CN117618562A - 用于肿瘤光热/化疗的近红外光激发温度敏感型纳米制剂的制备方法 - Google Patents
用于肿瘤光热/化疗的近红外光激发温度敏感型纳米制剂的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN117618562A CN117618562A CN202311651005.6A CN202311651005A CN117618562A CN 117618562 A CN117618562 A CN 117618562A CN 202311651005 A CN202311651005 A CN 202311651005A CN 117618562 A CN117618562 A CN 117618562A
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Abstract
用于肿瘤光热/化疗的近红外光激发温度敏感型纳米制剂的制备方法,涉及生物医药应用领域。化疗是一种临床治疗肿瘤的常规方法,然而,其存在化疗药物选择性差,毒副作用大,耐药性等问题。光热治疗由于操作方便、无侵入性、局部选择性、耐药性小、副作用小等特点而受到广泛关注。光热/化疗联合治疗可以克服单一疗法的局限性,此外,刺激响应型载体可实现药物的靶向输送,进而提高治疗效率。本发明选择金纳米笼为光热制剂,在其内部填充温度敏感型材料对化疗药物进行靶向输送和控制释放,经近红外光(808nm)照射后表现出光热活性和化疗药物的释放行为。因此,本发明在新型抗肿瘤药物制备领域具有重要的实用前景和社会价值。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物医用材料技术领域,具体涉及一种以金纳米笼为光热制剂,在其内部填充温敏性材料作为化疗药物可控释放传输纳米制剂的制备方法并考察其作为抗肿瘤纳米制剂在肿瘤光动力/光热联合治疗药物制备中的应用。
背景技术
手术、化疗和放射疗法是临床治疗癌症的传统方法。化学治疗是临床常用手段并常与手术和放射治疗联合使用。然而,化疗存在治疗周期长、易复发、耐药性,长期高剂量和频繁用药将带来严重的不良副作用和经济负担。因此,迫切需要新的的癌症治疗方法及策略。
光热疗法(Photothermal therapy,PTT)作为一种新兴的癌症治疗方法,因其具有操作方便、无侵入性、局部选择性、耐药性小、副作用小等特点而受到广泛关注。PTT的工作原理是基于光热制剂的光化学反应,光热制剂经静脉注射后会优先被病灶组织吸收并富集其中,利用特定波长的光源直接照射病灶部位来激发光热制剂并发生光化学反应,进而产生局部高温诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡和(或)死亡。然而,随着治疗的进行会产生热休克蛋白,进而影响光热治疗的效率。将光热治疗与化疗相结合,光热疗法产生的局部高温一方面可以诱导癌细胞凋亡,另一方面可以提高病灶部位对化疗药物的吸收,化疗药物处理的癌细胞会对温度更敏感。因此,该策略可以有效提高单一疗法的治疗效率。此外,利用环境敏感型药物传输体系可以将化疗药物精准传送至病灶部位,提高局部药物浓度,进而提高治疗效率。
发明内容
本发明目的是解决现有单一光热治疗和化疗治疗效率低,化疗药物选择性差,毒副作用大的问题,开发一种以金纳米笼为光热制剂并负载温度敏感型聚合物用于化疗药物传输和控制释放的复合纳米制剂的制备方法及在肿瘤治疗药物制备中的应用。
该纳米制剂经单一近红外光(808nm)照射后,金纳米笼将光能转换为热能导致局部温度升高,进而诱导其内部负载的化疗药物被释放来实现对肿瘤的光热/化疗联合治疗。本发明克服了单一光学疗法治疗效率低以及化疗药物选择性差,毒副作用大的问题,进而提高了肿瘤治疗效率。
金纳米笼(AuNCs)具有优异的稳定性、良好的光热转换效率以及中空内部结构,因此可作为光热制剂和药物传输载体。一些天然多糖聚合物具有温度敏感特性,将其填充至AuNCs内部可实现对药物的传输及精准的控制释放。
