CN103636926A - 减少伴侣动物粪便气味的方法 - Google Patents
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- CN103636926A CN103636926A CN201310597910.8A CN201310597910A CN103636926A CN 103636926 A CN103636926 A CN 103636926A CN 201310597910 A CN201310597910 A CN 201310597910A CN 103636926 A CN103636926 A CN 103636926A
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Abstract
提供了一种减少伴侣动物如猫和狗的粪便气味的方法,该方法包括使得动物摄取包括减少粪便气味有效量的锌离子源的组合物。
Description
本申请是申请号为200480034873.9(国际申请号为PCT/US2004/039795)、申请日为2004年11月24日、发明名称为“减少伴侣动物粪便气味的方法”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
本申请要求2003年11月26日提交的美国临时专利申请No.60/525306的优先权,在此将其全文引入作为参考。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种减少伴侣动物上的粪便气味的方法。
发明背景
伴侣动物上的粪便气味是与宠物一起生活导致的令人不愉快的现实情况。对于在室内生活的动物,尤其是利用砂粒盒(litter box)或限制在狗窝或其它小空间中的猫和狗,对于它们的主人而言这一问题尤其令人不愉快。已经研发了含有除臭剂的猫砂,然而这并非解决该问题的理想方法。动物中的粪便气味部分上是由消化不良和由不恰当的细菌活性产生的微生物发酵,炎症和弱消化作用或能动性导致的结果。
Giffard等(2001)Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association218(6),892-896描述了醋酸锌对狗中肠胃气胀的效果。据报道醋酸锌降低了总的气体产生,肠胃气胀发作数量和气体气味。
国际专利出版物WO01/17364公开了用于宠物食品的功能添加剂,其包括丝兰提取物、木炭和锌盐如醋酸锌的组合,并且据说其减少了宠物内的肠胃气张气味。
Suarez等(1998)Gut43,100-104描述了使用醋酸锌来减少人肠胃气胀产生的硫气体含量。
美国专利No.5405836公开了清新口气的宠物饼干,其包括局部施用到该饼干的锌盐。据报道该锌结合在嘴中的挥发性硫化合物,形成非挥发性实体。
发明概要
本发明涉及减少动物上的粪便气味的方法。预期该方法适用于人类和非人类动物,更具体而言,适用于伴侣动物例如猫和狗。
本发明部分地涉及减少伴侣动物上的粪便气味的方法,该方法包括使得动物摄取包括减少粪便气味有效量的锌离子源的组合物。该组合物可以是,例如食品、添加剂、零食(treat)、快餐或玩具。
该组合物任选地进一步包括除了锌离子源以外的一种或多种气味减少剂,例如以下公开的那些。根据本发明的一些实施方案,喂给伴侣动物的组合物中锌离子源和一种或多种额外的气味减少剂的结合可对减少粪便气味产生优异效果。
在阅读本说明书后,本发明的优点和利益对于本领域技术人员而言将是明显的。
详细描述
本文所用术语“粪便”一般指排泄物。
