CN116918699A - Silage maize inbred line breeding method - Google Patents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
The invention discloses a silage maize inbred line breeding method, which belongs to the technical field of plant breeding, and comprises the steps of hybridizing maize basic materials with complementary characters as parents, then carrying out continuous selfing and directional breeding, and carrying out quantitative and precise expression on the characters such as a growth period, a whole plant, she Suijing stalk three parts, a mature phase, resistance, feeding quality and the like in the directional breeding process. By adopting the silage maize inbred line breeding method provided by the invention, the precision and the breeding efficiency of breeding are effectively improved, the selection blindness is avoided, and the manpower, financial resources and material resources are saved. The bred inbred line has good agronomic character, excellent feeding quality and stable biological inheritance, the silage corn hybridization combination prepared by utilizing the bred inbred line has high biological yield, high starch content and sufficient crude protein content, and the quality of the whole plant feed reaches the first-level standard of silage corn.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of plant breeding, and relates to a silage maize inbred line breeding method.
Background
With the improvement of the living standard of people, the consumption of meat, milk, eggs and other animal products is gradually increased, so that the demands for forage grass are gradually increased. The forage industry in developed livestock countries can account for more than 30% of the planting industry, wherein the contribution rate of high-quality forage is as high as 60% -90%. The current demand of China for high-quality forage grass is over 12000 ten thousand tons, but the actual supply amount is only about 8400 ten thousand tons, and the actual supply amount also contains imported forage grass, so that the high-quality forage grass in China is seriously insufficient in supply.
Silage corn is used as a high-quality feed, and is a corn type which is obtained by harvesting whole corn including corn ears from a corn milk-maturing period to a corn wax-maturing period, then cutting the corn into pieces or storing and fermenting the corn ears, and then preparing the corn ears into the feed and feeding the feed to herbivorous domestic animals mainly cattle and sheep. In countries with developed animal husbandry, silage corns are used as main feeds of livestock and poultry, the planting area accounts for more than 40% of the corn planting area, but in China, the silage corns are seriously insufficient, and the planting area of the silage corns is insufficient to 4%. The main problems in the development of the silage corn industry in China are that the bred varieties are few, the breeding technology is behind, the main reasons for the few bred varieties are that the silage corn inbred line is lack, and in the inbred line breeding process, no set of direct quantitative silage corn inbred line breeding standard which is simple and easy to operate is available. The method for breeding silage maize varieties by using the existing seed maize inbred line is not practical because the seed maize breeding target tends to direct harvesting of seeds at the present stage, the direct harvesting of seeds requires a short growth period, the plants are short and compact, the later dehydration is fast, the method has the characteristics of moderate or slightly late maturing period, good green holding performance, good quality of the whole plant feeding supplies and the like compared with the silage maize breeding target, the inbred line breeding target is opposite, and the existing seed maize inbred line is difficult to assemble into the excellent silage maize varieties. Therefore, a simple and easy-to-operate silage maize inbred line breeding method needs to be created, the standard of the directional breeding process can be quantified, and a proper silage maize inbred line can be accurately selected, so that a foundation is laid for breeding excellent silage maize varieties.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a breeding method of silage maize inbred line, which utilizes agronomic characters, feeding quality and the like to prepare a complete and systematic silage maize inbred line breeding method, quantifies the directional breeding process standard, and can precisely breed silage maize inbred line with good agronomic characters, excellent whole plant quality and stable genetic characters according to the technical method provided by the invention.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is that corn base materials with complementary characters are used as parents for hybridization, and then the selfing line which accords with the silage corn breeding direction is obtained through continuous selfing and directional breeding, and the key is that the directional breeding needs to be carried out in the aspects of growth period, whole plant, three parts of leaf stalk and spike, mature phase, resistance and feeding quality according to the following criteria:
the growth period criteria included: the growth period is more than 120 days under the summer sowing condition in Huang-Huai-Hai region;
the whole plant standard comprises: the whole plant is over 210cm in height, compact in plant type and rushing upwards in leaves;
