CN116159035A - 一种低熔点疏水性聚合物微球及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种低熔点疏水性聚合物微球及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于医药、医疗器械或美容化妆品材料及应用领域,本发明提供了一种低熔点疏水性聚合物微球及其制备方法,该方法包括:将低熔点疏水性聚合物的熔体物质在含乳化剂的水性基质中进行乳化,得到分散有微球的混悬基质;所述低熔点疏水性聚合物的熔融温度在121℃以下,所述乳化的方式选自机械搅拌、均质和超声处理的一种或多种,无需引入有机溶剂;将所述分散有微球的混悬基质降温至所述聚合物熔融温度以下,使微球固化,经固液分离,得到低熔点疏水性聚合物微球。采用本发明没有引入有机溶剂的简化工艺路线,所得的聚合物微球大小相对均一,产能较好。本发明方法减少了各种危害,提高了生产效率、节省了投入成本,利于工业规模化推广应用。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于医疗(包含医药和医疗器械)或美容化妆品材料及应用技术领域,具体为一种低熔点疏水性聚合物微球及其制备方法。
背景技术
随着微球制备技术的发展,高分子微球应用几乎涉及到多个领域,如橡胶、涂料、纸张的表面加工、胶粘剂、塑料添加物、建筑材料等领域。近十几年来,由于高分子微球应用领域又从以往的一般工业应用发展到高尖端技术领域,如医疗器械和医药领域、生物化学领域和电子信息领域等。
通常,微球制备方法主要包含以单体为原料经过化学聚合反应制备高分子微球、以高分子为原料通过物理相分离制备高分子微球。以高分子为原料制备高分子微球的应用更为广泛,其在医疗、医药领域的应用较为成熟,技术方法包括乳化-固化法、微孔膜乳化法、微流控乳化法、喷雾干燥法和凝聚法(沉淀法)等。采用这些技术制备疏水性高分子微球的工艺流程见图1,具体是将含聚合物的油相与表面活性剂水相混合,可通过强力搅拌、均质乳化法、微孔膜乳化法、微流控乳化法、喷雾干燥法、凝聚法等得到乳化体系,之后保温固化,挥发去除有机溶剂、微球定型,再依次经过洗涤、干燥、过筛、灭菌等主要工序,得到聚合物微球产品。
上述常规的油水两相乳化法制备聚合物微球的工艺中,均需要使用有机溶剂(如二氯甲烷),其目的主要是溶解高分子材料作为油相。二氯甲烷是甲烷分子中两个氢原子被氯取代而生成的化合物,分子式CH2Cl2。本品有麻醉作用,主要损害中枢神经和呼吸系统;危险特性:遇明火高热可燃,受热分解能发出剧毒的光气,若遇高热,容器内压增大,有开裂和爆炸的危险。2017年10月27日,世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构公布的致癌物清单初步整理参考,二氯甲烷在2A类致癌物清单中。2019年1月23日,二氯甲烷被列入有毒有害大气污染物名录(2018年),2019年7月23日,二氯甲烷被列入有毒有害水污染物名录(第一批)。进而带来的问题有:工艺繁琐、生产周期长,去除有机溶剂工序棘手、难以彻底清除微球中残留的有机溶剂、不利于在医疗等领域中的应用;也给微球生产过程中操作人员、自然环境带来危害,随之推高了具有防护功能的厂房设备和器具的投入成本、致使制造成本过高。此外,因油相浓度较低,且投入大量的水相,致使微球产量有限、产率较低、产能受限。
针对以上问题,专利文献US8795694B2提供了聚己内酯(Polycaprolactone,PCL)溶于吐温中的成球方式,但其存在PCL原料在吐温中熔融不均匀,微球分布较宽等不足。
发明内容
针对常规的油水两相乳化法等制备微球的技术缺点,本发明提供一种低熔点疏水性聚合物微球及其制备方法,其目的旨在避免有机溶剂的引入、减少危害,简化生产工艺、提高生产效率和节省投入成本,同时所述的聚合物微球大小相对均一。
本发明提供一种低熔点疏水性聚合物微球的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
