在体外试管中对重组PSPH蛋白酶活性的抑制能力(图10a),也不改变对原代星形胶质细胞产生和释放的抑制能力(图10b,c)。这说明将16位基团的一些替换,不会改变该化合物对PSPH的抑制能力。
图10结果表明,在5-6位由C=N键改为C—C键。发现其同样具备抑制PSPH酶活性,抑制原代星形胶质细胞L-丝氨酸生产和释放的能力。
实施例5抗癫痫效果验证
测试方法:采用戊四唑(PTZ)诱导的急性小鼠癫痫模型。每种化合物给予小鼠连续腹腔注射3天,剂量为0.5,1,2,4,20mg/kg。通过评价PTZ诱发癫痫的起始时间和癫痫发作的Racine发作级别。
结果表明,化合物1具有显著抗癫痫效果,包括延长PTZ诱发的癫痫发作起始时间和降低癫痫发作级别,其抗癫痫效果在4mg/kg剂量下已经达到最高(图11中的a-c),其中,Z218484536即为化合物1。同时,我们测试了一些接近化合物的效果,结果如图11中的d-l所示,其它3种化合物没有抗癫痫效果。
实施例6分子对接实验与药代动力学
化合物1的吡唑NH基团与PSPH的Ala51形成氢键,脲基团与PSPH的Asp22、Gly110和Lys158形成四个氢键。此外化合物1的苯环与Lys158形成阳离子-π相互作用。微量热涌动实验结果显示,PSPH结合化合物1的解离常数(Kd)约为0.27μM,表明分子间吸引力相对较强。化合物1与O-磷酸-L-丝氨酸的竞争研究显示了化合物1对PSPH的竞争性抑制模式。
在小鼠体内对化合物1药代动力学(PK)的体内评估表明,在以4mg/kg的剂量腹腔注射后,该化合物在血浆中具有良好的暴露量(AUClast=1088h×ng/mL)、半衰期(t1/2=2.7h)和(Cmax=5.75μM)。对小鼠海马脑区中化合物1含量的分析得出脑血浆比为0.33。CCK8检测表明,化合物1和对照抗癫痫药物拉莫三嗪(LTG)在测试浓度(0.078-40μM)下对HepG2细胞的增殖没有毒性作用。化合物1急性毒性的半数致死剂量(LD50)为596mg/kg。
实施例7化合物1的靶向特异性验证
为了检测化合物1在细胞中对PSPH的靶向特异性,我们在PSPH与化合物1相互作用氨基酸中进行了单点突变,这些相互作用位点显示出高度的进化保守性(图13中的a)。研究结果显示,Asp22和Lys158的突变完全破坏了PSPH的活性(图13中的b)。Ala51Val突变对PSPH活性的影响可以忽略不计。Gly110Ala和Ala51Val/Gly110Ala双突变均可以使PSPH的活性降低了约40%(图13中的b)。微量热涌动实验结果显示,Ala51Val/Gly110AlaPSPH突变体(PSPH-MT)的Kd为6.1μM(图13中的c),表明与野生型PSPH相比,Ala51Val/Gly110AlaPSPH突变体与化合物1的结合亲和力降低了26倍。当我们在原代星形胶质细胞中敲除内源性野生型PSPH,并利用病毒载体过表达PSPH-MT时,发现1μM化合物1对细胞和细胞外L-丝氨酸水平的抑制作用就消失了(图13中的d,e)。这一结果提示化合物1通过PSPH影响丝氨酸生成。
此外,我们评估了化合物1对20种蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶和5种蛋白丝氨酸/苏氨酸磷酸酶的活性。与PSPH相比,化合物1对所有受试靶点的影响较弱或没有影响(图14-15)。总之,化合物1通过抑制PSPH下调了L-丝氨酸和D-丝氨酸水平。
实施例8化合物1在减少颞叶癫痫小鼠的自发惊厥发作中的作用
应用立体定向法单侧海马注射海人酸(KA)构建慢性颞叶癫痫小鼠模型,详细参数:以大脑Bregma为原点的海马定位注射坐标:-1.8、-1.8、-2.0mm,进行单侧注射海人酸12mg/kg。检测化合物1对自发性癫痫发作的小鼠发挥抗癫痫效果:在海人酸诱导状态性癫痫发作后4周,将小鼠植入有线EEG电极,以监测小鼠每天的自发性电临床发作(Spontaneous electroclinical seizures,SESs)和抽搐行为。前三周的脑电记录用于评估每只小鼠SESs的基线频率。在接下来的六周内,用溶剂(对照组)、拉莫三嗪(LTG)或化合物1治疗小鼠(图16中的b-e)。如前所述,在溶剂对照组中,自发性电临床发作随时间逐渐增加(图16中的b,f,g)。拉莫三嗪治疗导致第一周的SESs突然下降,但随着治疗的继续,疗效逐渐降低(图16中的c,f,h)。这一结果与前人的报道相一致,海人酸慢性TLE小鼠模型对传统抗癫痫药物表现出耐药性。尽管2mg/kg的化合物1治疗阻止了SESs的增加,但SESs的频率仍高于基线(图16中的d,f,i)。更高剂量的化合物1(4mg/kg)能够显著地将SESs抑制到每天0.44±0.15,与基线(1.79±1.1)相比平均降低了75%(图16中的d,f,j)。总体来看,这些数据表明化合物1可作为颞叶癫痫治疗药物。
Claims (26)
1.PSPH抑制剂在制备预防、治疗或改善神经系统疾病的药物中的用途。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其特征在于,所述PSPH抑制剂通过抑制磷酸丝氨酸磷酸酶的活性,进而实现抑制星形胶质细胞中L-丝氨酸生产和释放,进而抑制D-丝氨酸上调来实现预防、治疗或改善神经系统疾病。