the three standards of the leaf, the stem and the spike comprise: the leaf standard comprises the number of leaves being more than or equal to 20, the leaf length being more than or equal to 80cm, and the leaf width being more than or equal to 10cm; the standard of the stalk part is that the stalk thickness is more than or equal to 20mm; the standard of the scion part is that the scion height is not more than 0.40 and not more than 0.45, the flowering phase difference of the male and female scions is not more than 3 days, the specific gravity of the female scion part biomass is not less than 50% of the whole plant biomass, and the length of the male scion is 30-35cm;
the cooked phase criteria included: the movable rod is mature, and the number of withered and yellow leaves is less than or equal to 3 when the grain milk line is in 1/2 period;
the resistance criteria included: the lodging resistance standard is that lodging does not occur in the whole growth period of the plant, a first layer of aerial roots occurs in the large bell mouth period, the aerial root layer is more than or equal to 3 layers, the number of the first layer of aerial roots which enter soil is more than or equal to 15, the accumulated number of the aerial roots which enter soil is more than or equal to 30, and the soil entering angles of the 1 st layer and the 2 nd layer of aerial roots are about 60 degrees;
the standards of disease resistance are as follows: the disease resistance to common diseases is less than or equal to level 3, and bacterial wilt does not occur;
the quality of feed criteria included: and detecting the quality of the whole plant feed in the 1/2 period of the grain milk line, and selecting plants reaching silage corn feed quality standards.
Furthermore, the plant type is compact, and the leaf up-rushing standard is that the leaf included angle is more than or equal to 30 degrees and less than or equal to 40 degrees.
Further, the leaf length refers to the ear position leaf and 2 upper and lower leaves, and the stem thickness refers to the first stem thickness below the ear.
Further, the standard of the scion part also comprises that the length of female scion is more than or equal to 18cm, the thickness of scion is more than or equal to 4.4cm, the scion line is more than or equal to 16 lines, the bald tip is less than or equal to 1.5cm, and the seed yield is more than or equal to 85%; the number of branches of the tassel is 8-10, the included angle between the branches and the main shaft of the tassel is less than or equal to 30 degrees, and the distance between the first branch of the tassel and the uppermost 1 leaf is more than or equal to 10cm.
Still further, the above-mentioned anti-fall ability criteria further include: measuring the puncture strength and crushing strength of the stalks in the 1/2 period of the grain milk line, wherein the puncture strength is more than or equal to 50N/mm 2 The crushing strength is more than or equal to 220N.
Still further, the common diseases include: large spot, small spot, rust, head smut, rough dwarf, stem rot and ear rot.
Further, the silage corn feeding quality standard is a silage corn feeding quality primary standard, and specifically includes: namely, neutral washing fiber is less than or equal to 45%, acid washing fiber is less than or equal to 23%, starch is more than or equal to 25%, and crude protein is more than or equal to 7%.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the directional breeding process of the invention carries out quantitative and precise expression in the aspects of growth period, agronomic characters, stress resistance, feeding quality and the like, including plant type, plant height, leaf size, stem thickness, male and female spike characters, lodging resistance, disease resistance, green holding property, crude protein content, starch content, neutral washing fiber content, acid washing fiber content and the like, effectively improves the precision and breeding efficiency of breeding excellent silage maize inbred lines, and avoids the blindness of breeding. If the lodging resistance is standard, the lodging resistance of the selected plant can be accurately and quickly judged through the identification of the air roots and the test of the stalk puncture strength and the crushing strength.
The invention maintains genetic diversity, does not cause character singleization, also avoids genetic stenosis, further prevents the problems of improper character selection, elimination and loss of favorable alleles, and improves the adaptability and the coordination force of the silage maize inbred line. The bred inbred line has good agronomic character, excellent whole plant quality and stable biological inheritance, and the silage corn prepared by utilizing the bred inbred line has high biological yield, high starch content and sufficient crude protein content, and the whole plant quality reaches the first-level standard of silage corn.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a silage maize inbred line breeding method, which is used for clearly and completely describing the technical scheme in the embodiment of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Example 1
The directional breeding of the silage maize inbred line breeding process needs to be carried out in the aspects of three parts of a growth period, a whole plant, leaf, stem and spike, a mature phase, resistance and feeding quality according to the following standards and operations:
1. growth period aspect: needs to prolong the growth period
As silage corns are generally harvested in 1/2 period of the grain milk line and are about 20 days earlier than grain maturity period, the growth period of silage corns can be slightly longer than that of common corns by more than 20 days, so that the growth period of silage corn inbred lines is also longer than that of common corn inbred lines by more than 20 days, and the growth period of yellow-Huaihai region is more than 120 days under the condition of summer sowing.