将低熔点疏水性聚合物的熔体物质在含表面活性剂的水性基质中进行乳化,得到分散有微球的混悬基质;所述低熔点疏水性聚合物的熔融温度在121℃以下,所述表面活性剂包括乳化剂;所述乳化的温度低于121℃,所述乳化的方式选自机械搅拌、均质和超声处理的一种或多种,无需引入有机溶剂;
将所述分散有微球的混悬基质降温至所述聚合物熔融温度以下,使微球固化,经固液分离,得到低熔点疏水性聚合物微球。
参见图2,图2为本发明实施例低熔点聚合物微球制备的工艺流程图。本发明实施例首先通过溶解得到含表面活性剂的水性基质,通过熔融得到低熔点疏水性聚合物的熔体物质;其中,所述低熔点疏水性聚合物的熔体物质通过熔融注射(挤出机)、熔融注塑(如采用注塑机或熔融指数仪)、3D打印(FDM)或熔体静电纺丝等熔融方式获得。本发明实施例的技术方案采用熔融态聚合物(经挤出机、注塑机、3D打印或静电纺丝设备形成),以线状挤入或丝状喷入含有乳化剂的水性基质中制备微球,可避免引入有机溶剂。
本发明适用范围有一定限度,可适合于低熔点疏水性的聚合物原料。即本申请所指的低熔点疏水(性)聚合物,其熔融温度在121℃以下,进一步地其熔融温度低于100℃,即不超过沸水温度;同时,该聚合物不溶于水、难溶于水或微溶于水。所述的低熔点疏水聚合物为均聚物、共聚物(无规共聚或多嵌段聚合物)或共混改性的聚合物体系(一种以上的物理混合物)。所述低熔点疏水聚合物包括但不限于:聚己内酯(PCL)、聚三亚甲基碳酸酯(PTMC)及其改性材料中的一种或多种,如纯PCL、PTMC,或其物理混合物PCL/PTMC,或其化学改性物PCL-PEG(可称为聚乙二醇改性聚己内酯)。
其中,聚己内酯(Polycaprolactone,PCL)是一种安全、无毒副作用的可降解材料,体内降解终产物及外部可降解为CO2和H2O;具有良好的生物降解性、生物相容性和无毒性,被广泛用作医疗生物降解材料及药物控制释放体系。PCL是一种以二元醇为引发剂,由己内酯开环聚合而得到的热塑性结晶聚酯。PCL熔点为59~64℃,玻璃化转变温度约为-60~65℃,是一种白色不透明固体,具有一定刚性和强度,表现为典型的树脂特性,与高分子材料相容性好,也可作为改性剂提高其他高聚物的某些性能;易溶于甲苯、四氢呋喃、乙酸乙酯和二氯甲烷等溶剂中,易成膜。
聚己内酯-聚乙二醇(PCL-PEG)是由聚乙二醇(PEG)与PCL合成的聚合物,其包括多种形式,可以为两嵌段、三嵌段或更多嵌段,可通过调节PCL和PEG片段分子量获得较低熔点的PCL-PEG;其具有良好的生物可降解性和生物相容性,进入人体后经水解或酶解后的最终代谢物为水和二氧化碳,美国FDA已批准PCL和PEG作为药物载体使用。
聚三亚甲基碳酸酯(Poly(trimethylene carbonate),PTMC)在体温下处于橡胶态、具有一定的弹性,为无定型聚合物,无固定的熔点;广泛用于可降解缚扎器件、药物控制释放材料、体内植入材料和体内支持材料等。
本发明上述的低熔点疏水性聚合物可以采用市售,一些示例中,PTMC分子量范围6000-50000,优选20000-40000。
本发明实施例将所述的聚合物原料(可选地加入致孔剂)经精密设备加热熔融,得到熔融态流体(即熔体物质)。所涉及的致孔例如氯化钙等无机盐类,用量可在1%左右。本发明实施例所述的低熔点疏水性聚合物的熔体物质主要通过熔融注射、3D打印或熔体静电纺丝方式获得;其中熔融注射包括熔融挤出、熔融射出等具体操作,熔体静电纺丝主要是将加热形成的熔体在高压静电场中形成丝状产物的工艺流程操作。对应不同熔融方式,常规的精密设备有螺杆熔融挤出机(连续注射)、注塑机(间歇注射)、3D打印熔融沉积成型设备(FDM成型设备)、熔体静电纺丝设备、熔融指数仪。
在本发明的一些实施例中,采用螺杆挤出机加热使聚己内酯熔融,机头出口处温度设定为70-121℃,喷嘴直径1-20mm(优选为1mm-10mm),挤出速度10-100mm/s(优选10-50mm/s)。另一些实施例中,采用3D打印设备熔融PTMC,工艺包括:气压0.2-2.0MPa,设定加热90-140℃,料口处温度设定为70-121℃,喷嘴直径0.1mm-10mm(优选为0.1-4mm),打印速度5-150mm/s。另一些实施例中,将聚己内酯-聚乙二醇共聚物(PCL-PEG)经熔体静电纺丝机加热熔融,电压15-40kv,气压0.2-2MPa,加热温度70-121℃;优选的针孔直径0.001-3mm,流速10-200mm/s、进一步为50-200mm/s。这些工艺中,本发明实施例优选控制喷嘴或针头的直径、挤出或喷出的速度两个参数,使熔体以良好的丝状或线状加入,有利于后续得到粒径分布相对均一的聚合物微球产品等。