本发明选择AuNCs作为光热制剂,将温敏性天然多糖聚合物(卡拉胶,琼脂糖,等)填充至AuNCs内部作物化疗药物的存储“仓库”及控制释放开关,AuNCs外部利用接有主动靶向配体的聚乙二醇对其进行修饰来改善整个体系的稳定性,水溶性和靶向性。本发明将光热治疗和化疗有效结合并对化疗药物进行靶向输送和控制释放,最终达到提高肿瘤治疗效率的目的。
本发明采用的技术方案:
一种用于肿瘤光热/化疗的近红外光激发温度敏感型纳米制剂的制备方法,具体步骤如下:
1)光热制剂的确定
本发明选择金纳米笼作为光热制剂。金作为一种稀有的贵金属,由于其具有显著的光学特性在催化、电子通讯及医疗诊断等领域发挥着重要的作用。其中,金纳米笼作为一类新的纳米结构,其优势是可控地合成不同的尺寸且易于修饰。此外,其具有空心的内部结构和多孔的壁,可以将药物装载到其内部。
所述光热制剂金纳米笼还可以用硫化铜或金纳米棒替换。
2)温敏性材料及化疗药物的确定
本发明以温度敏感型材料作为金纳米笼的内部填充物,用于化疗药物的存储及控制释放。这里提到的温度敏感型材料要求其在体温温度以下为固态能够“锁住”药物,当加热(约>40℃)后会溶胀会溶解,将药物释放出去。卡拉胶、琼脂糖和明胶在常温下为颗粒或粉末,高温(达到温敏性材料溶解温度)条件下可以溶解,冷却后形成胶体。因此,将其填充至金纳米笼内部可以实现对化疗药物的传输及控制释放。
所述化疗药物包括但不限于阿霉素、紫杉醇、尼莫司汀、5-氟尿嘧啶、6-巯基嘌呤、放线菌素D、秋水仙素、阿他美坦、阿那曲唑和顺铂中的至少一种。
3)水溶性高分子FPD修饰物的确定
为了改善负载温敏性材料和化疗药物的金纳米笼的靶向性、水溶性、稳定性及生物相容性,本发明选择带有叶酸配体和双巯基的聚乙二醇(FA-PEG-DHLA,FPD)作为金纳米笼的修饰物。
4)温度敏感型纳米制剂的制备
首先将步骤2)确定的温敏性材料和化疗药物加至步骤1)确定的金纳米笼溶液中,加热直至彻底溶解,保持该温度避光搅拌24-48小时,随后在高温(达到温敏性材料溶解温度)条件下离心3次除去上层清液,经冷冻干燥后最终得到填充温敏性材料及化疗药物的金纳米笼。
然后采用配体交换法利用FPD对填充温敏性材料及化疗药物的金纳米笼进行修饰,得到最终产品单一波长激发温度敏感型纳米制剂,并进行相关测试表征。
5)体外光热活性评价
光热性质评价:将温度敏感型纳米制剂均匀分散在去离子水中,在808nm的激光照射下,利用红外热像仪观测复合纳米粒子溶液的温度变化情况。
6)体外化疗药物释放行为评价
将温度敏感型纳米制剂均匀分散在去离子水中,在恒定温度(50℃)或808nm的激光照射下,利用紫外分光光度计考察其内部化疗药物的释放行为。
本发明提供的金纳米笼负载单一近红外光激发温度敏感型纳米制剂,经单一波长(808nm)激发用于肿瘤的光热/化疗联合治疗,该策略可有效克服单一光热治疗和化疗治疗效率低,副作用大等问题。
本发明提供的金纳米笼负载化疗药物温敏型纳米制剂可以拓展其在生物医学领域的应用,包括:光学治疗肿瘤药物制造中的应用;光声成像制剂制造方面的应用;用于疾病诊断制剂制造的应用。
本发明的优点和有益效果:
1)本发明选用带有叶酸靶向配体的聚乙二醇修饰负载化疗药物的金纳米笼,提高整体的靶向性,水溶性和稳定性。
2)本发明选用金纳米笼作为光热制剂,在其内部填充温敏性材料用于负载化疗药物,实现光热/化疗联合治疗,有效克服单一疗法的局限性。
3)本发明选用金纳米笼作为光热制剂,在其内部填充温敏性材料用于负载化疗药物,在单一近红外光激光(808nm)照射条件下,金纳米笼产生的局部高温即可诱导癌细胞凋亡,又可以刺激温敏型材料释放化疗药物,细胞实验结果显示该纳米制剂对癌细胞表现明显的细胞毒性。
附图说明
图1示出了金纳米笼(AuNCs)/温敏性卡拉胶(k-Car)/水溶性高分子(FPD)温敏型制剂(ACPDs)制备及在光热/化疗联合治疗中的应用示意图。
图2示出了制备ACPDs中间产物及最终产物的1H NMR谱图((A)AuNCs@k-Car@PEG@DOX,(B)FA-PEG-LA,(C)FA-PEG-DHLA,(D)FA-PEG-NH2,和(E)DOX)。
图3示出制备温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs的TEM照片((A)金纳米笼(AuNCs);(B)载入聚合物及阿霉素的金纳米笼(AuNCs@k-Car@DOX);(C)修饰后的金纳米笼(AuNCs@k-Car@PEG@DOX,ACPDs))。