2. The whole plant aspect: observing the plant type and measuring the plant height
1. Plant height: silage corns mainly are harvested by whole plants, and the plant height of the inbred line is moderate or high and is more than 210cm to meet the aim of high biomass;
2. plant type: the plant type is compact, the planting density of silage corns is generally 5000 plants/mu, and is 11% -25% higher than that of ordinary grain corns, the plant type is compact, ventilation and light transmission can be facilitated, accumulation of photosynthetic substances is increased, and the biological yield can be ensured; blade up-rushing, a proper blade included angle (the included angle between the blade and the stalk above the planting point) is required to be selected, and the blade included angle is more than or equal to 30 degrees and less than or equal to 40 degrees.
3. She Suijing stalk three parts
The breeding of each part is carried out according to the following standard:
1. leaf standard
The leaves are more and wide, the number of the leaves is more than or equal to 20, the leaves at the ear position and the upper and lower 2 leaves She Shechang are more than or equal to 80cm, and the leaf width is more than or equal to 10cm;
2. stalk standard
The stems are thick and strong, and the first stem thickness under the ears is more than or equal to 20mm;
3. spike standard
1) Spike position: the ratio of the height of the ears to the plant height is less than or equal to 0.40 and less than or equal to 0.45;
2) Tassel: the tassel length is 30-35cm; the number of branches is 8-10, the included angle between the branches and the main shaft of the tassel is less than or equal to 30 degrees, the number of small ears is more, the pollen quantity is large, the distance between the first branch of the tassel and the uppermost 1 leaf is more than or equal to 10cm, the leaves are prevented from wrapping the tassel, and the powder scattering is not facilitated;
3) Female ear: the seed corn has good fruiting performance and meets the selection standard of seed corns; the biomass of the scion part accounts for more than or equal to 50% of the biomass of the whole plant; the spike length is more than or equal to 18cm, and the spike thickness is more than or equal to 4.4cm; the number of spike lines is more than or equal to 16 lines; the bald tip is less than or equal to 1.5cm; the seed yield is more than or equal to 85 percent, and the seed yield is = (dry weight of seeds/dry weight of ears) multiplied by 100 percent;
4) The flowering phase of the male and female ears is different by not more than 3 days, so that the problem of flowering phase incompatibility is solved.
4. In terms of the ripe phase
Selecting plants with good maturity, mature living stems and more green leaves in 1/2 period of grain milk line, wherein the number of withered and yellow leaves of each plant is less than or equal to 3.
5. Resistance breeding criteria
1. Determination and criteria for high resistance to fall:
the plants do not fall in the whole growth period;
the aerial root grows early, and the first aerial root appears in the large bell mouth period; the aerial root is developed; the number of the aerial roots in the first layer is more than or equal to 3, the number of the aerial roots in the first layer is more than or equal to 15, the accumulated number of the aerial roots in the soil is more than or equal to 30, and the aerial roots in the 1 st layer and the 2 nd layer are in the soil entering angle, namely the included angle between the aerial roots and the stalks below the growing point is about 60 degrees;
starting from generation S1, a plant stalk strength tester (instrument model: YYD-1, load 500N, resolution)0.01N, precision + -0.5 percent), and measuring the puncture strength and crushing strength of 1 section of stalk under the ear in 1/2 period of grain milk line, wherein the puncture strength is more than or equal to 50N/mm 2 The crushing strength is more than or equal to 220N.
2. Determination and criteria for strong disease resistance:
the plant extract has the advantages of resisting large spot disease, small spot disease, rust disease, head smut, tumor smut, rough dwarf, stem rot and ear rot which are less than or equal to grade 3, and no bacterial wilt.