本发明实施例可称取表面活性剂适量,加热,并搅拌溶解于水中,得到含表面活性剂的水性基质。
表面活性剂(Surfactant)一般是能使目标溶液表面张力显著下降的物质,具有固定的亲水亲油基团,在溶液的表面能定向排列。从化学结构上可以按亲水基或疏水基分类;根据不同的界面吸附和/或取向作用,其也分为不同作用的表面活性试剂。
本发明所述的表面活性剂包括乳化剂;乳化作用是将一种液体以液滴的形式分散于另一种不相溶液体中形成乳液的过程,乳化剂可用于制备相对稳定的乳液。在本发明的实施例中,所述乳化剂可选自聚乙烯醇、吐温和十二烷基硫酸盐(如十二烷基硫酸钠)中的一种或多种。
其中,吐温(或聚山梨酯,Tween)为非离子型表面活性剂,系一系列聚氧乙烯去水山梨醇的部分脂肪酸酯;是以Span系列为原料通过环氧乙烷开环加成制得的表面活性剂,包括吐温60、吐温80等商品牌号。其被广泛用作乳化剂和油类物质的增溶剂,常作为水包油(O/W)型乳化剂,使其他物质均匀在溶液中分散,主要用于药品、食品、化妆品领域。
聚乙烯醇(PVA)是一种用途广泛的水溶性高分子聚合物,PVA能快速溶解于水中,形成稳定胶体,可作为乳化剂、分散剂,应用范围遍及食品、医药、高分子化工等行业。
十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)是一种有机化合物,为白色或淡黄色粉末,易溶于水,对碱和硬水不敏感。其具有去污、乳化作用和优异的发泡力,为阴离子表面活性剂,生物降解度>90%。
在本发明的一些实施例中,所述乳化剂在水性基质中质量浓度不超过15%,优选0.1-15%;例如,PVA用量范围0.25-3.0%(W/V),吐温用量范围1-15%(W/V),SDS用量范围0.5-2.5%(W/V)。
本发明一些实施例所述的表面活性剂还可包括增稠剂,获得具有一定粘性的水性基质;或一些实施例不加入增稠剂。作为优选,所述增稠剂在水性基质中质量浓度不超过30%,保温溶解即可。
增稠剂又称胶凝剂,是一种能增加胶乳、液体黏度的物质,用于食品时又称糊料。增稠剂可以提高物系黏度,使物系保持均匀稳定的悬浮状态或乳浊状态,或形成凝胶;大多数增稠剂兼具乳化作用。
在本发明的一些实施例中,所述增稠剂可以是纤维素类物质(如羧甲基纤维素、甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素)、聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚嵌段共聚物、透明质酸、壳聚糖和海藻酸盐(如海藻酸钠)中的一种或多种。
其中,羧甲基纤维素(Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose,CMC)属阴离子型纤维素醚类,易溶于冷水或热水,形成具有一定粘度的透明溶液;其水溶液具有增稠、乳化及悬浮等作用,广泛应用于食品、医药、医疗器械、纺织、石油和造纸等行业。
泊洛沙姆(Poloxamer)商品名为普兰尼克(Pluronic),是一类新型的高分子非离子表面活性剂;结构为聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚嵌段共聚物,其中聚氧乙烯链具有相对亲水性,聚氧丙烯链具有相对亲油性,因此是一种非离子型高分子表面活性剂,在药物制剂中主要用作乳化剂和增溶剂等。
透明质酸(HA)是一种酸性粘多糖,由单位D-葡萄糖醛酸及N-乙酰葡糖胺组成的高级多糖;主要采用分子量范围40-400万道尔顿。