图4示出了温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs的光热转换曲线(恒定功率)。
图5示出了温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs的光热转换曲线(恒定浓度)。
图6示出了温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs在恒定温度条件下阿霉素的释放行为。
图7示出了温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs在激光照射条件下阿霉素的释放行为。
图8示出了温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs对293细胞的生物相容性。
图9示出了温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs对HeLa细胞的光毒性。
图10示出了温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs对SiHa细胞的光毒性。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明作进一步描述,将有助于对本发明的理解。但并不能以此来限制本发明的权利范围,而本发明的保护范围应以权利要求书阐述的为准。
实施例1:
本发明提供的近红外光激发温度敏感型纳米制剂的制备过程如图1所示:
1)金纳米笼(AuNCs)的制备:本发明选择金纳米笼作为光热制剂。
按照Nat.Protoc.,2007,2182报道的方法制备金纳米笼。具体方法如下:
银纳米块AgNCs制备:将Na2S(0.1mL,3mM)加入150℃的乙二醇(6mL)中,搅拌10min,加入PVP(1.5mL,20mg/mL)后,立即加入AgNO3(0.5mL,48mg/mL);搅拌15~20min,待反应介质变为赭黄绿色,将反应置入室温水浴(21~23℃)中冷却。冷却后的反应体系用丙酮清洗离心两次,除去上清液,再用去离子水清洗离心三次,除去上清液。得到的AgNCs重新分散在去离子水中备用。
AuNCs制备:将上述制备好的AgNCs(0.8mL)溶液加入PVP的水溶液(20mL,1mg/mL(9mM))中,加热至微沸后保持10min,随后用计量泵向体系中加入HAuCl4水溶液(9.2mL,0.4mM),微沸30min使溶液颜色稳定。溶液颜色稳定后自然冷却至室温,用饱和NaCl溶液溶解AgCl沉淀,离心除去上清液;沉淀物用去离子水和乙醇混合溶液(v/v=1/1,2mL/次)清洗离心3次,除去上清液,得到的AuNCs分散在去离子水中备用。
2)温敏性聚合物及化疗药物的填充:
在圆底烧瓶中加入100mL步骤1)中制备的AuNCs,然后依次加入400mg卡拉胶(k-Car)和100mg阿霉素(DOX),在油浴中加热直至反应物完全溶解,保持该温度,避光快速搅拌48h后停止反应。在保证反应体系为溶液状态温度条件下离心两次,移除上层清液,获得负载温敏性聚合物及化疗药物的中间产物(AuNCs@k-Car@DOX)。
3)水溶性高分子FPD的确定:
本发明选择接有叶酸主动靶向配体和双巯基的水溶性高分子材料(FA-PEG-DHLA)用于修饰负载温敏性聚合物及化疗药物的金纳米笼。具体方法如下:
将叶酸(FA)(266.3mg;0.589mmol)完全溶解在DMSO(20mL)中,并依次加入NHS(86.7mg;0.754mmol)、N,N’二环己基碳二亚胺(155.6mg;0.754mmol),聚乙二醇双胺(2.5142g;0.495mmol)和TEA(453μL;4.95mmol)。将反应混合物在氮气氛围下室温,避光搅拌24h。反应结束后初产物用60mL去离子水稀释,然后对NaHCO3溶液(pH 8.4)透析2天以去除未反应的FA,然后对去离子水透析以去除NaHCO3,经冷冻干燥后得到FA-PEG-NH2。
