CN116018998A - A seedling-growing substrate suitable for tomato and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a seedling-growing substrate suitable for tomato and a preparation method thereof. The raw materials include renewable resources such as tail vegetables, sawdust, branches and leaves, cow dung, oyster shells and the like. The steps are as follows: Pretreat part of the waste raw materials and mix them in a certain number of parts, inoculate the bacteria agent to obtain the fermentation material, adjust the carbon-nitrogen ratio and pH of the fermentation material to a suitable value, and then put it into a temperature-controlled molecular membrane aerobic fermentation tank for fermentation After the fermentation is completed, an appropriate amount of oyster shells is added to mix, and finally inoculated with Bacillus to obtain a substrate suitable for tomato seedlings. The preparation method has the characteristics of environmental protection, low price and strong sustainability. Use tail vegetables as the main source of organic matter in the seedling substrate, and low-cost and easy-to-obtain oyster shell powder as a supplementary source of mineral elements. Oyster shell particles replace vermiculite and perlite to achieve air permeability and water retention in the substrate, thereby improving the physical and chemical properties of the substrate as a whole. traits, optimize and improve the seedling raising effect of the substrate and the quality of the fruit planted by the seedling body.

Description

A seedling-growing substrate suitable for tomato and its preparation method

technical field

The invention relates to the technical field of organic fertilizer and cultivation substrate production, in particular to a seedling cultivation substrate suitable for tomato and a preparation method thereof.

Background technique

The substrate is a mixed lightweight material that can replace soil, provide suitable nutrients and pH for cultivated crops, and have good water retention, fertilizer retention, aeration performance and root fixation. The substrate is replacing the use of soil seedlings in cultivation due to its stable performance, rich nutrients, green environmental protection, pollution reduction, low carbon safety, and convenient production. But at present, there are few substrate solutions in the field of tomato seedling cultivation. At the same time, in the process of tomato seedling cultivation, there is a need to increase the germination rate of seedlings, increase the stress resistance of seedlings, and strengthen the root system of seedlings. Therefore, it is urgent to develop more suitable for tomato seedlings. Substrate to promote the growth of plants and roots, so as to improve fruit quality and efficiency. Common matrix components include peat, vermiculite, perlite, wood chips, crop straw, livestock and poultry manure, bark, fungus residue, etc. Peat is a traditional cultivation substrate with excellent physical and chemical properties and good use effects. However, peat is a non-renewable and limited natural resource. Extensive mining will destroy the ecological environment of the swamp, and the cost of mining, transportation, and production is high. However, vermiculite and perlite are industrial products, which are inorganic substances with high cost. They can only increase the porosity of the matrix and cannot provide organic nutrients. At the same time, they are also non-renewable resources. But so far, the traditional peat, perlite, vermiculite, etc. are still the substrates with excellent physical and chemical properties, good cultivation effect, and large-scale use. The newly developed substrate materials still have various defects and deficiencies. The key to the development of substrates is how to develop a substrate with wide sources of raw materials, low price, high nutrient content, stable physical and chemical properties, no pollution to the environment, and convenient for large-scale commercial production.

Vegetable tails are the discarded leaves, roots, stems and fruits of vegetables during the growth, harvesting, processing, logistics, consumption and other links, also known as "vegetable waste". With the improvement of vegetable production level in our country, the continuous expansion of vegetable planting area and the continuous concentration of vegetable planting layout, a large number of tail vegetables are often produced in the process of vegetable harvesting and primary processing in vegetable production areas. Due to the lack of scientific, effective, economical and applicable technology for the treatment and utilization of tail vegetables, most of the tail vegetables are randomly dumped as garbage or simply landfilled, resulting in waste of tail vegetable resources and environmental pollution. The healthy and sustainable development of life, rural ecology and vegetable industry has caused serious impacts. Disposal of end dishes has become a difficult problem that needs to be solved urgently in front of governments at all levels and scientific and technological workers.

The waste that has the same situation as end dishes is oyster shells. At present, oyster shells are used as kitchen waste, and the production volume is also growing steadily. Especially in coastal cities, the daily output of discarded oyster shells is astonishing. In addition to the reuse of reef materials, most of the oyster shells are disposed of by fee-charging waste incineration plants or landfills. There is a lack of suitable technology and means to recycle oyster shells at home and abroad. The oyster shell is composed of inorganic matter and organic matter. The inorganic part is mainly composed of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate, accounting for more than 90% of the quality of the oyster shell. It is alkaline, of which calcium element accounts for (39.78±0.23)%. Contains more than 20 kinds of trace elements such as copper, iron, zinc, manganese, strontium, magnesium, etc. The organic components of oyster shells account for about 3% to 5% of the mass of oyster shells, and contain 17 kinds of amino acids such as glycine, cystine, and methionine. The resource utilization of the shell is also a treasure to be developed.

To sum up, how to provide a seedling substrate with suitable physical and chemical properties and suitable for tomato using renewable resources is an urgent problem to be solved by those in this technical field.

Contents of the invention

In order to solve the above-mentioned problems in the prior art, the present invention provides a seedling substrate suitable for tomato and a preparation method thereof. In the method, tail vegetables are used as the main raw material, and oyster shells are used as important auxiliary materials to prepare a seedling substrate suitable for tomato. The seedling-raising substrate, the raw materials of the seedling-raising substrate suitable for tomato are all renewable resources, which have the characteristics of wide sources, low price, high nutrition, stable physical and chemical properties, green environmental protection, no pollution and large-scale production.