术语“锌离子源”指在被动物摄取之后提供锌离子或释放锌离子的任何锌化合物。选择该锌离子源的形式,使其应当可被接受用于包括到动物食品或用于以本文预期的量给动物口服,例如其不应是有毒的或以其它方式对动物健康有害。锌离子源包括但不限于锌盐、锌氧化物和锌-聚合物配合物。
本文适用的锌盐包括但不限于醋酸锌、柠檬酸锌、葡萄糖酸锌、抗坏血酸锌、甘氨酸锌、硫酸锌、和柠檬酸锌钠。本文于此特别指出醋酸锌,对于本领域技术人员而言明显的是,任何肠胃可接受的锌离子源,包括醋酸锌以外的锌盐,可在需要的时候进行替代。
根据本发明已发现当锌离子源被包括到动物饮食中时,其可令人惊喜地有效地减少动物上的粪便气味。不必束缚于具体理论,据信锌离子减少了存在于粪便中的产生气味的化合物的水平,该化合物包括杂环、硫醇、硫化物、吲哚、醛和酚,且由此减少了粪便气味。
根据本发明进一步预期当额外的气味减少剂与锌离子源合用时,其可适用于减少伴侣动物如猫和狗上的粪便气味。在各种实施方案中,该额外的气味减少剂选自纤维、矿物质、药草和香料、药草和香料提取物、益生菌剂、酶和蛋白质。
示例性地,可与锌离子源合用的药草和香料是迷迭香、大蒜、葛缕子、鸽麦(dove wheat)、繁缕、香蕉、马郁兰、春黄菊、肉豆蔻、多香果、孜然、龙蒿、百里香、甘草、罗勒、芹菜籽、柠檬薄荷、薰衣草、小茴香、大茴香、荨麻、紫松果菊和丝兰,例如Mohave丝兰(Yucca schidigera)。可与锌离子源合用的药草和香料的提取物示例性地包括精油,例如选自柠檬、薄荷、百里香、香草、柑橘、肉桂、桉树、薰衣草、丁香和牛至。可根据本发明使用的额外植物提取物列于美国专利No.5401502中,本文将其全文引入作为参考。
不必束缚于具体理论,据信气味结合化合物,掩盖气味的化合物,通过微生物调变、消炎方式、或酶调变减少气味的化合物,和通过氮代谢调变或氨的结合减少气味的化合物在与锌离子源合用的时候,在一些情况下可对减少粪便气味产生附加的、补充的、或协同作用。
预期本发明的方法可适用于多种动物,包括人类和非人类动物如灵长类(如猴、黑猩猩、等)、伴侣动物(如狗、猫、马、等)、农场动物(如山羊、绵羊、猪、牛、等)、实验室动物(如小鼠、大鼠、等)、禽类(例如家禽,如金丝雀、鹦鹉、等,和商业禽类如鸡、鸭、火鸡、等)、啮齿动物(如仓鼠、豚鼠、沙鼠、兔、刺猬、白鼬、栗鼠、等)和野生的、外来的和动物园动物(例如狼、熊、鹿、等)。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,该动物是猫。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,该动物是狗。
本发明预期了各种含锌离子源的组合物,单独使用或与包括上述那些的其它气味减少剂合用。预期的组合物包括如食品、添加剂、零食、快餐、玩具(通常可咀嚼的且可消耗的玩具)、饮料和高水分凝胶。备选地,包括锌离子源的组合物可以以口服单位剂量形式如丸剂、片剂、凝胶或胶囊施用。
总体而言,本发明有用的食品组合物包括,基于干物质,0-约50wt.%的碳水化合物;约5wt.%-约70wt.%的蛋白质;约2wt.%-约50wt.%脂肪;和0-约15wt.%营养均衡剂。
该组合物中应存在有效量的锌离子源,以在该组合物根据本发明方法使用时减少粪便气味。例如,本发明组合物中该锌离子源例如醋酸锌或其它锌盐的量可以是提供约75-约3000ppm锌离子的量。本领域技术人员通过基于本文公开内容的常规试验,容易确立其效能相当于上述范围内的醋酸锌量的具体锌离子源当量。
