CN117571436A - 棕色脂肪透射电子显微镜样品的新固定方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提出了一种棕色脂肪组织透射电子显微镜样品的新固定方法,以获得更好的线粒体和脂滴的超微结构。对啮齿类动物棕色脂肪组织的固定方法进行优化,主要包括将前固定剂中多聚甲醛的浓度从2%提高到4%;将后固定剂四氧化锇的缓冲液换成咪唑缓冲液;同时采用心脏灌注和浸泡结合的固定方式。新固定方法制备的棕色脂肪细胞的线粒体嵴及其他膜性细胞器的结构更完整;脂滴呈现为高电子密度的圆形结构。用该方法观察到了冷适应后棕色脂肪细胞线粒体嵴密度升高和脂滴增多现象。新固定方法能更好地保存棕色脂肪细胞中的细胞器特别是线粒体和脂滴的超微结构,可应用于研究该类型细胞在不同生理或病理条件下发生的超微结构变化。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于棕色脂肪组织亚细胞结构观察领域,更具体地,涉及一种棕色脂肪透射电子显微镜样品的新固定方法。
背景技术
棕色脂肪细胞富含线粒体和分散的小脂滴,能通过非颤抖产热消耗脂肪酸和葡萄糖。在寒冷暴露时,该细胞中的线粒体数量增多、线粒体嵴密度增加,同时脂滴周转增加。在超微结构水平观察线粒体和脂滴的形态和分布是评价棕色脂肪代谢状态的重要指标。
目前常规的电镜样品固定方法,固定剂配置:前固定剂为含2%多聚甲醛和2.5%戊二醛的混合液;后固定剂为1%四氧化锇,均用0.1mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(PB)配置。样品处理:小鼠麻醉后分离肩胛骨间棕色脂肪组织(去除周围白色脂肪组织),将组织切成1mm3小块后转移到装满前固定剂的离心管中,在摇床上360°持续旋转4℃固定过夜;样品经0.1mol/L PB彻底漂洗后用后固定剂室温固定2h。
然而,发现用目前常规的透射电镜固定方法制备的棕色脂肪细胞的超微结构保存不够好,线粒体嵴不清晰,脂滴呈现空泡样,无法满足研究需要。
发明内容
为此,对常规固定方法进行了系列改进,主要包括将前固定剂中多聚甲醛的浓度从原来的2%提高到4%;将后固定剂锇酸的缓冲液由原来的磷酸盐缓冲液更换成咪唑缓冲液;同时采用心脏灌注与浸泡相结合的固定方法。用新固定方法获得了保存良好的线粒体和脂滴超微结构,并成功观察到了棕色脂肪细胞的线粒体嵴和脂滴在冷刺激条件下发生的适应性变化,为后续研究棕色脂肪的结构和功能调控打下基础。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供了如下技术方案:
1.试剂配置
1)灌注用磷酸缓冲盐溶液的配制:125ml PBS中加0.625g NaNO2,200μl肝素(肝素的原液浓度为6250单位/mL),肝素具有抗凝作用,NaNO2具有扩血管作用。
2)前固定剂为含4%多聚甲醛和2.5%戊二醛的混合液(用0.1mol/L磷酸缓冲液配置);后固定剂为用咪唑缓冲液配置的2%四氧化锇,配置方法为:4%四氧化锇:0.2mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液:0.2mol/L咪唑=3:2:1,pH 7.5。
2.灌注固定
小鼠麻醉后,剪开右心耳,匀速从左心室灌入37℃预温的灌注用磷酸盐缓冲液,将血液快速冲出(大约需要10mL灌注用磷酸盐缓冲液,限定30s内完成),然后立刻用8~12mL在4℃预冷的前固定剂心脏灌注固定,整个灌注在2min内完成。灌注固定后分离棕色脂肪组织,按上述常规方法将样品放在前固定剂中室温浸泡固定1.8~2.2h;然后在后固定剂中室温固定0.8~1.2h。