The present invention is realized through the following technical solutions:

A preparation method suitable for tomato seedling substrate, comprising the following steps:

S1: Coarsely crush the tail vegetables, extrude, dehydrate and remove sand to make pretreated tail vegetables with a size of 3-5cm; crush and remove sand from branches and leaves to make pretreated tail vegetables with a size of 3-5cm Branches and leaves; Cow dung is screw-extruded to obtain dehydrated cow dung; Oyster shells are roughly crushed to make oyster shell powder with a particle size of less than 0.25cm and oyster shell particles with a particle size of 1-1.5cm;

S2: According to parts by weight, 2-3 parts of pretreated tail vegetables, 2-3 parts of sawdust, 2-3 parts of pretreated branches and leaves, 1-2 parts of cow dung and 1-2 parts of oyster shell powder are preliminarily stirred evenly, Obtain the mixture, inoculate the bacterium by 0.1%-0.2% of the weight of the mixture;

S3: Put the mixture obtained in step 2 into strips, and use a turning machine to turn it evenly, so that the mixture and the bacterial agent are fully mixed to obtain a fermented material, and the fermented material is adjusted according to the characteristics of the tail vegetables and cow dung. The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of the fermented material is 20-30:1, the pH of the fermented material is adjusted to 6.5-7.5 through the characteristics of oyster shell powder, and the moisture content is controlled to 40%-65%;

S4: Put the fermented material obtained in step 3 into a temperature-controlled molecular membrane aerobic fermentation tank for a primary fermentation. The primary fermentation enters a high-temperature period after 1-2 days, and the temperature of the high-temperature period is 60- 75°C, the fermentation is completed after the high temperature period is maintained for 5-7 days;

S5: turning over the fermented materials that have completed the primary fermentation in step 4 into the temperature-controlled molecular membrane aerobic fermentation tank to continue secondary fermentation, and the secondary fermentation is kept at a high temperature for 5-7 days to complete decomposing;

S6: After the secondary fermentation is completed, the material is discharged and the decomposed fermentation material is obtained. After the decomposed fermentation material is passed through a 20mm sieve, oyster shells are added according to the 2%-10% mass fraction of the decomposed fermentation material. Stir evenly to obtain a semi-finished matrix;

S7: Inoculate the semi-finished substrate obtained by stirring evenly with a Bacillus strain with a viable count of more than 300 million/g to obtain a seedling substrate suitable for tomato.

Preferably, in said step 2, 3 parts of pretreated tail vegetables, 3 parts of sawdust, 2 parts of pretreated branches and leaves, 1 part of cow dung and 1 part of oyster shell powder are stirred evenly by parts by weight, and the bacteria The agent includes at least one of EM agent or VT agent.

Preferably, in the step 3, the moisture content of the fermentation material is 50%-60%, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is 30:1, and the pH is 6.6.

Preferably, in the step 4, the temperature-controlled molecular membrane aerobic fermentation tank is fermented by an air-flow membrane composting method, and the temperature-controlled molecular membrane aerobic fermentation tank controls the fermentation temperature to 25-75 ° C, and the The fermented material provides oxygen.

Preferably, the fermented material forms a heap in the temperature-controlled molecular membrane aerobic fermentation tank, the cross-section of the heap is quadrilateral or triangular, the height of the heap is controlled at 1-1.2m, and the width is controlled at 3-3m. 5m, and the maximum size of the stack is 500m ³ .

Preferably, in the primary fermentation of step 4 and step 5 and the secondary fermentation of step 5, the temperature in the high temperature period is above 65°C, and the fermentation time in the high temperature period is above 6 days.

Preferably, in the primary fermentation of the step 4 and the secondary fermentation of the step 5, the compost turning is performed every 2-3 days.

Preferably, in the step 7, the bacillus includes at least one of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus jelly-like, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus thuringiensis or Bacillus sporogenes.

Preferably, the leachate produced during the composting process in Step 4 and Step 5 is recycled for secondary recovery to adjust the moisture content of the fermentation material.

The present invention also includes a seedling-growing substrate suitable for tomato, the seedling-raising substrate suitable for tomato is prepared by any of the above preparation methods, the moisture content of the seedling-growing substrate suitable for tomato is lower than 35%, and the electrical conductivity The density is 0.1-0.2mS/cm, the bulk density is 0.25-0.35g/cm ³ , the total porosity is above 60%, and the pH is 6.5-7.5.

Compared with prior art, the beneficial effect of the present invention is:

1. Raw materials are cheap. A kind of tomato seedling-raising matrix preparation method that the present invention is suitable for takes tail vegetable as main raw material, takes oyster shell as important supplementary material, and adds sawdust, branches and leaves, cow dung to ferment jointly through temperature-controlled molecular membrane aerobic fermentation tank, wherein Raw materials such as tail vegetables, wood chips, branches and leaves, cow dung and oyster shells are by-products of farming and animal husbandry. The invention uses these cheap raw materials, and greatly reduces the production cost of the product under the condition that the prepared tomato seedling-raising substrate has suitable porosity, bulk density and other physical and chemical properties.

2. Strong sustainability, protecting non-renewable resources. The raw materials used in the present invention are all renewable resources. Among them, the oyster shell has a prismatic layer of natural gas pores and is rich in inorganic and organic nutrients, so it can effectively achieve water and fertilizer retention and provide nutrients, replacing non-renewable resources such as peat, vermiculite and perlite in traditional substrates. Protect non-renewable resources and reduce consumption. At the same time, since raw materials such as oyster shells are wastes of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, their cost is far lower than traditional non-renewable resources, so that the present invention has the environmental advantages of sustainable development and the economic advantages of low price.