3.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其特征在于,所述神经系统疾病选自认知障碍、智力障碍、小脑症、癫痫、神经发育障碍、痴呆、孤独症谱系障碍、唐氏综合征、雷特综合征、脆性X综合征、阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、亨廷顿病、肌萎缩侧索硬化症、缺血再灌注损伤中的至少一种。
4.根据权利要求3所述的用途,其特征在于,所述神经系统疾病选自中风、癫痫、慢性疼痛、帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病、亨廷顿病、缺血再灌注损伤中的至少一种。
5.根据权利要求4所述的用途,其特征在于,所述神经系统疾病为癫痫。
6.根据权利要求5所述的用途,其特征在于,所述神经系统疾病为颞叶癫痫。
7.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其特征在于,所述PSPH抑制剂为式I化合物或其立体异构体、几何异构体、互变异构体、氮氧化物、水合物、溶剂化物、药学上可接受的盐或前药:
式中,R1选自取代或未取代的C1-8烷基、C3-8环烷基、芳基、杂环基、卤素、C1-8烷氧基,所述取代的取代基为C1-4烷基、C1-4烷氧基、C1-4卤代烷基、卤素、氰基、苯基、含氧和/或氮的5-6元芳杂环基、含氧和/或氮的5-6元杂环基中的至少一种;
R2为-CH=N-或-CH2CH2-。
8.根据权利要求7所述的用途,其特征在于,R1选自取代或未取代的C1-5烷基、C3-5环烷基、芳基、3-6元杂环基、卤素、C1-5烷氧基,所述取代的取代基为C1-4烷基、C1-4烷氧基、C1-4卤代烷基、卤素、氰基、苯基、含氧和/或氮的5-6元芳杂环基、含氧和/或氮的5-6元杂环基中的至少一种。
9.根据权利要求8所述的用途,其特征在于,R1选自C1-5烷基、C3-5环烷基、苯基、卤素、C1-5烷氧基。
10.根据权利要求9所述的用途,其特征在于,R1选自C1-3烷基、苯基、卤素、C1-3烷氧基。
11.根据权利要求10所述的用途,其特征在于,R1选自C1-3烷基、卤素、C1-3烷氧基。
12.根据权利要求11所述的用途,其特征在于,R1选自卤素、C1-3烷氧基。
13.根据权利要求12所述的用途,其特征在于,R1选自F、Cl、Br、C1-3烷氧基。
14.根据权利要求13所述的用途,其特征在于,R1选自F、甲氧基,优选为F。
15.根据权利要求14所述的用途,其特征在于,所述式I化合物选自以下化合物:
16.根据权利要求15所述的用途,其特征在于,所述式I化合物选自以下化合物:
17.D-丝氨酸抑制剂在制备治疗神经系统疾病药物中的用途,
所述神经系统疾病与权利要求3-6任一项所述的用途中限定的疾病具有相同的定义。
18.根据权利要求17所述的用途,其特征在于,所述D-丝氨酸抑制剂含式I化合物或其立体异构体、几何异构体、互变异构体、氮氧化物、水合物、溶剂化物、药学上可接受的盐或前药,所述式I化合物与权利要求7-16任一项所述的用途中限定的式I化合物具有相同的定义。
19.L-丝氨酸抑制剂在制备治疗神经系统疾病药物中的用途,
所述神经系统疾病与权利要求3-6任一项所述的用途中限定的疾病具有相同的定义。
20.根据权利要求19所述的用途,其特征在于,所述L-丝氨酸抑制剂可以抑制供星形胶质细胞中L-丝氨酸的生产和释放。
21.根据权利要求19所述的用途,其特征在于,所述L-丝氨酸抑制剂含式I化合物或其立体异构体、几何异构体、互变异构体、氮氧化物、水合物、溶剂化物、药学上可接受的盐或前药,所述式I化合物与权利要求7-16任一项所述的用途中限定的式I化合物具有相同的定义。
22.一种化合物或其立体异构体、几何异构体、互变异构体、氮氧化物、水合物、溶剂化物、药学上可接受的盐或前药,其特征在于,所述化合物结构式如下:
其中,R1具有与权利要求7-14任一项所述相同的定义。
23.根据权利要求22所述的化合物或其立体异构体、几何异构体、互变异构体、氮氧化物、水合物、溶剂化物、药学上可接受的盐或前药,其特征在于,所述化合物结构式如下:
24.权利要求22或23所述化合物的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
25.根据权利要求24所述的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)在溶剂中加入化合物1,加入碱、催化剂和(Boc)2O,在20-40℃下反应1-5小时,得化合物2;
(2)将NaBH4加入化合物2的溶液中,温度为-10-10℃,反应0.2-1小时,得化合物3;
(3)将化合物3溶解于溶剂中,冷却至-5-5℃,依次加入碱和MsCl(甲基磺酰氯),在-10-10℃反应2-4小时,得化合物4;
(4)化合物4在-5-5℃、惰性氛围下加入溶剂、还原剂,将混合物加热至20-40℃反应1-3小时,得化合物5;
(5)将化合物5和氰酸钾、溶剂混合,在55-75℃、惰性氛围反应2-4小时,得产物。
26.一种药物,包括权利要求22或23所述化合物或其立体异构体、几何异构体、互变异构体、氮氧化物、水合物、溶剂化物、药学上可接受的盐或前药。
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