区别于现有技术,上述技术方案有益效果:与常规方法相比,本发明提出的新固定方法制备的棕色脂肪细胞的线粒体嵴及其他膜性细胞器的结构更完整;脂滴呈现为高电子密度的圆形结构。用新固定方法观察到了冷适应后棕色脂肪细胞线粒体嵴密度升高和脂滴增多现象。新固定方法能更好地保存棕色脂肪细胞中的细胞器特别是线粒体和脂滴的超微结构,可应用于研究该类型细胞在不同生理或病理条件下发生的超微结构变化。
附图说明
图1为小鼠肩胛骨间棕色脂肪组织的大体和光镜下的形态示意图;
图2为固定方法改良前后棕色脂肪细胞的超微结构代表图;
图3为小鼠棕色脂肪细胞在冷训练下发生的超微结构重塑示意图。
具体实施方式
为详细说明技术方案的技术内容、构造特征、所实现目的及效果,以下结合具体实施例并配合附图详予说明。
实验中使用的C57/B6小鼠为实验室自行繁殖,种鼠来源于南京大学-南京生物医药研究院(编号#J000664)。小鼠在无特定病原体(Specific pathogen Free,SPF)级动物房繁殖和饲养,给予普通标准饮食,饲养温度24℃,12h光照/12h黑暗昼夜循环。在小鼠2月龄时,将其转入冷光源恒温光照培养箱(宁波江南仪器厂,DGXM-508A)饲养,利用该培养箱将饲养的环境温度精确控制在30℃。小鼠在30℃饲养1个月后将饲养箱的温度通过梯度降温的方法降至4℃进行寒冷诱导,并在4℃饲养49h。所有实验动物操作均符合海军军医大学实验动物操作指南要求(动物合格证号:SYXK(沪)2017-0004)。
常规固定方法
固定剂配置:前固定剂为含2%多聚甲醛和2.5%戊二醛的混合液;后固定剂为1%四氧化锇,均用0.1mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(PB)配置。样品处理:小鼠麻醉后分离肩胛骨间棕色脂肪组织(去除周围白色脂肪组织),将组织切成1mm3小块后转移到装满前固定剂的离心管中,在摇床上360°持续旋转4°C固定过夜;样品经0.1mol/L PB彻底漂洗后用后固定剂室温固定2h。
本发明优选一实施例棕色脂肪透射电子显微镜样品的新固定方法,具体步骤如下:
1试剂配置
1)灌注用磷酸缓冲盐溶液的配制:125ml PBS(phosphate buffered saline,缩写PBS)中加0.625g NaNO2,200μl肝素(肝素的原液浓度为6250U/mL),肝素具有抗凝作用,NaNO2具有扩血管作用。
2)前固定剂为含4%多聚甲醛和2.5%戊二醛的混合液,将多聚甲醛和戊二醛加入0.1mol/L磷酸缓冲液(phosphate buffer solution,缩写PB)构成含4%多聚甲醛和2.5%戊二醛的混合液;后固定剂为用咪唑缓冲液配置的的2%四氧化锇,配置方法:4%四氧化锇:0.2mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液:0.2mol/L咪唑=3:2:1,pH 7.5。
2灌注固定
小鼠麻醉后,剪开右心耳,匀速从左心室灌入37℃预温的灌注用磷酸盐缓冲液,灌注压力以达到肝脏适度充盈为标准,将血液快速冲出(大约需要10ml灌注用磷酸盐缓冲液,限定30s内完成),然后立刻用10ml在4℃预冷的前固定剂心脏灌注固定,整个灌注在2min内完成。灌注固定后分离棕色脂肪组织,将样品放在前固定剂中室温浸泡固定2h;然后在后固定剂中室温固定1h。
3固定后样品处理
样品固定后,进行梯度乙醇和丙酮脱水、包埋剂浸透和包埋。超薄切片厚度70nm,每份样品切3个组织块。常规固定方法切片需经常规铅铀染色,新固定方法切片不需铀和铅染色直接在透射电镜(日立,H7650)下观察。