进一步示例地,CMC:黏度200-10000cps,用量1.0-6.0%;卡波姆:黏度200-10000cps,用量0.5-2%;泊洛沙姆:黏度200-10000cps,用量5-30%;HA:分子量40-400万,用量0.2-3%。黏度一般为本领域熟知的室温条件测得,用量对应质量百分比。
得到含表面活性剂的水性基质后,本发明实施例将其升温,但低于前述聚合物原料的熔融温度(使后续乳化的温度低于121℃),并启动乳化设备,将所述低熔点疏水性聚合物的熔体物质注入到水性基质中,乳化一定时间(如70-121℃、乳化10min以上),使熔融的疏水聚合物定型、以微球的形态分散于水性基质中,即得分散有微球的混悬基质。
在本发明中,所述的聚合物熔体占熔体、水性基质二者总质量的比例范围为0-40%,较优地5-30%,更优地10-20%。相对常规有机溶剂乳化成球,本发明实施例提高了油水投入的质量比,可显著提高生产效率(约150倍)。
在本发明中,所述乳化的方式选自机械搅拌、均质和超声处理的一种或多种,优选采用强力搅拌(转速可为800-3000rpm),或均质分散的乳化方式,均避免了有机溶剂的引入;所对应的乳化设备可为均质分散机、机械搅拌设备或超声仪器等。本发明采用简化、环保安全的生产工艺,利于后续得到分布均匀的微球和降低成本等,获得了出乎意料的优异效果。
本发明实施例优选在搅拌状态下,将所述分散有微球的混悬基质快速降温,直至温度在所述聚合物熔融温度以下,促使基质中的微球固化,经固液分离,得到低熔点疏水性聚合物微球。
在本发明的一些实施例中,所述微球固化之后还包括:将含有固化微球的基质进行洗涤、离心或过筛、干燥和过筛等,得到预期粒径范围的低熔点疏水性聚合物微球。本发明所述的固液分离工序主要是去除水性基质的步骤,具体操作包括洗涤、离心或过筛、干燥等。
具体地,所述洗涤和固液分离工序为:含有固化微球的粘性基质以溶剂稀释数倍,反复洗涤3-5次,离心或过筛收集聚合物微球。
所述干燥工序、过筛工序依次为:收集的聚合物微球放入干燥箱中,一定温度下烘干,去除水分;烘干的微球经预定目数的筛网分级筛除,获得预期粒径范围的聚合物微球。本发明实施例对依次进行的洗涤、分离、干燥等工艺条件并无特殊限制;其中,可于30-60℃干燥箱中烘干8-24h。
结束过筛工序后,本发明实施例还可进行封装、灭菌工序。封装是将上述步骤得到的聚合物微球转移至包装容器或材料中,密封;根据不同的应用需求,对所述的聚合物微球进行灭菌或不进行灭菌,检测、检验,成品备用。
本发明提供了一种无需引入有机溶剂、制备低熔点疏水性聚合物微球的方法;产品无有机溶剂残留,以及省去了油相配制、有机溶剂挥干和干燥工序或步骤。相对常规有机溶剂乳化成球的工艺,本发明实施例由于未引入有机溶剂,可减去聚合物的溶解时间和缩短去除残留有机溶剂的烘干时间,大幅缩短了生产周期(如可缩短40h)。
本发明还提供了如前所述的制备方法得到的低熔点疏水性聚合物微球,无有机溶剂残留,粒径在1-1000微米范围,跨距不大于1.5,优选0.5-1.5;粒径分布均匀,还可具有多孔结构。在本发明的一些实施例中,所述低熔点疏水性聚合物微球的粒径在1-500μm,跨距0.76-1.22;通过调节熔体喷入参数及乳化条件,跨距可低至较优地0.6-1.0。
根据前文所述的聚合物原料,本发明实施例可以得到聚己内酯(PCL)微球产品,或者改性聚己内酯微球产品,或者PTMC微球等。
进一步的,产品适用于制备治疗皮肤异常或毁容的药物或器械,和/或用于控制膀胱功能和/或控制胃反流,和/或用于治疗勃起功能障碍,和/或用于治疗声带,和/或促进骨组织生长,和/或肿瘤栓塞,和/或诊断试剂的载体,和/或药物缓释载体。该微球还可用于化妆品,作为导入组分、润滑组分或填充组分等。
与现有技术相比,本发明制备低熔点疏水性聚合物微球的过程中不引入有机溶剂,可避免有机溶剂对环境的污染危害(人员、生产车间、自然环境),杜绝产品植入人体后微球中残留的有机溶剂引起的副作用。
本发明实施例的技术方案工艺简单、工序简化,大幅度缩短微球固化和烘干周期,生产高效(聚合物和水溶液比例提高10倍以上)、成本较低。
附图说明
图1为现有常规聚合物微球制备的工艺流程图;
图2为本发明实施例低熔点聚合物微球制备的工艺流程示意图;
图3为实施例1制得的聚合物微球显微镜照片;