本文中“醋酸锌当量”是其减少粪便气味的效果相当于规定量的醋酸锌形式的锌离子的特定锌离子源的数量。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,该组合物是包括锌离子源和纤维的动物食品。纤维是重要的食品组分,其通过各种机制如持水能力、物理膨胀、肠细菌燃料、粘度变化等来帮助调节肠能动性。纤维的实例包括但不限于:纤维素、半纤维素、柑橘浆、大麦、糠、香蕉、燕麦纤维、甘露聚糖-寡糖、果胶、低聚木糖、牛蒡、甜菜浆、菊糖、阿拉伯半乳聚糖、来自树胶的寡糖、半乳糖、其它木聚糖、果聚糖右旋糖酐、抗性淀粉、等。该纤维素通常的存在量为组合物重量的约0.1%-约20%,例如约1%-约11%。
在各种实施方案中,纤维组合物可以是100%不可发酵纤维,100%可适度发酵纤维或100%可高度发酵纤维。
在其它实施方案中,纤维组合物包括的不可发酵纤维形式可以是总纤维组合物重量的至少约0.1%,例如至少约10%,至少约20%,或至少约60%。在一些实施方案中,纤维包括的可发酵纤维形式可以是总纤维组合物的约10%-约80%,例如约40%-约60%,余量为不可发酵纤维。
在一些实施方案中,纤维组合物包括的可适度发酵纤维占总纤维组合物重量的约5%-约50%,例如约10%-约15%。
在一些实施方案中,纤维组合物包括的可高度发酵纤维形式占总纤维组合物重量的0%-约20%,例如约10%-约15%。
不可发酵纤维包括但不限于纤维素、燕麦纤维、半纤维素和花生壳。
可适度发酵纤维包括但不限于甜菜浆、柑橘浆、抗性淀粉、一些树胶、半乳寡糖、甘露聚糖-寡糖、牛蒡、米糠、大豆纤维、燕麦葡聚糖、等。
可高度发酵纤维包括但不限于树胶、果胶和一些寡糖如低聚木糖。树胶可包括由微生物产生的胶,包括但不限于吉兰糖胶和黄原胶,以及由植物产生的胶例如阿拉伯胶(阿拉伯树胶)。
纤维组合物应当具有约0%-约80%的有机物消失率或可发酵性,尽管各纤维组分或单独使用的纤维可具有0-100%的可发酵性。“有机物消失率”是当纤维组合物与来自动物或人类的排泄物质体外培养12-24小时、在或接近生理体温下,有机物通过发酵而损失的百分数,并且通过以下计算:
{1-[(有机物残余物-有机物空白)/初始有机物]}×100
通常,锌离子源和其它任选的组合物的气味减少剂存在的浓度不会产生使得动物觉察到该组合物不适于消耗,或其它原因而不接受、拒绝或被禁止摄取该组合物的香味或风味。然而,即使当该浓度被超过时,也经常可使用香味或风味增强剂来获得理想的香味和风味,例如掩盖锌离子源的香味或风味。
锌离子源和其它任选的组合物气味减少剂存在的浓度应当对动物健康无害。因此,例如,醋酸锌的存在浓度应当不会引起对消化的不合需要的影响,尤其是持续数天或更长时间的长期影响。对消化的不合需要的影响可包括例如便秘或腹泻。
在一个实施方案中,该组合物是食品添加剂,其包括锌离子源,单独使用或与一种或多种额外的气味减少剂合用。添加剂包括例如与另一种饲料或宠物食品一起使用的饲料或宠物食品,以改进营养均衡或总体效能。预期的添加剂包括作为其它饲料或宠物食品的添加剂未经稀释地喂给的组合物,与单独可得的动物配给量的其它部分一起作为自由选择的组合物,或稀释并与动物常规饲料或宠物食品一起混合以产生完整的饲料或宠物食品的组合物。例如,AAFCO提供了关于添加剂的讨论(American Feed Control Officials,Inc.Official Publication,220页(2003))。添加剂可以是多种形式,包括例如粉末、液体、糖浆、丸剂、封装组合物等。
在另一实施方案中,该组合物是零食,其包括锌离子源,单独使用或与一种或多种额外的气味减少剂合用。零食包括,例如提供给动物以引诱动物在非进餐时间食用的组合物。预期的犬科动物零食包括例如狗骨头形状的狗饼干。零食可以是有营养的,其中该组合物包括一种或多种营养成分,并且可以例如具有上述食品组合物。非营养性零食包括任何其它的无毒零食。例如,锌离子源可被涂覆到零食上,引入零食中,或二者皆是。