将FA-PEG-NH2(1.091g;0.079mmol)完全溶解在DMSO(9.61mL)中,然后依次加入NHS(36.5mg;0.14mol)、EDC(60.9mg;0.14mmol)、硫辛酸(LA)(54.6mg;0.118mmol)和TEA(192.9μl;0.918mmol)。将反应混合物在氮气氛围下室温,避光搅拌24h。初产物用去离子水透析48h后冷冻干燥,得到FA-PEG-LA产物。
将FA-PEG-LA分散在45.85ml去离子水中,待完全溶解后加入9.17ml甲醇,用N2净化后放入冰浴中。将1.834mL(10mg/mL)硼氢化钠水溶液缓慢注入反应混合物中。将反应混合物在冰水浴中搅拌2h。然后,将反应混合物转移在室温条件下搅拌12h。反应结束后通过离心移除下层沉淀,上层清液对去离子水透析后冷冻干燥得到接有叶酸主动靶向配体和双巯基的水溶性高分子材料(FA-PEG-DHLA)。
4)AuNCs@k-Car@PEG@DOX温敏型纳米制剂(ACPDs)的制备:
在圆底烧瓶中,加入100mg FA-PEG-DHLA并溶于50mL去离子水中。将步骤2)中的产物分散在50mL去离子水中并加至FA-PEG-DHLA溶液中。混合物在避光室温条件搅拌24h后,用去离子水透析24h后,经冷冻干燥得到温度敏感型纳米制剂(ACPDs)。
实施例2:
1)金纳米笼(AuNCs)的制备:
制备过程同实施例1。
2)温敏性聚合物及化疗药物的填充:
在圆底烧瓶中加入100mL步骤1)中制备的AuNCs,然后依次加入400mg琼脂糖(Aga)和100mg阿霉素(DOX),在油浴中加热直至反应物完全溶解,保持该温度,避光快速搅拌48h后停止反应。在高温条件下离心两次,移除上层清液,获得负载温敏性聚合物及化疗药物的中间产物(AuNCs@Aga@DOX)。
3)水溶性高分子(FPD)的确定:
本发明选择接有叶酸主动靶向配体和双巯基的水溶性高分子材料(FA-PEG-DHLA)用于修饰负载温敏性聚合物及化疗药物的金纳米笼。具体方法如下:
将叶酸(FA)(266.3mg;0.589mmol)完全溶解在DMSO(20mL)中,并依次加入NHS(86.7mg;0.754mmol)、N,N’二环己基碳二亚胺(155.6mg;0.754mmol),聚乙二醇双胺(2.5142g;0.495mmol)和TEA(453μL;4.95mmol)。将反应混合物在氮气氛围下室温,避光搅拌24h。反应结束后初产物用60mL去离子水稀释,然后对NaHCO3溶液(pH 8.4)透析2天以去除未反应的FA,然后对去离子水透析以去除NaHCO3,经冷冻干燥后得到FA-PEG-NH2。
将FA-PEG-NH2(1.091g;0.079mmol)完全溶解在DMSO(9.61mL)中,然后依次加入NHS(36.5mg;0.14mol)、EDC(60.9mg;0.14mmol)、硫辛酸(LA)(54.6mg;0.118mmol)和TEA(192.9μl;0.918mmol)。将反应混合物在氮气氛围下室温,避光搅拌24h。初产物用去离子水透析48h后冷冻干燥,得到FA-PEG-LA产物。
将FA-PEG-LA分散在45.85ml去离子水中,待完全溶解后加入9.17ml甲醇,用N2净化后放入冰浴中。将1.834mL(10mg/mL)硼氢化钠水溶液缓慢注入反应混合物中。将反应混合物在冰水浴中搅拌2h。然后,将反应混合物转移在室温条件下搅拌12h。反应结束后通过离心移除下层沉淀,上层清液对去离子水透析后冷冻干燥得到接有叶酸主动靶向配体和双巯基的水溶性高分子材料(FA-PEG-DHLA)。
4)AuNCs@Aga@PEG@DOX温敏型纳米制剂(ACPDs)的制备:
在圆底烧瓶中,加入100mg FA-PEG-DHLA并溶于50mL去离子水中。将步骤2)中的产物分散在50mL去离子水中并加至FA-PEG-DHLA溶液中。混合物在避光室温条件搅拌24h后,用去离子水透析24h后,经冷冻干燥得到温度敏感型纳米制剂(AAPDs)。
实施例3:
1)金纳米笼(AuNCs)的制备:
制备过程同实施例1。
2)温敏性聚合物及化疗药物的填充:
在圆底烧瓶中加入100mL步骤1)中制备的AuNCs,然后依次加入400mg明胶(Gel)和100mg阿霉素(DOX),在油浴中加热直至反应物完全溶解,保持该温度,避光快速搅拌48h后停止反应。在高温条件下离心两次,移除上层清液,获得负载温敏性聚合物及化疗药物的中间产物(AuNCs@Gel@DOX)。
3)水溶性高分子FPD的确定:
本发明选择接有叶酸主动靶向配体和双巯基的水溶性高分子材料(FA-PEG-DHLA)用于修饰负载温敏性聚合物及化疗药物的金纳米笼。具体方法如下:
将叶酸(FA)(266.3mg;0.589mmol)完全溶解在DMSO(20mL)中,并依次加入NHS(86.7mg;0.754mmol)、N,N’二环己基碳二亚胺(155.6mg;0.754mmol),聚乙二醇双胺(2.5142g;0.495mmol)和TEA(453μL;4.95mmol)。将反应混合物在氮气氛围下室温,避光搅拌24h。反应结束后初产物用60mL去离子水稀释,然后对NaHCO3溶液(pH 8.4)透析2天以去除未反应的FA,然后对去离子水透析以去除NaHCO3,经冷冻干燥后得到FA-PEG-NH2。
将FA-PEG-NH2(1.091g;0.079mmol)完全溶解在DMSO(9.61mL)中,然后依次加入NHS(36.5mg;0.14mol)、EDC(60.9mg;0.14mmol)、硫辛酸(LA)(54.6mg;0.118mmol)和TEA(192.9μl;0.918mmol)。将反应混合物在氮气氛围下室温,避光搅拌24h。初产物用去离子水透析48h后冷冻干燥,得到FA-PEG-LA产物。
将FA-PEG-LA分散在45.85ml去离子水中,待完全溶解后加入9.17ml甲醇,用N2净化后放入冰浴中。将1.834mL(10mg/mL)硼氢化钠水溶液缓慢注入反应混合物中。将反应混合物在冰水浴中搅拌2h。然后,将反应混合物转移在室温条件下搅拌12h。反应结束后通过离心移除下层沉淀,上层清液对去离子水透析后冷冻干燥得到接有叶酸主动靶向配体和双巯基的水溶性高分子材料(FA-PEG-DHLA)。
4)AuNCs@Gel@PEG@DOX温敏型纳米制剂(AGPDs)的制备:
在圆底烧瓶中,加入100mg FA-PEG-DHLA并溶于50mL去离子水中。将步骤2)中的产物分散在50mL去离子水中并加至FA-PEG-DHLA溶液中。混合物在避光室温条件搅拌24h后,用去离子水透析24h后,经冷冻干燥得到温敏型纳米制剂(AGPDs)。
效果显示:
为了显示本发明在肿瘤光热/化疗联合治疗领域中具有应用潜力,本发明以实施例1中对温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs进行性质描述。
本发明中以水溶性高分子对负载温敏性聚合物及阿霉素的金纳米笼进行修饰,得到的纳米制剂结构组成由1H NMR进行表征,结果如图2所示。
图3为温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs的TEM照片,结果如图3所示(金纳米笼(AuNCs);载入聚合物及阿霉素的金纳米笼(AuNCs@k-Car@DOX);修饰后的金纳米笼(AuNCs@k-Car@PEG@DOX,ACPDs))。
图4为温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs的光热转换曲线,如图所示,在808nm激光的照射下,温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs表现良好的光热转换性质,随着纳米粒子浓度的升高,温度升高速度越快。
图5为温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs的光热转换曲线,如图所示,在808nm激光的照射下,温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs表现良好的光热转换性质,随着激光功率的升高,温度升高速度越快。因此,温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs可用于肿瘤的PTT治疗。