图4为实施例2制得的聚合物微球显微镜照片;
图5为实施例3制得的聚合物微球显微镜照片;
图6为对比例1制得的聚合物微球显微镜照片。
具体实施方式
下面对本申请实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本申请一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本申请中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本申请保护的范围。
为了更好理解本发明技术内容,下面提供具体实施例,对本发明做进一步的说明。
实施例1
S1溶解
型号0588聚乙烯醇15g投入1000ml水中,加热至90℃,搅拌溶解,降温至50℃,随后投入粘度1500-2800cps型羧甲基纤维素20g,保温溶解,获得粘性基质;
S2熔融
将聚己内酯(重均分子量20000)经螺杆挤出机加热熔融,机头出口处温度设定为105℃,喷嘴直径4mm,挤出速度20mm/s;
S3乳化
将上述粘性基质升温至80℃、启动机械搅拌器、转速1400rpm,开启螺杆挤出机,将熔融的PCL熔体150g注入到粘性基质中,持续注入10min,随后继续搅拌乳化20min,使熔融的聚合物以微球的形态分散于基质中;
S4固化
搅拌状态下,将含有熔融态PCL微球的基质快速降温至20℃,促使基质中的微球由熔融态转变为固态;
S5洗涤
含有固态PCL微球的粘性基质以水稀释5倍,反复以水洗涤4次,通过离心收集PCL微球;
S6干燥
收集的PCL微球放入40℃干燥箱中,烘干12h;
S7过筛
烘干后的PCL微球经预定目数的筛网分级过筛,获得20-500μm粒径范围聚合物微球,收率95%;粒径分布参见表1,其中跨距1.22。
S8封装
将PCL微球转移至铝塑袋中,热封;
S9灭菌
装有PCL微球的铝塑袋,经辐照灭菌,备用。
实施例2
S1溶解
称取50g吐温80投入1000ml60℃的水中,搅拌溶解,升温至100℃,投入泊洛沙姆150g,降温70-90℃,获得粘性基质;
S2熔融
将99%聚三亚甲基碳酸酯(重均分子量20000-40000)颗粒和1%氯化钙投入3D打印机料斗,气压1.0MPa,设定加热110℃,料口处温度设定为105℃,喷嘴直径0.5mm,打印速度60mm/s;
S3乳化
将上述粘性基质维持在80℃、启动均质分散机、转速2200rpm,开启3D打印机,将170g熔融的PTMC熔体注入到粘性基质中,持续注入60min,随后继续均质乳化15min,使熔融的聚合物以微球的形态分散于粘性基质中;
S4固化
搅拌状态下,将含有熔融态PTMC微球的粘性基质快速降温至7℃,促使粘性基质中的PTMC微球由熔融态转变为固态,同时粘性基质因泊洛沙姆发生相变粘度显著降低;
S5洗涤
含有固态PTMC微球的粘性基质以7℃水稀释5倍,反复以水洗涤4次,经过筛收集PTMC微球;
S6干燥
收集的PTMC微球放入40℃干燥箱中,烘干12h;
S7过筛
烘干后的PTMC微球经预定目数的筛网分级过筛,获得10-90μm粒径范围聚合物多孔微球,收率95%;粒径分布参见表1,其中跨距0.94。
S8封装
将PTMC微球转移至铝塑袋中,热封,备用;
实施例3
S1溶解
称取15g十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)投入1000ml水中,常温搅拌分散溶解,备用;
S2熔融
将聚己内酯-聚乙二醇共聚物(PCL-PEG,分子量22000)经熔体静电纺丝机加热熔融,电压40kv,气压0.2MPa,加热温度100℃,3针头,针孔直径0.1mm,流速200mm/s;
S3乳化
启动均质分散机、转速2000rpm,开启熔体静电纺丝机将113g熔融的PCL-PEG以丝状喷入到SDS溶液中,持续喷入100min,随后继续均质乳化15min,获得含有熔融态微球的SDS溶液;
S4固化
在搅拌状态下,将S3含有微球的SDS溶液快速降温至20℃,使SDS溶液中的微球由熔融态转变为固态;
S5洗涤