6. Quality standard and measurement requirement of feed
Starting from S4, 3 plants are randomly selected from each ear row of offspring, the seeds are singly crushed in 1/2 period, the feed quality is measured by a near infrared analyzer (instrument model: supNIR-2700, wavelength range: 1000nm-2500nm, wavelength interval 1nm, wavelength accuracy 0.2 nm), and the ear row with quality reaching the first-level standard of silage corns is selected.
The quality primary standard of silage corn feed is as follows: neutral washing fiber is less than or equal to 45%, acid washing fiber is less than or equal to 23%, starch is more than or equal to 25%, and crude protein is more than or equal to 7%.
Example 2
This example illustrates the process of series JQZ-1 to JQZ-105 inbred lines by successive 8-generation inbreeding based on 17H029-1 XJML 1208:
17H029-1 is an inbred line which is prepared by continuous 10-generation inbreeding and is based on Reed line X foreign germplasm, and the inbred line belongs to late maturing type in 122 days of summer sowing growth period of Huang-Huai-Hai. The plant height is 213cm, the ear height is 76cm, the number of leaves of the whole plant is 18, the leaves are washed upwards, and the plant type is compact. 3-4 tassel branches, yellow anther, blue green female tassel and blue silk and coordinated female tassel. Female spike shape, 18 lines of spike lines, 20cm spike length, 4.5cm spike thickness and 88% seed yield. Lodging resistance and strong disease resistance. 7.5% of milk line 1/2 period whole plant crude protein, 28% of starch, 43% of neutral washing fiber and 22% of acid washing fiber. The inbred line has the outstanding advantages of low spike position, high spike position accounting for 0.40 percent, high seed yield, good quality of the whole plant, and meeting the first-level standard of silage corn feeding quality, and has the defects of less leaf number, less branches of tassel and low crude protein content of the whole plant.
JML1208 is a stable bicyclic line formed by successive 10-generation selfing of JML3 maize hybrids introduced in kenya, africa. The inbred line belongs to the late maturing type in the summer sowing growth period of 126 days in Huang-Huai-Hai region. The plant height is 220cm, the ear height is 106cm, the number of leaves of the whole plant is 24, the leaf width is large, and the plant type is flat. 9-11 tassel branches, purple anther, purple female tassel and coordinated male and female tassel. Female spike shape, 16 lines of spike lines, 18cm spike length, 4.0cm spike thickness and 83% seed yield. Has strong lodging resistance and disease resistance. The whole plant feed in the period 1/2 of the milk line has good quality, the crude protein content is 8.5%, the starch content is 23%, the neutral washing fiber is 45%, and the acid washing fiber is 24%. The inbred line has the outstanding advantages of large plant height, large leaf number, large leaf width, moderate branches of tassel, high crude protein content, high spike position, flattening plant type, low starch content and failure to meet the first-level quality standard of silage corn feed.
S0: in 2015 summer, the female parent 17H029-1 and the male parent JML1208 are planted in a test field which selects medium-fertility soil in the Heng-water test field, 1 row of each material is planted, the adjacent planting is 3 m long, the plant spacing is 22.3cm, and the row spacing is 60cm. 2 strains of male parent and female parent with excellent growth vigor are respectively selected in the pollination period, the pollen of the male parent JML1208 is taken as the female parent 17H029-1 for pollination, and the seeds are harvested after the seeds are mature to obtain S0 generation seeds.
S1: the test field with the medium-fertility soil selected in the three-layer test field in winter in 2015 is used for carrying out mixed planting on 1 row of the harvested 2 spike S0 generation, the row length is 5 meters, the plant spacing is 22.3cm, and the row spacing is 60cm. And 5 plants with consistent growth vigor are selected for bagging selfing, and 5S 1-generation seeds are harvested.
S2: the harvested 5-spike S1-generation seeds are planted in a mixed mode in the water balancing test field in summer of 2016, the planting mode is that the planting density is 5000 plants/mu, the plant spacing is 22.3cm, the line spacing is 60cm, 1 seed is planted in each hole, and 1000 plants are planted in total. The single plant selection is carried out according to the operation provided in the example 1 and the first to fifth items of the standard, the single plant meeting the standard is marked, the marked single plant is bagged, pollinated and selfed in the flowering period, only the plant is obtained, and 236S 2 generation clusters are selected.