3. For the first time, oyster shells are used as the raw material of the matrix, which serves multiple purposes. Using pretreated oyster shell powder and oyster shell grains as matrix raw materials, instead of vermiculite and perlite used in traditional matrix, increasing the porosity of the matrix and solving the problem of physical properties in the matrix; oyster shell contains a lot of inorganic nutrients , providing the required elements for the seedlings, solving the problems of the chemical properties in the substrate, and greatly improving the physical and chemical properties of the substrate. At the same time, it achieves multi-objective coordination of low cost, high benefit, resource utilization, and environmental protection.

4. The preparation method is environmentally friendly. In the technical solution of the present invention, the leachate produced in the fermentation process is recovered and reused to adjust the moisture content of the fermentation material, which solves the problem of leachate treatment, and also avoids the problem of odor generated in the fermentation process due to the use of molecular membrane technology Therefore, the raw materials and preparation process used in this technical solution realize the recycling of resources, solve the three wastes of "waste gas, waste liquid, and waste residue", and comprehensively improve resource utilization efficiency.

5. The matrix environment is optimized. The present invention provides a seedling-growing substrate suitable for tomato. The seedling-growing substrate suitable for tomato has been inoculated twice in the preparation process, and the biological and chemical properties of the substrate have been improved by using oyster shell powder and oyster shell particles respectively. , physical properties, optimize the matrix environment, more suitable for the growth of tomato plants, promote the growth of tomato seedling plants, thereby increasing the production and income of tomato plants, and improving the quality of tomato fruits.

6. Shorten the fermentation time and retain high nutrients in the substrate. The fermentation process of the present invention is the most advanced temperature-controlled molecular membrane aerobic fermentation process at present. During the fermentation process, the environment in the fermentation tank can be monitored and regulated in real time, so that the decomposition rate of organic matter in the fermentation material is accelerated and the fermentation material is fully decomposed. The process takes about 23 days. Compared with the existing technology, it can effectively shorten the fermentation time, increase the output in large-scale production, and achieve the goal of rapid high-temperature aerobic composting.

In addition, the volatile gas produced by the fermented material during the composting process will dissolve in the water film in the inner layer of the molecular film structure and drop back into the heap, and the nutrients lost with the volatile gas will return to the heap, making the heap While the body is neutral and slightly acidic, nutrients are retained as much as possible.

Detailed ways

The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific examples, but the examples do not limit the present invention in any form. Unless otherwise specified, the reagents, methods and equipment used in the present invention are conventional reagents, methods and equipment in the technical field.

Example 1

The invention relates to a seedling-raising substrate suitable for tomato. The main components of the substrate include 3 parts of pretreated tail vegetables, 3 parts of sawdust, 2 parts of pretreated branches and leaves, 1 part of dehydrated cow dung and 1 part of oyster shell powder in terms of mass fraction.

The preparation method that is applicable to the seedling-raising matrix of tomato in the present embodiment comprises the steps:

(1) Recycle tail vegetables from agricultural planting bases, vegetable markets, restaurants, etc., coarsely crush the recovered tail vegetables into pieces with a size of 3-5cm, and dehydrate the tail vegetables by means of screw extrusion When the moisture content is 40-65%, the pretreated tail vegetable can be obtained after removing the sand in the tail dish; similarly, the reclaimed branches and leaves are roughly broken into fragments of about 4cm, and the sand is removed therein to obtain Pretreatment of branches and leaves; spiral extrusion of recovered cow dung to obtain dehydrated cow dung; coarse crushing of oyster shells to make oyster shell powder with particles less than 0.25cm and oyster shell particles with particles of 1-1.5cm.

(2) Preliminarily stir the pretreated tail vegetables, wood chips, pretreated branches and leaves, dehydrated cow dung and oyster shell powder according to the mass ratio of 3:3:2:1:1 to obtain a mixture. Inoculate the mixed bacterial agent according to 0.2% of the mass of the mixture. The mixed bacterial agent is selected from EM bacterial agent or VT bacterial agent for composting, or it can be compatible with bacteria or fungi to form a mixed bacterial agent. The specific bacterial species are not used here. Do limit. Among them, EM bacterial agent refers to a microbial microbial agent composed of a variety of microorganisms mainly composed of photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeast and actinomycetes, and VT bacterial agent is a compound microbial agent developed by China Agricultural University. Bacteria mainly include photosynthetic bacteria, actinomycetes, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts.

(3) Use a turning machine to turn the above mixture and bacterial agent evenly to obtain a fully mixed fermentation material, adjust the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of the fermentation material to 30:1, and the pH to 6.6, and spray or collect the exudate of the fermentation material , to obtain uniform moisture everywhere and a moisture content of 55% fermented material.

(4) Place the obtained fermentation material in a temperature-controlled molecular membrane aerobic fermentation tank for a fermentation. After 1-2 days of fermentation, the temperature in the fermentation tank rises significantly. When the temperature is 65°C, it enters the high-temperature fermentation period After 7 days of the high-temperature fermentation period, the fermentation material completes a fermentation.

(5) Turn over the fermented material that has completed the primary fermentation and move it to another temperature-controlled molecular membrane aerobic fermentation tank for secondary fermentation. Similarly, the temperature is 65°C as the high-temperature fermentation period, and the high-temperature fermentation period lasts for 7 Tianhou fermented materials completed two

(6) secondary fermentation, the fermented material completed by the secondary fermentation is a decomposed fermented material, and during the fermentation process, turn over once every 2-3 days.

(7) After passing the decomposed fermented material through a 20mm sieve, add 8% oyster shell grains by mass fraction and stir evenly to obtain a semi-finished substrate;

(8) Place the semi-finished matrix obtained by stirring evenly on the packaging conveyor belt, and inoculate the semi-finished matrix with bacillus strains with a viable count of more than 300 million/gram by spraying during the transmission process, wherein the bacillus strains include Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus jelly-like, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus lateral spores, after spraying, a seedling substrate suitable for tomato can be obtained.