含有固态PCL-PEG微球的SDS溶液以离心过滤,收集微球,以500ml的水、反复以水洗涤3次,通过离心收集PCL-PEG微球;
S6干燥
收集的PCL-PEG微球放入40℃干燥箱中,烘干12h、以除去水分;
S7过筛
烘干后的PCL-PEG微球经预定目数的筛网分级过筛,获得1-15μm粒径范围聚合物微球,收率95%;粒径分布参见表1,其中跨距0.76。
S8封装
将PCL-PEG微球转移至铝塑袋中,热封;
S9灭菌
装有PCL-PEG微球的铝塑袋,经辐照灭菌,备用。
对比例1
以实施例3中的物料,按照图1现有常规聚合物微球制备的工艺流程图制备微球。
S1溶解
油相配制:称取150g聚己内酯-聚乙二醇共聚物(PCL-PEG,分子量22000)投入密封的反应罐中,注入1.5L二氯甲烷,30℃搅拌溶解8h,备用;
水相配制:称取225g十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)投入150L水中,常温搅拌分散溶解,备用;
S2乳化
在密封的乳化罐中,启动大型均质分散机、转速2000rpm,同时开启冷凝装置以收集挥出的二氯甲烷;常温下,将油相以注射泵注入水相中,油相流量30ml/min,持续泵注50min,随后继续均质乳化20min,获得含有液体微球的SDS溶液;
S3固化
在40℃下,机械搅拌、转速250rpm,固化8h,使SDS溶液中的微球由液态转变为固态;湿球约150g;
S4洗涤
含有固态PCL-PEG微球的SDS溶液以离心过滤,收集微球,以500ml的水、反复以水洗涤5次,通过离心收集PCL-PEG微球;
S5干燥
收集的PCL-PEG微球放入40℃干燥箱中,烘干48h,以除去水分和残留的二氯甲烷;
S6过筛
烘干后的PCL-PEG微球经预定目数的筛网分级过筛,获得3-400μm粒径范围聚合物微球约120g,收率80%;其中跨距2.55。
S7封装
将PCL-PEG微球转移至铝塑袋中,热封;
S8灭菌
装有PCL-PEG微球的铝塑袋,经辐照灭菌,备用。
相较实施例3,该对比例增加设有备密封的油相罐、密封的乳化罐及冷凝回收装置;其生产周期延长40h以上(油相溶解8h,干燥延长36h);产量缩小至1/150(以水相体积比较)。
实施例4
S1溶解
称取Mw=3万的聚乙烯醇10g投入1000ml水中,加热至95℃,搅拌溶解,降温至50℃,随后投入分子量100万的透明质酸20g,保温溶解,获得透明质酸粘性基质;
S2熔融
将Mw=4万的聚己内酯(PCL)经熔体静电纺丝机加热熔融,电压40kv,气压0.8MPa,加热温度105℃,6针头,针孔直径0.1mm,流速200mm/s;
S3乳化
将透明质酸粘性基质升温至105℃、启动机械搅拌器、转速1600rpm,开启熔体静电纺丝机,将熔融的250g PCL以丝状喷入到S1中含有聚乙烯醇的透明质酸粘性基质中,均质乳化15min,使聚合物以熔融态液滴微球分散于透明质酸粘性基质中;
S4固化
将含有熔融态PCL微球的透明质酸粘性基质,搅拌状态下,快速降温至20℃,促使透明质酸粘性基质中的微球由熔融态转变为固态;
S5交联
以氢氧化钠调节S4反应体系pH至12-14,加入0.9g BDDE,升温至40℃,搅拌均匀,交联反应8h,获得包含PCL微球的具有网络结构的交联透明质酸凝胶块。
S6透析
将S5中凝胶块剪成大小约0.5-2cm3的不规则小块,转移至固定体积的多孔透析装置中(可维持S5获得中间品体积不变),以注射用水进行循环透析,获得含有PCL微球的交联透明质酸凝胶。
S7冷冻干燥
将S6中含有PCL微球的交联透明质酸凝胶块状物转移至托盘中,放入冷冻干燥机,进行冷冻干燥(-40℃预冻2h,-5-30℃升华干燥8-12h,40℃解析干燥6-8h),获得冻干的块状物。
S8粉碎
将S7中冻干的块状物放入粉碎机中粉碎,收集经多级筛网(依次经150目/300mu)筛分的粉末。
S9辐照灭菌
将S8中样品分装于灭菌袋中,进行辐照灭菌,辐照剂量为25kGy,获得无菌的中间品,存放备用。
S10溶胀
称取适量S9中的中间品,分批加入1000ml磷酸缓冲溶液中,溶胀30min,搅拌15min混匀,获得含有PCL微球的交联透明质酸凝胶溶液。