S3: the harvested 236S 2 generation clusters are planted into clusters in the three-layer test field in winter in 2016, each cluster is planted in one row, the planting distance and the single plant selection standard are the same as those of the S2 generation clusters, and 354S 3 generation clusters are selected.
S4: the operation of the generation S3 is repeated in the water balancing test field in summer 2017, and 288 generation S4 clusters are selected.
S5: repeating S4 generation operation in a three-layer experimental field in winter in 2017, randomly selecting 3 plants which are subjected to bagging selfing in 288 spike rows in the S4 generation, singly crushing and drying after the whole plant in the 1/2 period of the grain milk line is mowed, measuring feeding quality by a near infrared analyzer (instrument model: supNIR-2700, wavelength range: 1000nm-2500nm, wavelength interval 1nm and wavelength accuracy of 0.2 nm), selecting spike rows which reach the first-level standard of silage corn feeding quality, and harvesting 225 spikes in the S5 generation.
S6: in 2018, in the water-balancing test field, the selected 225S 5 generation clusters are formed into cluster rows, asexual separation is carried out in the cluster rows, the cluster rows are basically stable, the 225 cluster rows are integrally screened according to the standard of the embodiment 1, 105 cluster rows are selected, and 105 new silage corn inbred lines are obtained, wherein the numbers of the new silage corn inbred lines are JQZ-1 to JQZ-105 respectively. Each agronomic character of JQZ-1 to JQZ-105 inbred lines meets the requirement, the feeding quality reaches the first-level standard of silage maize feeding quality, and the agronomic characters and feeding quality of part of the inbred lines are shown in table 1. As can be seen from Table 1, the silage maize inbred line bred according to the invention has good agronomic performance, strong stress resistance, excellent feeding quality, high protein and starch content, low total amount of neutral washing fiber and acid washing fiber, and very stable performance, and meets the first-order quality standard of silage maize feeding quality.
Table 1: JQZ-1 to JQZ-105 data summarizing (partial data section) for quality inspection of inbred lines for agronomic traits and feeds
Continuing with table 1: JQZ-1 to JQZ-105 selfing lines agronomic traits and feed quality detection data summarize
(partial data section selection)
Continuing with table 1: JQZ-1 to JQZ-105 data summarizing (partial data section) for quality inspection of inbred lines for agronomic traits and feeds
Example 3: fitting force test
The species being tested: the JQZ-1 to JQZ-105 inbred lines bred in example 2, totaling 105 inbred lines;
the test seed is a basic material for autonomous breeding by dry farming and agriculture research institute of the academy of agriculture and forestry science in Hebei province: 17H432 (code 01), 18H002 (code 02) and 18H181 (code 03), and all the 3 parts of materials belong to the yellow modified line X foreign germplasm.
The testing method comprises the following steps: incomplete double-row hybridization.
In winter 2018, in the three-layer test field, 105 inbred lines are planted in each row as female parent, each row is hybridized with test seeds, and part of the lines are not hybridized successfully, so that 278 hybridization combinations are obtained. In the water balance test field in summer in 2019, 278 hybridization combinations are planted in 2 rows, the row spacing is 60cm, the row length is 5 m, each row is 23 plants, the characteristics of the hybridization combinations such as plant height, spike position height ratio, stem thickness, single plant biomass, spike specific gravity and the like, neutral washing fiber, acid washing fiber, starch and crude protein content are detected, and the detection results of partial hybridization combinations are shown in table 2.
Table 2: summary of the Complex force test data (partial test data section selection)
According to the test data, the mating force condition of each cross is estimated, and the calculation method is to calculate the mating force condition by using the average value (y i ) The dispersion from the total mean (Y) of all hybridization combinations is estimated, each estimation calculation formula: g i ＝y i -Y，V i ＝|g i I/Y, where V i The difference ratios of the groups are represented, the group is represented by i, and the results are shown in Table 3.
Table 3: results of estimating dispersion of fitting force
As can be seen from the results in Table 3, the mating force of the crosses between each of the lines and the three test species was stable, indicating that the inbred lines were genetically stable and the crossing groups exhibited little difference in mating force.