It needs to be further explained that the method of inoculating the semi-finished substrate with Bacillus strains is not unique, it can be spraying the mixed strain suspension, or directly adding the strains for stirring, or other methods of inoculating the substrate with Bacillus.

In addition, the temperature-controlled molecular membrane aerobic fermentation tank used in the composting process is equipped with sensors and intelligent fermentation control cabinets to monitor the fermentation status of the fermentation material in real time and automatically ventilate the fermentation tank according to the situation, so that the temperature-controlled molecular membrane is good. The temperature in the oxygen fermentation tank is controlled at 25°C-75°C, and the oxygen concentration range is maintained at 15%-20%, so as to meet the environmental requirements for the growth of microorganisms in the fermentation material.

In addition, the molecular membrane is an advanced technology at present. The molecular membrane is covered on the stack as a composite membrane. The membrane is made of polytetrafluoroethylene and stretched to form a microporous membrane (e-PTFE membrane). Clamped with polyurethane base film, it can withstand the corrosion and wear resistance of compost materials and prolong the service life. The water vapor in the fermentation heap can be discharged to the atmosphere through the molecular membrane, but the rainwater from the outside cannot enter the fermentation heap. At the same time, the three-layer membrane structure can well control the heat of the fermentation heap inside the molecular membrane. The microbial activity is more active, so the decomposition speed of organic matter in the fermentation material is accelerated and the fermentation material is fully decomposed. The entire fermentation process lasts for 23 days. Compared with the existing technology, it can effectively shorten the fermentation time, increase the output in large-scale production, and realize rapid The goal of high temperature aerobic composting.

What needs to be explained in detail is that during the fermentation process, macromolecular organic matter will undergo biotransformation into organic acids, so the fermentation heap is slightly acidic at the beginning, but with the volatilization of organic acids and the mineralization of organic nitrogen into NH ₄ ⁺ , it will be transformed into In the form of ammonia (NH ₃ ), the pH of the pile will quickly rise to the weakly alkaline level. Therefore, traditional substrate products are generally weakly alkaline and have serious nutrient loss problems. In the present invention, due to the characteristics of the molecular membrane structure, a layer of water film will be formed on the inner layer of the molecular membrane during the fermentation process, and organic acids and ammonia (NH ₃ ) will dissolve in this layer of water film when passing through the molecular membrane. Then the water film forms water droplets, which drip back to the fermentation pile, thereby reducing the loss of nutrients, greatly increasing the nutrients of the substrate, and making the substrate weakly acidic.

In addition, with the decomposition of organic matter, the fermented material will produce leachate flowing out from the bottom of the heap during the composting process, and the leachate will be collected and used to adjust the moisture of the fermented material during the preparation of tomato seedling substrate. Specifically, in this embodiment, the recovered leachate is diluted or directly sprayed back and applied in steps 3 to 5, so as to adjust the water content of the fermented material in the primary fermentation and secondary fermentation according to requirements. Since the leachate also includes inorganic salts and organic matter that flow out with the water, the leachate is recycled to adjust the water, firstly to realize the recycling of water resources, and secondly to realize the recovery of nutrients, further reducing the loss of nutrients.

In particular, the raw material of the fermented material in this embodiment includes oyster shell powder. Oyster shells are a common marine aquaculture waste, and 90% of their mass is inorganic nutrients. Among them, calcium is the main component of inorganic nutrients, accounting for about 39%, and it also includes iron, manganese, zinc, copper and other trace elements needed by plants. In this embodiment, the seedling-raising substrate obtained after fermentation in a temperature-controlled molecular membrane aerobic fermentation tank is neutral to slightly acidic as a whole. When the pH is neutral to slightly acidic, the calcium, iron, and manganese elements provided by oyster shell powder have strong mobility and are easily absorbed by plants. In the process of seedling cultivation, calcium element plays an important role in the development of seedling root system and seedling lodging resistance. For example, calcium deficiency in seedlings during seedling cultivation will lead to weak and underdeveloped root systems and weak seedlings, making it impossible to absorb sufficient nutrients and ultimately affect the quality of fruits. Therefore, the purpose of adding oyster shell powder in this embodiment is to increase the mobility of calcium and trace elements, promote the growth of seedling roots, cultivate high-quality seedlings, and help obtain high-quality fruits after transplanting.

In addition, because the oyster shell also has a prismatic layer with natural gas pores, which has adsorption properties, it can replace non-renewable resources such as vermiculite and perlite, and play a role in water retention, fertilizer retention, ventilation and provide Multiple roles of mineral elements. At the same time, because the price of oyster shells is much lower than that of vermiculite and perlite, it also has the characteristics of low cost.

The physical and chemical properties of the seedling substrate suitable for tomato obtained in this example are detected, wherein the physical and chemical properties of the tomato seedling substrate are shown in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively:

Table 1 is suitable for the physical properties of the seedling substrate of tomato

Table 2 is suitable for the chemical properties of the seedling substrate of tomato

nature index unit pH 6.6 / Conductivity 0.1 mS/cm* organic matter 55 % Hydrolyzable nitrogen 160 mg/kg Available Phosphorus 50 mg/kg Available Potassium 150 mg/kg Nitrate nitrogen/ammonium nitrogen 5:1 / exchangeable calcium 165 mg/kg exchangeable magnesium 60 mg/kg

Example 2

A seedling-raising substrate suitable for tomato, the main components of the substrate include 2 parts of pretreated tail vegetables, 2 parts of sawdust, 2 parts of pretreated branches and leaves, 2 parts of dehydrated cow dung and 2 parts of oyster shell powder in terms of mass fraction.