在另一实施方案中,该组合物是玩具,其包括锌离子源,单独使用或与一种或多种额外的气味减少剂合用。玩具包括,例如可咀嚼玩具。预期的狗玩具包括例如人造骨头。锌源可存在于该玩具表面上或在该玩具组分的表面上的涂层中,或可部分地或全部地引入到整个玩具中,或二者皆是。在预期的实施方案中,该锌源是可被目标使用者口服。
适用于根据本发明改进的示例性玩具公开于以下单独引用的专利中并且本文将其引入作为参考。
美国专利No.5339771和其公开的参考。
美国专利No.5419283和其公开的参考。
应当认识到本发明预期了可部分消耗的玩具(例如包括塑料组分的玩具)和可完全消耗的玩具(例如生皮和各种人造骨头)。应当进一步认识到,本发明预期了用于人类和非人类的玩具,尤其是用于伴侣、农场、和动物园动物,并且尤其是用于狗或猫。
术语“零食”和“玩具”可由于本说明书的目的而视为可互换使用的。然而,通常零食是完全可食用的,而根据本发明的玩具具有可食用涂层。
在另一实施方案中,本发明是水性宠物饮料。该锌离子源通常以溶解形式存在于该饮料中。该饮料主要包括水,且任选地进一步包括风味增强剂如肝脏消化物。
在制备本发明的组合物中,调节组合物组分使得该锌离子源,单独地或结合一种或多种额外的气味减少剂,在该组合物中以所需浓度存在,通常以提供约75ppm-约3000ppm的锌离子的量存在。该锌离子源可例如在配制工艺期间引入到组合物中,例如在该组合物其它组分的混合期间或之后。可通过任何包括标准混合工序的常规方法将这些组分分布到该组合物中。
本发明的组合物(尤其是食品)可通过使用常规宠物食品加工工艺制备成罐装或湿润形式。营养充分的食品组合物的典型要求是:
碳水化合物,0-约90重量%,示例性地为约5重量%-约45重量%;
蛋白质,约5重量%-约70重量%的,示例性地为约10重量%-约60重量%;
脂肪,约2重量%-约50重量%,示例性地为约5重量%-约40重量%;
总饮食纤维,约0.1重量%-约20重量%,示例性地为约1重量%-约11重量%;和
营养均衡剂如维生素和矿物质,0-约15重量%,示例性地为约2重量%-约8重量%。
向这些成分加入根据本发明的一种或多种粪便气味减少剂例如醋酸锌。
维生素和矿物质的包含量需要避免缺乏并维持健康。例如,The NationalResearch Council在Nutrient Requirements of Swine,第10次修订版(1998);Nutrient Requirements of Poultry,第9次修订版(1994);Nutrient Requirementsof Horses,第5次修订版(1989、)等中给出了农场动物的推荐值,其公开在National Academy Press,Washington,DC。AAFCO在the American FeedControl Officials,Inc.Official Publication(2003),126-240页中提供了狗和猫的推荐值。
在一个预期实施方案中,陆地动物(如哺乳动物、家禽、和/或鱼)蛋白质性质组织与其它成分混合,包括例如动物脂肪和植物油、谷粒、其它营养均衡成分、特殊目的的添加剂(例如维生素和矿物质混合物、无机盐、纤维素和甜菜浆、膨胀剂等);且也加入足够用于加工的水。这些成分通常在适于在掺合这些组分时加热的器皿中混合。混合物的加热可以以任何合适的方式进行,例如通过蒸汽喷射或通过使用配备了换热器的器皿。加入最后的成分之后,将混合物加热到约10℃-约100℃的温度。该范围之外的温度是可以接受的,但是在不使用其它加工辅助的情况下可能在商业上不合实际。当加热到合适温度时,该物质通常为浓液体形式。该浓液体被填入合适容器如罐、广口瓶、袋、等。施用盖子并且该容器得以密封。该密封容器随后放置到设计用于给该内含物灭菌的常规设备中。这通常通过加热到至少约110℃并维持适当时间而实现,该时间取决于例如所用温度和组合物。产品也可通过无菌工艺而制备,其中该内含物在包装到无菌容器之前被加热到商业无菌状态。