The hybridization combination JQZ-68X 18H181 (namely JQZ-68X 03 in table 2) is subjected to multi-point test verification in two consecutive years 2020-2021, and the combination has obvious advantages, moderate spike position, strong stress resistance, high biological yield and excellent feeding quality, and is intended to be applied to the test of the summer sowing area of the yellow-Huaihai of the silage corn in China.
Claims (8)
1. The method for breeding silage corn inbred line includes hybridizing corn base material with complementary character as parent, continuous selfing and directional breeding to obtain inbred line meeting the breeding aim of silage corn, and features that the directional breeding needs to be performed in three parts of growing period, whole plant, leaf stalk and spike, maturing phase, resistance and feeding quality according to the following criteria:
the growth period criteria included: the growth period is more than 120 days under the summer sowing condition in Huang-Huai-Hai region;
the whole plant standard comprises: the plant height is more than 210cm, the plant type is compact, and the blades are rushed upwards;
the three standards of the leaf, the stem and the spike comprise: the leaf standard comprises the number of leaves being more than or equal to 20, the leaf length being more than or equal to 80cm, and the leaf width being more than or equal to 10cm; the standard of the stalk part is that the stalk thickness is more than or equal to 20mm; the standard of the scion part is that the scion height is not more than 0.40 and not more than 0.45, the flowering phase difference of the male and female scions is not more than 3 days, the specific gravity of the female scion part biomass is not less than 50% of the whole plant biomass, and the length of the male scion is 30-35cm;
the cooked phase criteria included: the movable rod is mature, and the number of withered and yellow leaves is less than or equal to 3 when the grain milk line is in 1/2 period;
the resistance criteria included: the lodging resistance standard is that lodging does not occur in the whole growth period of the plant, a first layer of aerial roots occurs in the large bell mouth period, the aerial root layer is more than or equal to 3 layers, the number of the first layer of aerial roots which enter soil is more than or equal to 15, the accumulated number of the aerial roots which enter soil is more than or equal to 30, and the soil entering angles of the 1 st layer and the 2 nd layer of aerial roots are about 60 degrees;
the standards of disease resistance are as follows: the disease resistance to common diseases is less than or equal to level 3, and bacterial wilt does not occur;
the quality of feed criteria included: and detecting the quality of the whole plant feed in the 1/2 period of the grain milk line, and selecting plants reaching silage corn feed quality standards.
2. The silage maize inbred line breeding method according to claim 1, characterized in that the plant type is compact, and the leaf up-rushing standard is 30 degrees or less and the leaf included angle is 40 degrees or less.
3. The method for breeding silage maize inbred line according to claim 1, wherein the leaf length refers to ear position leaves and 2 leaves above and below, and the stem thickness refers to the first stem thickness below the ear.
4. The method for breeding silage maize inbred line according to claim 1, wherein the spike standard further comprises that the female spike length is not less than 18cm, the spike thickness is not less than 4.4cm, the spike row is not less than 16 rows, the bald tip is not more than 1.5cm, and the seed yield is not less than 85%.
5. The silage maize inbred line breeding method according to claim 1, wherein the spike standard further comprises 8-10 branches of tassel, the included angle between the branches and the main shaft of the tassel is less than or equal to 30 degrees, and the distance between the first branch of the tassel and the uppermost 1 leaf is more than or equal to 10cm.
6. The silage maize inbred line breeding method of claim 1, wherein said lodging resistance criteria further comprises: measuring the puncture strength and crushing strength of the stalks in the 1/2 period of the grain milk line, wherein the puncture strength is more than or equal to 50N/mm 2 The crushing strength is more than or equal to 220N.
7. The silage maize inbred line breeding method of claim 1, wherein said common diseases comprise: large spot, small spot, rust, head smut, rough dwarf, stem rot and ear rot.
8. The silage maize inbred line breeding method according to claim 1, wherein the silage maize feeding quality standard is a silage maize feeding quality primary standard, specifically comprising: namely, neutral washing fiber is less than or equal to 45%, acid washing fiber is less than or equal to 23%, starch is more than or equal to 25%, and crude protein is more than or equal to 7%.
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