4线粒体嵴的量化方法
放大3000倍和5000倍的电镜照片可用于线粒体嵴量化分析,用软件ImageJ测出线粒体的截面积和嵴的长度之和,嵴密度的计算公式为:嵴密度=嵴长度和/线粒体截面积。每份样品观察三块组织,每块组织的切片观察3-6个细胞,只统计边界和所有嵴膜都清晰的线粒体。热中性组和冷处理组之间统计学比较采用独立样本Student-t检验(t-test),数据采用均数±标准误呈现。当P<0.05时,认为差异具有统计学意义。
5脂滴的量化方法
低倍成像(300倍)的电镜图片用于脂滴量化分析,用软件ImageJ(V 1.53k)测出图片的面积,用多点工具(Multi-point tool)测图片内的脂滴数(每张图片大约7-10个细胞截面),算出每1000μm2面积内脂滴数。每份样品观察三块组织,每块组织统计1-2张图片。热中性组和冷处理组之间统计学比较采用独立样本Student-t检验(t-test),数据采用均数±标准误呈现。当P<0.05时,认为差异具有统计学意义。
参阅图1所示,为小鼠肩胛骨间棕色脂肪组织的大体和光镜下的形态示意图。成年小鼠肩胛骨间的棕色脂肪组织在大体上呈现棕色,与周围的白色脂肪组织很容易区分(图1A),光镜下可见经HE染色的棕色脂肪细胞中富含大量空泡样的脂滴结构(图1B)。
参阅图2所示,为棕色脂肪细胞的超微结构代表图。其中图2中A-C.用常规固定方法制备的棕色脂肪细胞的超微结构代表图;D-F.新固定方法制备的棕色脂肪细胞的超微结构代表图(D:显示低倍镜下的棕色脂肪细胞中富含线粒体(Mt)和大小不等的高电子密度的脂滴(LD),E:显示高倍镜下棕色脂肪细胞脂滴外层和内层的不同电子染色和丰富的糖原颗粒(GC),F:显示高倍镜下棕色脂肪细胞中的线粒体、细胞膜(CM)和囊泡(VS);标尺:A和D=2μm,B和E=1μm,C和F=500nm)。
为了进一步验证新固定方法的适用性,用新固定方法对棕色脂肪细胞在寒冷诱导过程中的超微结构变化特征进行了观察。参阅图3所示,为小鼠棕色脂肪细胞在冷训练下发生的超微结构重塑示意图。发现将小鼠从热中性(30℃)环境转至4℃冷适应49小时后,棕色脂肪细胞中的脂滴形态由“大脂滴”转变成更多的“小脂滴”的形态(图3A,B,D,E),定量分析结果显示单位面积内脂滴数量显著升高(图3G);同时,线粒体嵴的密度也明显增加(图3C,F,H),提示寒冷刺激诱发棕色脂肪细胞产生超微结构“重塑”现象。
新固定方法利用了灌注固定的快速和均匀的优点,提高了固定效果。在灌注固定中需要对灌注压力和时间进行控制。灌注压力合适时,肝脏能维持在正常大小,如果肝脏明显膨大提示灌注压力过高。灌注PBS这段时间组织已经处于缺血缺氧状态,所以要严格限制时间,以最短的时间(30s)将大部分血液冲出体外然后立即灌入前固定剂。选择4%多聚甲醛和2.5%戊二醛的混合液作为前固定剂,利用多聚甲醛渗透速度快和戊二醛更强的交联特性,使得细胞的细微结构得到更好的保存。
新固定剂中锇酸的浓度提高了1倍,并用咪唑作为缓冲液成分。锇酸是一种强氧化剂,能与蛋白质形成交联而稳定蛋白质,更重要的是它能与不饱和脂肪酸链结合形成复合物,是唯一能固定脂类的固定剂。但是用常规的缓冲液配置的锇酸对脂质的固定效果不够好,脂滴中的脂质成分容易在后续的脱水环节被抽提掉而使得脂滴呈现空泡化。咪唑能显著增强锇酸与不饱和脂肪酸如亚麻酸的相互结合,使得脂滴和生物膜等结构能够结合更多的锇酸,这样能更好地保存这些细微结构。同时,由于这些超微结构结合了更多的高电子密度的金属锇,使得其在电镜下的反差增大,所以,本发明在没有用铀和铅双染的情况下,能观察到反差很强的线粒体和其他膜性细胞器以及电子密度很高的脂滴结构。但如果需要观察细胞核等结构,可以用醋酸铀染色以增强反差。