The preparation method that is applicable to the seedling-raising matrix of tomato in the present embodiment comprises the steps:

(1) Recycle tail vegetables from agricultural planting bases, vegetable markets, restaurants, etc., coarsely crush the recovered tail vegetables into pieces with a particle size of 3-5cm, and dehydrate the tail vegetables by means of screw extrusion When the moisture content is 40-65%, the pretreated tail vegetable can be obtained after removing the sand in the tail dish; similarly, the reclaimed branches and leaves are roughly broken into fragments of about 4cm, and the sand is removed therein to obtain Pretreated branches and leaves; screw extrusion of recycled cow dung to obtain cow dung; coarsely crushing oyster shells to make oyster shell powder with a particle size of less than 0.25 cm and oyster shell grains with a particle size of 1-1.5 cm.

(2) Preliminarily stir the pretreated tail vegetables, sawdust, pretreated branches and leaves, dehydrated cow dung and oyster shell powder according to the mass ratio of 2:2:2:2:2 to obtain a mixture. Inoculate the mixed bacterial agent according to 0.2% of the mass of the mixture. The mixed bacterial agent is selected from EM bacterial agent or VT bacterial agent for composting, or it can be compatible with bacteria or fungi to form a mixed bacterial agent. The specific bacterial species are not used here. Do limit. Among them, EM bacterial agent refers to a microbial microbial agent composed of a variety of microorganisms mainly composed of photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeast and actinomycetes, and VT bacterial agent is a compound microbial agent developed by China Agricultural University. Bacteria mainly include photosynthetic bacteria, actinomycetes, lactic acid bacteria and yeast.

(3) Use a turning machine to turn the above mixture and bacterial agent evenly to obtain fully mixed fermentation materials, adjust the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of the fermentation materials to about 20:1, and the pH to about 7.2, and spray or collect compost leachate. Obtaining a fermented material with uniform moisture everywhere and a moisture content of 55%;

(4) Place the obtained fermentation material in a temperature-controlled molecular membrane aerobic fermentation tank for a fermentation. After 1-2 days of fermentation, the temperature in the fermentation tank rises significantly. When the temperature is 65°C, it enters the high-temperature fermentation period After 7 days of the high-temperature fermentation period, the fermentation material completes a fermentation.

(5) Turn over the fermented material that has completed the primary fermentation and move it to another temperature-controlled molecular membrane aerobic fermentation tank for secondary fermentation. Similarly, the temperature is 65°C as the high-temperature fermentation period, and the high-temperature fermentation period lasts for 7 The fermented materials in Tianhou completed the secondary fermentation, and the fermented materials that completed the secondary fermentation were decomposed fermented materials. During the fermentation process, the piles were turned every 2-3 days.

(6) Pass the decomposed fermented material through a 20mm sieve, add 8% oyster shell grains according to the mass fraction and stir evenly to obtain a semi-finished substrate.

(7) Place the semi-finished matrix obtained by stirring evenly on the packaging conveyor belt, and inoculate the semi-finished matrix with a bacillus strain with a viable count of more than 300 million/gram by spraying during the transmission process, wherein the bacillus strain includes Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus jelly-like, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus lateral spores, after spraying, a seedling substrate suitable for tomato can be obtained.

It should be further explained that the dehydration treatment of cow dung is not limited to the method of screw extrusion.

Example 3

The invention relates to a seedling-raising substrate suitable for tomato. The main components of the substrate include 3 parts of pretreated tail vegetables, 2 parts of sawdust, 2 parts of pretreated branches and leaves, 2 parts of dehydrated cow dung and 1 part of oyster shell powder in terms of mass fraction.

The preparation method that is applicable to the seedling-raising matrix of tomato in the present embodiment comprises the steps:

(1) Recycle tail vegetables from agricultural planting bases, vegetable markets, restaurants, etc., coarsely crush the recovered tail vegetables into pieces with a particle size of 3-5cm, and dehydrate the tail vegetables by means of screw extrusion When the moisture content is 40-65%, the pretreated tail vegetable can be obtained after removing the sand in the tail dish; similarly, the reclaimed branches and leaves are roughly broken into fragments of about 4cm, and the sand is removed therein to obtain Pretreated branches and leaves; screw extrusion of recycled cow dung to obtain cow dung; coarsely crushing oyster shells to make oyster shell powder with a particle size of less than 0.25 cm and oyster shell grains with a particle size of 1-1.5 cm.

(2) Preliminarily stir the pretreated tail vegetables, wood chips, pretreated branches and leaves, dehydrated cow dung and oyster shell powder according to the mass ratio of 3:2:2:2:1 to obtain a mixture. Inoculate the mixed bacterial agent according to 0.2% of the mass of the mixture. The mixed bacterial agent is selected from EM bacterial agent or VT bacterial agent for composting, or it can be compatible with bacteria or fungi to form a mixed bacterial agent. The specific bacterial species are not used here. Do limit. Among them, EM bacterial agent refers to a microbial microbial agent composed of a variety of microorganisms mainly composed of photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeast and actinomycetes, and VT bacterial agent is a compound microbial agent developed by China Agricultural University. Bacteria mainly include photosynthetic bacteria, actinomycetes, lactic acid bacteria and yeast.

(3) Use a turning machine to turn the above mixture and bacterial agent evenly to obtain a fully mixed fermented material. By spraying or collecting compost leachate, obtain a fermented material with uniform water content and a moisture content of 55%.

(4) Place the obtained fermentation material in a temperature-controlled molecular membrane aerobic fermentation tank for a fermentation. After 1-2 days of fermentation, the temperature in the fermentation tank rises significantly. When the temperature is 65°C, it enters the high-temperature fermentation period After 7 days of the high-temperature fermentation period, the fermentation material completes a fermentation.