本发明组合物(尤其是食品)可以通过常规工艺以干形式而制备。在一个预期实施方案中,干成分,包括例如动物蛋白源,植物蛋白源、谷物、等,被研磨并混合到一起。潮湿或液体成分,包括脂肪、油、动物蛋白源、水等,随后被加入该干混物并与其混合。该混合物随后被加工成粗粒或类似的干片。粗粒通常通过使用挤出工艺而形成,其中干和湿成分的混合物被置于高温高压下的机械工作下,并且被强制通过小孔并且被旋转刀切割成粗粒。该湿粗粒随后干燥并任选地用一种或多种局部涂层涂覆,该涂层可包括例如风味剂、脂肪、油、粉末、等。粗粒也可使用焙烤工艺由生面团制得,而非通过挤压,其中该生面团在干热加工之前被置于模中。粗粒也可通过经受制粒过程的食品基质(food matrix)而制得。重要的是,该锌离子源,单独地或与额外的气味减少剂结合,可被引入到食品组合物中,例如通过在挤出之前将锌离子源加入该混合物或通过用作为局部涂层成分的锌离子源涂覆该挤出的粗粒或小球。
本发明的零食可以通过例如相似于以上针对干食品所述的那些挤出或焙烤工艺而制备。其它工艺也可用于施加包括锌离子源的涂层到已有的零食形式的外部,或注射该锌离子源到已有的零食形式之中,该锌离子源是单独的或结合一种或多种额外的气味减少剂。
本发明的动物玩具通常可通过将已有的玩具涂上包括锌离子源的组合物而制得,该锌离子源是单独的或结合一种或多种额外的气味减少剂。
实施例
以下实施例仅仅是示例性的,且并未在任何方面限制本公开内容。
实施例1
进行试验来表征醋酸锌对狗上的粪便气味化合物的作用。将各种量的醋酸锌形式的锌加入对照食品中作为粗粒上的涂层,该食品是包括含有150ppm醋酸锌形式的锌的基础水平的粗粒的干食品。这可如此执行:在所有其它局部成分已通过在线包衣(in-line enrobing)加入之后,在两步涂覆工艺中在旋转滚筒中通过手动涂覆(喷撒)细密醋酸锌粉末到粗粒上。10只狗喂入没有加入锌的对照食品,10只狗喂入加入了400ppm锌的对照食品,10只狗喂入加入了600ppm锌的对照食品,和10只狗喂入加入了900ppm锌的对照食品。这些狗被喂入这些饮食之一,持续3周。在三周的末期,收集粪便样品并且如此分析:通过将标准量粪便放入玻璃容器并且在顶部空间培养固相微提取纤维。结合到该纤维的挥发物被洗提到气相色谱仪进行分析。使用火焰电离室鉴别化合物。
结果示于下表1中。数目显示出通过在色谱中峰下面积测量的相对差异。给食品加入锌产生酚、硫醇和硫化物以及吲哚水平的下降。在一些情况下,少量的锌可以降低粪便气味化合物水平,例如吲哚。在另外的情况下,锌水平的增加使产生特定气味化合物如酚和硫醇的水平下降。
表1:加入的醋酸锌对粪便气味化合物的影响
实施例2
进行试验来表征醋酸锌对猫上的粪便气味化合物的作用。如实施例1将各种量的醋酸锌形式的锌加入对照食品中,该食品是包括含有160ppm醋酸锌形式的锌的基础水平的粗粒的干食品。8只猫喂入没有加入锌的对照食品,8只猫喂入加入了860ppm醋酸锌的对照食品,7只猫喂入加入了1200ppm醋酸锌的对照食品,和7只猫喂入加入了1800ppm醋酸锌的对照食品。这些猫被喂入这些饮食之一,持续1个月。在该月末,收集粪便样品并且按实施例1描述的方法进行分析。
结果示于下表2中。数目显示出通过测量色谱内的峰下面积的相对差异。给食品加入锌使得杂环、吲哚、醛和酚的粪便水平下降。在一些情况下,最少量的锌可以降低粪便气味化合物水平,尤其是吲哚和杂环。在其它情况下,锌的更高水平产生更大下降,如酚的情况。
表2:加入的醋酸锌对粪便气味化合物的影响
本文引用的所有专利和出版物都通过将其全文引入到本申请中作为参考。
用词“包括”是包括性而非排他性地阐述。
Claims (26)