图6为在温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs存在恒定温度条件下阿霉素的释放行为,如图所示,在50℃,pH=4时释放速度最快,这主要是因为卡拉胶对温度和pH值具有敏感型。
图7为在温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs存在激光照射条件下阿霉素的释放行为,如图所示,在激光照射条件下,体系温度明显上升,随着温度的上升也表现出明显的阿霉素释放行为。
图8为温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs的生物相容性测试结果,结果显示在没有激光照射条件下,温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs对正常细胞(293细胞)没有表现明显的细胞毒性。
图9为温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs体外癌细胞(HeLa细胞)光毒性测试结果,结果显示经808nm激光照射后,与AuNCs(单一光热治疗)和单纯DOX(单一化疗)相比,温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs(光热/化疗联合治疗)表现明显的光毒性和较高的治疗效率。
图10为温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs体外癌细胞(SiHa细胞)光毒性测试结果,结果显示经808nm激光照射后,与AuNCs(单一光热治疗)和单纯DOX(单一化疗)相比,温敏型纳米制剂ACPDs(光热/化疗联合治疗)表现明显的光毒性和较高的治疗效率。
以上对本发明做了示例性的描述,应该说明的是,本发明与光热制剂材料,温敏性聚合物和水溶性高分子具体的结构和种类无关,本发明是发明一种单一近红外波长激发的,温敏型的,用于光热/化疗联合治疗的多功能纳米制剂,扩展现有光热制剂和化疗药物的范围,提高肿瘤治疗效率的新策略。在不脱离本发明的核心的情况下,任何简单的变形、修改或者其他本领域技术人员能够不花费创造性劳动的等同替换均落入本发明的保护范围。
Claims (8)
1.一种用于肿瘤光热/化疗的近红外光激发温度敏感型纳米制剂的制备方法,其特征是步骤如下:
1)光热制剂金纳米笼(AuNCs)的确定;
2)温敏性材料及化疗药物的确定;
3)水溶性高分子FPD修饰物的确定;
选择带有叶酸配体和双巯基的聚乙二醇(FA-PEG-DHLA,FPD)作为金纳米笼的修饰物;
4)温度敏感型纳米制剂的制备
首先将温敏性材料和化疗药物加至步骤1)的金纳米笼溶液中,加热直至彻底溶解,保持该温度避光搅拌24-48小时,随后在达到温敏性材料溶解的温度条件下离心3次除去上层清液,经冷冻干燥后最终得到填充温敏性材料及化疗药物的金纳米笼;然后采用配体交换法利用FPD对填充温敏性材料及化疗药物的金纳米笼进行修饰,得到温度敏感型纳米制剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的近红外光激发温度敏感型纳米制剂的制备方法,其特征是:所述光热制剂金纳米笼可以用硫化铜或金纳米棒替换。
3.根据权利要求1所述的近红外光激发温度敏感型纳米制剂的制备方法,其特征是:所述光热制剂内部填充的温敏性材料包括但不限于卡拉胶、琼脂糖和明胶。
4.根据权利要求1所述的近红外光激发温度敏感型纳米制剂的制备方法,其特征是:所述化疗药物包括但不限于阿霉素、紫杉醇、尼莫司汀、5-氟尿嘧啶、6-巯基嘌呤、放线菌素D、秋水仙素、阿他美坦、阿那曲唑和顺铂中的至少一种。
5.权利要求1-4任一项所述方法制备的近红外光激发温度敏感型纳米制剂。
6.权利要求5所述的近红外光激发温度敏感型纳米制剂在光学治疗肿瘤药物制备中的应用。
7.权利要求5所述的近红外光激发温度敏感型纳米制剂在化学治疗肿瘤药物制备中的应用。
8.权利要求5所述的近红外光激发温度敏感型纳米制剂在光声成像制剂制造中的应用。
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