S11灌装
在百级净化环境下,经灌装机将S9中含有PCL微球的交联透明质酸凝胶装入无菌预灌封注射器内,获得含PCL微球的交联透明质酸凝胶的填充剂,其中PCL含量为25%、交联透明质酸含量为20mg/ml。
实施例5
将实施例1-3、对比例1方法制备对应的微球,其样品编号分别记为1#、2#、3#、4#;取样显微镜下观察并手机拍照,见图3-6(显微镜×100),微球规整性良好。参照2020版《中国药典》四部通则0982粒度和粒度分布测定法第三法(光散射法)测试微球的粒径及其分布,见表1。
表1.微球粒径及分布
| 样品编号 | D10(μm) | D50(μm) | D90(μm) | 跨距 |
| 1# | 67.4 | 212.8 | 327.3 | 1.22 |
| 2# | 23.5 | 32.6 | 52.9 | 0.94 |
| 3# | 3.3 | 5.1 | 7.2 | 0.76 |
| 4# | 7.5 | 120.3 | 314.7 | 2.55 |
注:跨距=(D90-D10)/D50;
式中,D10、D50、D90分别指粒径累积分布图中10%、50%、90%处所对应的粒径。微粒制剂粒径分布数据常用各粒径范围内的粒子数或百分率表示;有时也可用跨距表示,跨距愈小分布愈窄,即粒子大小愈均匀。
根据表1可知,相较现有常规聚合物微球制备的工艺(常规机械搅拌乳化法微球跨距如1.25-2.60),本技术方案获得微球分布集中,相对均一。
实施例6
分别取实施例4中的样品1-4#约0.1g,按照顶空气相法检测其二氯甲烷残留量。
色谱条件:以5%苯基-95%甲基聚硅氧烷柱,以氮气为载气,FID为检测器;进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为250℃。
柱温初始为40℃,保持10分钟、以10℃/分钟的速率升至120℃,保持10分钟、以10℃/分钟的速率升至150℃,保持3分钟。
顶空平衡温度的80℃,平衡时间为40分钟。
检测结果见表2。由表2可知,1-3#样品未检测出二氯甲烷,4#样中仍有0.062%二氯甲烷残留。
表2.1-4#微球中二氯甲烷残留检测结果
| 编号 | 称量(g) | 峰面积 | 含量% |
| 1# | 0.10147 | 0 | 0 |
| 2# | 0.10235 | 0 | 0 |
| 3# | 0.10218 | 0 | 0 |
| 4# | 0.10309 | 7832 | 0.062 |
由以上实施例可知,采用本发明没有引入有机溶剂的简化工艺路线,所得的聚合物微球大小相对均一,产能较好。本发明制备方法减少了各种危害,提高了生产效率、节省了投入成本,利于工业规模化推广应用。
本文中应用了具体个例对本发明的原理及实施方式进行了阐述,以上实例的说明只是用于帮助理解本发明的方法及其核心思想。以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,由于文字表达的有限性,而客观上存在无限的具体结构,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进、润饰或变化,也可以将上述技术特征以适当的方式进行组合;这些改进润饰、变化或组合,或未经改进将发明的构思和技术方案直接应用于其它场合的,均应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种低熔点疏水性聚合物微球的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
将低熔点疏水性聚合物的熔体物质在含表面活性剂的水性基质中进行乳化,得到分散有微球的混悬基质;所述低熔点疏水性聚合物的熔融温度在121℃以下,所述表面活性剂包括乳化剂;所述乳化的温度低于121℃,所述乳化的方式选自机械搅拌、均质和超声处理的一种或多种,无需引入有机溶剂;