(5) Turn over the fermented material that has completed the primary fermentation and move it to another temperature-controlled molecular membrane aerobic fermentation tank for secondary fermentation. Similarly, the temperature is 65°C as the high-temperature fermentation period, and the high-temperature fermentation period lasts for 7 The fermented materials in Tianhou completed the secondary fermentation, and the fermented materials that completed the secondary fermentation were decomposed fermented materials. During the fermentation process, the piles were turned every 2-3 days.

(6) After passing the decomposed fermented material through a 20mm sieve, add 8% oyster shell grains according to the mass fraction and stir evenly to obtain a semi-finished substrate. At this time, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the semi-finished substrate in this embodiment is about 25:1, and the pH is about 6.8 .

(7) Place the semi-finished matrix obtained by stirring evenly on the packaging conveyor belt, and inoculate the semi-finished matrix with a bacillus strain with a viable count of more than 300 million/gram by spraying during the transmission process, wherein the bacillus strain includes Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus jelly-like, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus lateral spores, after spraying, a seedling substrate suitable for tomato can be obtained.

Example 4

A seedling-raising substrate suitable for tomato, the main components of the substrate include 3 parts of pretreated tail vegetables, 2 parts of sawdust, 2 parts of pretreated branches and leaves, 1 part of dehydrated cow dung and 2 parts of oyster shell powder in terms of mass fraction.

The preparation method that is applicable to the seedling-raising matrix of tomato in the present embodiment comprises the steps:

(1) Recycle tail vegetables from agricultural planting bases, vegetable markets, restaurants, etc., coarsely crush the recovered tail vegetables into pieces with a particle size of 3-5cm, and dehydrate the tail vegetables by means of screw extrusion When the moisture content is 40-65%, the pretreated tail vegetable can be obtained after removing the sand in the tail dish; similarly, the reclaimed branches and leaves are roughly broken into fragments of about 4cm, and the sand is removed therein to obtain Pretreatment of branches and leaves; spiral extrusion of recovered cow dung to obtain dehydrated cow dung; coarse crushing of oyster shells to make oyster shell powder with particles less than 0.25cm and oyster shell particles with particles of 1-1.5cm.

(2) Preliminarily stir the pretreated tail vegetables, wood chips, pretreated branches and leaves, dehydrated cow dung and oyster shell powder according to the mass ratio of 3:2:2:1:2 to obtain a mixture. Inoculate the mixed bacterial agent according to 0.2% of the mass of the mixture. The mixed bacterial agent is selected from EM bacterial agent or VT bacterial agent for composting, or it can be compatible with bacteria or fungi to form a mixed bacterial agent. The specific bacterial species are not used here. Do limit. Among them, EM bacterial agent refers to a microbial microbial agent composed of a variety of microorganisms mainly composed of photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeast and actinomycetes, and VT bacterial agent is a compound microbial agent developed by China Agricultural University. Bacteria mainly include photosynthetic bacteria, actinomycetes, lactic acid bacteria and yeast.

(3) Use a turning machine to turn the above mixture and bacterial agent evenly to obtain a fully mixed fermented material. By spraying or collecting compost leachate, obtain a fermented material with uniform water content and a moisture content of 55%.

(4) Place the obtained fermentation material in a temperature-controlled molecular membrane aerobic fermentation tank for a fermentation. After 1-2 days of fermentation, the temperature in the fermentation tank rises significantly. When the temperature is 65°C, it enters the high-temperature fermentation period After 7 days of the high-temperature fermentation period, the fermentation material completes a fermentation.

(5) Turn over the fermented material that has completed the primary fermentation and move it to another temperature-controlled molecular membrane aerobic fermentation tank for secondary fermentation. Similarly, the temperature is 65°C as the high-temperature fermentation period, and the high-temperature fermentation period lasts for 7 The fermented materials in Tianhou completed the secondary fermentation, and the fermented materials that completed the secondary fermentation were decomposed fermented materials. During the fermentation process, the piles were turned every 2-3 days.

(6) After passing the decomposed fermented material through a 20mm sieve, add 8% oyster shell grains according to the mass fraction and stir evenly to obtain a semi-finished substrate. At this time, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the semi-finished substrate in this embodiment is about 25:1, and the pH is about 7.0 .

(7) Place the semi-finished matrix obtained by stirring evenly on the packaging conveyor belt, and inoculate the semi-finished matrix with a bacillus strain with a viable count of more than 300 million/gram by spraying during the transmission process, wherein the bacillus strain includes Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus jelly-like, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus lateral spores, after spraying, a seedling substrate suitable for tomato can be obtained.

Comparative example 1

The difference from Example 1 is that no oyster shell powder is added as the fermentation material in step 2.

Comparative example 2

The difference from Example 1 is that no 8% oyster shell particles are added in the six kinds of step and mixed evenly.

Comparative example 3

The difference from Example 1 is that no oyster shell powder is added as a fermentation material in step 2, and no oyster shell particles with a mass fraction of 8% are added in step 6 and mixed evenly.

Comparative example 4

The difference from Example 1 is that the addition of 8% oyster shell grains in the sixth step is changed to adding 8% mixture of vermiculite and perlite.

Comparative example 5

The difference from Example 1 is that in step 7, the semi-finished substrate is not inoculated with 300 million live bacteria per gram of Bacillus species.

Comparative example 6

The difference from Example 1 is that the leachate is not recycled and sprayed into Steps 3 to 4.

Comparative example 7

The difference from Example 1 is that in step 4, no temperature-controlled molecular membrane aerobic fermentation tank is used for fermentation, and open-air static composting is used.