1.一种减少伴侣动物的粪便气味的方法,该方法包括使得动物摄取包括减少粪便气味有效量的锌离子源的组合物。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中该锌离子源在组合物中的存在量为提供至少约75ppm锌离子并且不足以对该动物的消化产生不利影响。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中该锌离子源在组合物中的存在量为提供约75ppm-约3000ppm锌离子。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中该锌离子源是锌盐。
5.权利要求4的方法,其中该锌盐选自醋酸锌、柠檬酸锌、葡萄糖酸锌、抗坏血酸锌、甘氨酸锌、硫酸锌、和柠檬酸锌钠。
6.权利要求4的方法,其中该锌盐是醋酸锌。
7.权利要求6的方法,其中该醋酸锌在组合物中的存在量为提供至少约200ppm锌离子。
8.权利要求6的方法,其中该醋酸锌在组合物中的存在量为提供至少约500ppm锌离子。
9.权利要求1的方法,其中该动物是猫。
10.权利要求1的方法,其中该动物是狗。
11.权利要求1的方法,其中该组合物是食品形式。
12.权利要求1的方法,其中该组合物是零食形式。
13.权利要求1的方法,其中该组合物是添加剂形式。
14.权利要求1的方法,其中该组合物是玩具涂层形式。
15.权利要求1的方法,其中该组合物是饮料形式。
16.权利要求1的方法,其中该组合物是高水分凝胶形式。
17.权利要求1的方法,其中该组合物是丸剂、片剂、凝胶或胶囊形式。
18.权利要求1的方法,其中该组合物进一步包括除了锌离子源以外的至少一种气味减少剂。
19.权利要求18的方法,其中该除了锌离子源以外的至少一种气味减少剂选自纤维、矿物质、药草和香料、药草和香料提取物、益生菌剂、酶和蛋白质。
20.权利要求18的方法,其中该除了锌离子源以外的至少一种气味减少剂是药草或香料,其选自迷迭香、大蒜、姜、葛缕子、鸽麦、繁缕、香蕉、马郁兰、春黄菊、肉豆蔻、多香果、孜然、龙蒿、百里香、甘草、罗勒、芹菜籽、柠檬薄荷、薰衣草、小茴香、大茴香、荨麻、紫松果菊和丝兰。
21.权利要求18的方法,其中该除了锌离子源以外的至少一种气味减少剂是精油,其选自柠檬、薄荷、百里香、香草、柑橘、肉桂、桉树、薰衣草、丁香和牛至的油。
22.权利要求18的方法,其中该除了锌离子源以外的至少一种气味减少剂是至少一种纤维。
23.权利要求22的方法,其中该纤维选自纤维素、半纤维素、柑橘浆、大麦、糠、香蕉、燕麦纤维、燕麦葡聚糖、甘露聚糖-寡糖、胶质、低聚木糖、牛蒡、甜菜浆、菊糖、阿拉伯半乳聚糖、和寡糖。
24.权利要求22的方法,其中该纤维在组合物中的存在量为约0.1wt.%-约20wt.%。
25.权利要求22的方法,其中该纤维在组合物中的存在量为约1wt.%-约11wt.%。
26.权利要求22的方法,其中在该组合物中存在的总纤维中,至少约20wt.%为不可发酵的。
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105029025A (zh) * | 2015-07-23 | 2015-11-11 | 徐杏杏 | 3月龄以上幼年贵妇犬专用狗粮 |
| CN106036351A (zh) * | 2016-06-03 | 2016-10-26 | 杨山礼 | 一种有机酸杀菌除臭剂及其制备方法 |
| CN114514030A (zh) * | 2019-10-04 | 2022-05-17 | 马斯公司 | 微生物组干预 |
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