将所述分散有微球的混悬基质降温至所述聚合物熔融温度以下,使微球固化,经固液分离,得到低熔点疏水性聚合物微球。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述低熔点疏水性聚合物的熔融温度低于100℃,如聚己内酯、聚三亚甲基碳酸酯及其改性材料中的一种或多种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述低熔点疏水性聚合物的熔体物质主要通过熔融注射、3D打印或熔体静电纺丝方式获得,且以线状挤入或丝状喷入所述水性基质后乳化成微球。
4.根据权利要求3所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述熔融注射的工艺中喷嘴直径1-20mm,挤出速度10-100mm/s;
或者,所述3D打印的工艺中喷嘴直径0.1mm-10mm,打印速度5-150mm/s;
或者,所述熔体静电纺丝的工艺中针孔直径0.001-3mm,流速10-200mm/s。
5.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述乳化剂选自聚乙烯醇、吐温和十二烷基硫酸盐中的一种或多种;较优地所述乳化剂在水性基质中质量浓度不超过15%。
6.根据权利要求1-5任一项所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述表面活性剂还包括增稠剂,可以是纤维素类物质、聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚嵌段共聚物、透明质酸、壳聚糖和海藻酸盐中的一种或多种。
7.根据权利要求6所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述增稠剂在水性基质中质量浓度不超过30%。
8.根据权利要求1-5任一项所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述低熔点疏水性聚合物的熔体物质还包括致孔剂。
9.根据权利要求1-5任一项所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述微球固化之后还包括:将含有固化微球的基质进行洗涤、离心或过筛、干燥和过筛,得到预期粒径范围的低熔点疏水性聚合物微球。
10.如权利要求1-9任一项所述的制备方法得到的低熔点疏水性聚合物微球,无有机溶剂残留,粒径在1-1000微米范围,跨距0.5-1.5,较优地0.6-1.0。
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| US5665428A (en) * | 1995-10-25 | 1997-09-09 | Macromed, Inc. | Preparation of peptide containing biodegradable microspheres by melt process |
| CN1931156A (zh) * | 2005-09-14 | 2007-03-21 | 中国科学院上海药物研究所 | 紫杉醇类物质固体脂质纳米粒及其制备方法 |
| EP2054463A1 (de) * | 2006-08-26 | 2009-05-06 | Evonik Degussa GmbH | Verfahren zur herstellung von mikropartikeln |
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| US5665428A (en) * | 1995-10-25 | 1997-09-09 | Macromed, Inc. | Preparation of peptide containing biodegradable microspheres by melt process |
| CN1931156A (zh) * | 2005-09-14 | 2007-03-21 | 中国科学院上海药物研究所 | 紫杉醇类物质固体脂质纳米粒及其制备方法 |
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