Comparative example 8

Traditional seedling-raising substrate: add 8% vermiculite and perlite to pure peat according to the mass ratio to make a seedling-raising substrate.

1. Test plan

The seedling substrate suitable for tomato prepared in Example 1 to Example 4, and the common seedling substrate prepared in Comparative Example 1 to Comparative Example 8 were tested according to the above test scheme, and the crop used in the test was the tomato variety of Aobao :

2. Test results

(1) Product index

Table 3 Product parameters of different seedling substrates

treatment group pH value total porosity Example 1 6.6 80 Example 2 7.2 70 Example 3 6.8 75 Example 4 7.0 70 Comparative example 1 6.5 75 Comparative example 2 6.5 68 Comparative example 3 6.3 65 Comparative example 4 6.3 78 Comparative example 5 6.6 78 Comparative example 6 7.5 75 Comparative example 7 7.5 72 Comparative example 8 7.2 78

(2) Seed germination rate

Table 4 seed germination rate and emergence rate

(3) Seedling growth

After the same batch of Orbo tomato seeds were grown in the seedling substrates prepared by the above-mentioned different test schemes for 10 days, the seedlings were tested, and the obtained data were as follows:

Table 5 seedling growth

treatment group Average fresh weight of seedlings (g) Average dry weight of seedlings (g) Example 1 2.9 0.5 Example 2 2.6 0.4 Example 3 2.7 0.4 Example 4 2.5 0.4 Comparative example 1 2.5 0.3 Comparative example 2 2.4 0.2 Comparative example 3 2.3 0.2 Comparative example 4 2.8 0.4 Comparative example 5 2.5 0.3 Comparative example 6 2.3 0.2 Comparative example 7 2.3 0.2 Comparative example 8 2.8 0.4

(4) Yield comparison

The seedling substrates of the above-mentioned different test schemes were used for Aobao tomato seedlings for 50 days, and then transplanted to Datian Town, Dongfang City, Hainan Province for planting. The planting density was 2500 plants/mu. The yield data obtained after the unified harvest were as follows:

Table 6 Plant yield and fruit quality index situation

Table 3 is the comparison of the product index pH value and the total porosity obtained by different embodiments and comparative examples. Table 4 provides the seed germination rate and emergence rate obtained by planting different experimental scheme seedling substrates. Table 5 provides the different The average fresh weight of seedlings and the average dry weight of seedlings obtained from the seedling raising substrate of the experimental scheme, Table 6 shows the fruit yield and quality analysis of the seedlings cultivated by different experimental schemes after planting.

It can be seen from Table 3 that the total porosity of the seedling-raising matrix after adding oyster shell powder and oyster shell particles in Examples 1-4 has been improved, which is equivalent to or even better than the traditional seedling-raising matrix of Comparative Example 8. For example, in Example 1, the pH value is 7.2, and the total porosity is 80, which is better than the traditional seedling-raising matrix formed by adding vermiculite and perlite in Comparative Example 8. Therefore, oyster shell powder and oyster granules, which are cheaper and easier to obtain as materials, can replace perlite and vermiculite, which are more expensive, to achieve air permeability and water retention, which is beneficial to the growth of seedling roots.

It can be seen from Table 4 and Table 5 that the tomato seedling-raising substrate obtained by the preparation method provided in Examples 1-4 can achieve similar or even better effects than traditional seedling-raising substrates in cultivating seedlings. Wherein the germination rate of the seeds cultivated in Example 1 reaches 98%, the emergence rate is 96%, the average fresh weight of the seedling body is 2.9g, and the average dry weight of the seedling body is 0.5g, which is obviously better than the traditional seedling raising substrate.

Table 6 shows the yield data and fruit quality indicators obtained after transplanting and planting the seedlings cultivated on the seedling substrates of different experimental schemes. It can be seen from Table 6 that the overall average fruit number, average fruit weight and average yield per mu of Examples 1-4 are better than those of Comparative Examples 1-7, and are equivalent to Comparative Example 8 or even partially better. For example, Example 1 significantly increased the average number of results per plant (12), the average single fruit weight (0.19kg), the average yield per mu (5700kg), vitamin C (0.2016mg/g) and other indicators of the target crop, compared to In Comparative Example 8, the yield of the traditional substrate was significantly increased by 15%. It can be seen that the seedlings that are adapted to the cultivation of tomato seedlings cultivated in Examples 1 to 4 have a more obvious effect of increasing production and income after transplanting and planting

In addition, from the comparison of the above experimental data, it can be seen that the content of vitamin C in the fruit obtained from treatment group 1 to treatment group 4 is better than that of comparative examples 1-8. It can be seen that the seedling substrate suitable for tomato cultivation obtained by embodiments 1 to 4 After the obtained tomato seedlings are planted, the vitamin C content of the tomato fruit is significantly increased.

At the same time, it should be noted that the raw materials suitable for tomato seedling substrates used in Examples 1 to 4 are tail vegetables, cow dung, broken branches and leaves, wood chips and oyster shells, which are produced in agricultural and animal husbandry production. Scrap, its cost is extremely low. Therefore, it can be considered that the economic benefit of the tomato seedling-raising substrate provided by Examples 1-4 is better than that of the traditional seedling-raising substrate, and the cost is lower. In addition, due to the long formation process of peat soil, it is a limited resource, and vermiculite and perlite are industrial products with high cost and are non-renewable resources. Methods All raw materials are waste and renewable resources, which have the characteristics of sustainability; in the actual agricultural production process, it can produce significant economic benefits.