新固定方法能很好地保存棕色脂肪细胞中的线粒体等膜性细胞器以及脂滴结构,因此可以用于研究不同生理或病理条件下该细胞发生的超微结构变化。本发明中应用新固定方法成功观察到了寒冷诱导后线粒体嵴密度增加,以及脂滴大小和数目的改变等超微结构“重塑”现象,图片质量可满足超微结构分析的定性和定量需求。此外,本发明还可应用到研究棕色脂肪细胞在代谢稳态失衡等病理条件下发生的可能的超微结构变化(如棕色脂肪白色化)。推测该新固定方法还适用于研究其他富含线粒体和脂质成分的细胞,如肝细胞等。对于线粒体和脂质成分含量较少的细胞类型,这种方法是否具有优势,还有待进一步实验验证。
需要说明的是,在本文中,诸如第一和第二等之类的关系术语仅仅用来将一个实体或者操作与另一个实体或操作区分开来,而不一定要求或者暗示这些实体或操作之间存在任何这种实际的关系或者顺序。而且,术语“包括”、“包含”或者其任何其他变体意在涵盖非排他性的包含,从而使得包括一系列要素的过程、方法、物品或者终端设备不仅包括那些要素,而且还包括没有明确列出的其他要素,或者是还包括为这种过程、方法、物品或者终端设备所固有的要素。在没有更多限制的情况下,由语句“包括……”或“包含……”限定的要素,并不排除在包括所述要素的过程、方法、物品或者终端设备中还存在另外的要素。此外,在本文中,“大于”、“小于”、“超过”等理解为不包括本数;“以上”、“以下”、“以内”等理解为包括本数。
尽管已经对上述各实施例进行了描述,但本领域内的技术人员一旦得知了基本创造性概念,则可对这些实施例做出另外的变更和修改,所以以上所述仅为本发明的实施例,并非因此限制本发明的专利保护范围,凡是利用本发明说明书及附图内容所作的等效结构或等效流程变换,或直接或间接运用在其他相关的技术领域,均同理包括在本发明的专利保护范围之内。
Claims (5)
1.棕色脂肪透射电子显微镜样品的新固定方法,其特征在于,该方法包括如下步骤:啮齿类动物麻醉后,剪开右心耳,30s内匀速从左心室灌入37℃预温的8~12ml灌注用磷酸缓冲盐溶液,将血液快速冲出;然后立刻用8~12ml在4℃预冷的前固定剂心脏灌注固定,整个灌注在2min内完成;灌注固定后分离棕色脂肪组织,将组织切成1mm3小块后放在前固定剂中室温浸泡固定1.8~2.2h;前固定结束后,用0.1mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液漂洗3次,每次10~15min,用0.1mol/L咪唑漂洗2次,每次10~15min;然后在后固定剂中室温固定0.8~1.2h。
2.如权利要求1所述的棕色脂肪透射电子显微镜样品的新固定方法,其特征在于,所述灌注用磷酸缓冲盐溶液的配制:125ml磷酸缓冲盐溶液中加0.625g NaNO2和200μl浓度为6250U/ml的肝素。
3.如权利要求1所述的棕色脂肪透射电子显微镜样品的新固定方法,其特征在于,所述前固定剂为含4%多聚甲醛和2.5%戊二醛的混合液。
4.如权利要求1所述的棕色脂肪透射电子显微镜样品的新固定方法,其特征在于,所述后固定剂中四氧化锇的比例为2%。
5.如权利要求1所述的棕色脂肪透射电子显微镜样品的新固定方法,其特征在于,所述后固定剂配置方法为:4%四氧化锇:0.2mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液:0.2mol/L咪唑=3:2:1,pH7.5。
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