To sum up, the tomato seedling-raising substrate provided in Examples 1-4 can basically achieve the same planting effect as the traditional seedling-raising substrate, and even better than the traditional seedling-raising substrate. Among them, tail vegetables are used as the main source of organic matter in the seedling substrate, low-cost and easy-to-obtain oyster shell powder is used as a supplementary source of mineral elements, and oyster shell particles replace vermiculite and perlite to ensure the total porosity of the seedling substrate and realize the role of breathable bonded premium , thereby improving the physical and chemical properties of the substrate as a whole, optimizing and improving the seedling raising effect of the substrate and the quality of the fruit planted by the seedling body. Simultaneously, the preparation method of the seedling-raising substrate suitable for tomato and the obtained seedling-raising substrate suitable for tomato have the characteristics of low price, short production time, high nutrient and suitable pH, and while promoting the increase of tomato plant production and income, it also improves the quality of the fruit.

Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention rather than limit the protection scope of the present invention. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that The technical solution of the present invention can be modified or equivalently replaced without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solution of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. The preparation method of the seedling substrate suitable for tomatoes is characterized by comprising the following steps of:

s1: crushing, squeezing, dehydrating and removing sand and impurities to obtain pretreated tail vegetables with particle size of 3-5 cm; pulverizing branches and leaves, removing sand and impurities, and making into pretreated branches and leaves with particle size of 3-5 cm; performing screw extrusion on the cow dung to obtain dehydrated cow dung; crushing the oyster shells to obtain oyster shell powder with the particle size of less than 0.25cm and oyster shell particles with the particle size of 1-1.5 cm;

s2: according to parts by weight, 2-3 parts of pretreated tail vegetables, 2-3 parts of wood chips, 2-3 parts of pretreated tree branches and leaves, 1-2 parts of dehydrated cow dung and 1-2 parts of oyster shell powder are primarily and uniformly stirred to obtain a mixture, and a microbial inoculum is inoculated according to 0.1% -0.2% of the weight of the mixture;

s3: putting the mixture obtained in the step 2 into strips, uniformly turning the strips by a turning machine, fully mixing the mixture and the microbial inoculum to obtain a fermentation material, adjusting the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the fermentation material to 20-30:1, adjusting the pH value to 6.5-7.5, and controlling the water content to 40% -65%;

s4: placing the fermentation material obtained in the step 3 after being turned over into a temperature-controlled molecular film aerobic fermentation tank for primary fermentation, wherein the primary fermentation is carried out for 1-2 days and then enters a high-temperature period, the temperature of the high-temperature period is 60-75 ℃, and the high-temperature period is kept for 5-7 days to complete the fermentation;

s5: turning the fermentation material subjected to primary fermentation in the step 4 into the temperature-controlled molecular film aerobic fermentation tank to continue secondary fermentation, wherein the secondary fermentation is completed after a high temperature period is kept for 5-7 days;

s6: discharging after the secondary fermentation is finished, obtaining decomposed fermentation materials, sieving the decomposed fermentation materials by a 20mm sieve, and adding oyster shell particles into the decomposed fermentation materials according to the mass fraction of 2% -10% to obtain a semi-finished substrate after uniform stirring;

s7: inoculating bacillus strains with the number of viable bacteria being more than 3 hundred million/g into the semi-finished product matrix obtained by uniformly stirring, and obtaining the seedling culture matrix suitable for tomatoes.

2. The method for preparing the seedling substrate suitable for tomatoes according to claim 1, wherein in the step 2, 3 parts of pretreated tail vegetables, 3 parts of wood chips, 2 parts of pretreated tree branches and leaves, 1 part of dehydrated cow dung and 1 part of oyster shell powder are uniformly stirred according to parts by weight, and the microbial inoculum comprises at least one of an EM microbial inoculum or a VT microbial inoculum.

3. The method for preparing a seedling substrate suitable for tomatoes according to claim 1, wherein in the step 3, the water content of the fermentation material is 50% -60%, the carbon-nitrogen ratio is 30:1, and the pH value is 6.6.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step 4 and the step 5, the primary fermentation and the secondary fermentation are performed by adopting an air-flow membrane composting method, and the temperature-controlled molecular membrane aerobic fermentation tank controls the fermentation temperature to be 25-75 ℃ and supplies oxygen to the fermentation material.

5. The method for preparing a seedling substrate suitable for tomatoes according to claim 1, wherein the fermentation materials form a stack body in the temperature-controlled molecular film aerobic fermentation tank, the section of the stack body is quadrilateral or triangular, the height of the stack body is controlled to be 1-1.2m, the width of the stack body is controlled to be 3-5m, and the maximum thickness of the stack body is 500m ³ 。

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the primary fermentation in step 4 and the secondary fermentation in step 5, the high temperature period is 65 ℃ or higher and the high temperature period is 6 days or longer.

7. A method of preparing a seedling raising substrate for tomatoes as claimed in claim 1, wherein in said primary fermentation of step 4 and said secondary fermentation of step 5, turning is performed every 2-3 days.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step 7, the bacillus species includes at least one of bacillus subtilis, bacillus megaterium, bacillus mucilaginosus, bacillus licheniformis, bacillus thuringiensis, or bacillus laterosporus.

9. A method of preparing a seedling substrate for tomatoes as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the percolate produced during the composting of step 4 and step 5 is recovered for the secondary recovery of the moisture content of the fermented mass.

10. A seedling substrate suitable for tomatoes is characterized in that the substrate is suitable forThe tomato seedling substrate is prepared by the preparation method of the seedling substrate suitable for tomatoes according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein the moisture content of the seedling substrate suitable for tomatoes is lower than 35%, the conductivity is 0.1-0.2mS/cm, and the volume weight is 0.25-0.35g/cm ³ The total porosity is above 60%, and the pH value is 6.5-7.5.