CN102301906A - Method for planting cotton in coastal heavy saline-alkali land - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for planting cotton in coastal heavy saline-alkali land, the steps comprising: A, land consolidation, building strip fields or terrace fields; B, salt water irrigation and freezing in winter; C, plastic film covering; D, sowing; E , Growth period management; F, Cotton bolls are harvested in time after they are fully cracked and opened. The present invention reduces the salt content of the cotton root layer soil and ensures the normal growth of cotton through a series of measures such as land consolidation, salt water freezing irrigation in winter, spring salt water thawing, and plastic film covering to suppress salt and preserve moisture. Simple, low cost, suitable for application in coastal saline areas, and has significant economic, social and ecological benefits.

Description

The Method of Planting Cotton in Coastal Heavy Saline-alkaline Land

technical field

The invention relates to the technical field of water resource utilization and soil improvement, in particular to a method for planting cotton in coastal heavy saline-alkali land.

Background technique

Soil saline-alkali drought is the main factor restricting the development of agriculture. The traditional improvement of saline-alkali land is mainly realized through irrigation and drainage measures such as spraying salt with fresh water, extracting groundwater, and lowering the groundwater table. The application of this measure is limited due to the scarcity of fresh water resources. Especially along the coast of the Bohai Sea, more than 20 million mu of coastal saline-alkali land is difficult to use due to lack of fresh water, and it is difficult for crops to grow. However, although freshwater resources are scarce in coastal areas, saltwater resources are abundant.

Referring to the applicant's previous patent "Method for Improving Saline-alkali Land by Natural Freezing of Brackish Water" (Patent No.: 200510012450.3), according to the resource characteristics of coastal areas, a method for improving saline-alkali land by irrigating salt water in winter , that is, using the principle of salt water freezing and thawing to separate salt and fresh water, using natural cold sources in winter, using salt water for irrigation, and forming an ice layer on the soil surface after irrigation. As the temperature rises, the high-concentration salt water first melts and infiltrates, and then the melted brackish water infiltrates until the fresh water infiltrates, which has a leaching effect on the salinity of the surface soil and achieves the purpose of desalination of the soil surface. However, the above research does not give specific operation methods for planting specific crops. Due to the different habits of different plants, it is still necessary to explore specific planting schemes suitable for different crops through a large number of experiments on the basis of the above technologies.

Cotton is an important economic crop in my country. It has the characteristics of saline-alkali tolerance and is widely planted in mild and moderate saline-alkali areas. Due to the high salinity of the soil in coastal heavy saline-alkaline areas, the shallow groundwater level and high mineralization, it is difficult for general crops to survive except for some halophytes. Cotton seeds have poor salt tolerance in germination and seedling stages, and it is difficult to germinate and emerge in coastal heavy saline areas, resulting in no cotton production in this area. This patent has invented the method for planting cotton in coastal heavy saline-alkali land on the basis of a large number of tests.

Contents of the invention

The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a method for planting cotton in heavy saline-alkali coastal areas, through a series of measures such as land consolidation, winter salt water freezing irrigation, spring salt water ice melting shower, film covering to suppress salt and protect moisture, reduce The salt content of cotton root layer soil ensures the normal growth of cotton.

In order to solve the above technical problems, the technical solutions adopted by the present invention are as follows.

The method for planting cotton in coastal heavy saline-alkali land, its steps comprise:

A. Land consolidation: Carry out before winter, build strip fields or terrace fields on the coastal saline-alkali land, make the distance between the strip fields or terrace fields and groundwater not less than 1m, and build 30cm-high storage tanks around the strip fields or terrace fields. Water ridges, plow the soil, and apply 100kg/mu of superphosphate with an effective content of 12%;

B. Freezing of saline water irrigation in winter: When the average daily temperature in winter is stable below -5°C, ground saline water is extracted for irrigation. The salt content of the irrigation water is below 15g/L, and the irrigation volume is 180mm;

C. Plastic film covering: In early spring, after the salty water ice completely melts into the infiltrated soil, cover it with plastic film in time to reduce evaporation and inhibit spring salt return;

D. Sowing: In spring, start sowing when the 5cm soil temperature is stable above 13°C. Use on-demand sowing on film or mechanized film covering sowing. The sowing method is wide and narrow rows or equal row spacing. When equal row spacing is planted, the row spacing is 60cm. The time width is 70cm, the narrowness is 50cm, and the distance between plants is 28-30cm; when sowing, 40kg/mu of nitrogen and phosphorus controlled-release compound fertilizer is applied at one time. The effective content of nitrogen in the nitrogen and phosphorus controlled-release compound fertilizer is 22%, and the effective content of phosphorus content of 8%; and spray herbicides;

E. Growth period management: after the emergence of cotton seedlings, timely set seedlings and replenish seedlings, the number of plants per mu is 3700-4000; cotton tops and cluster tips are removed once in early August; weeds are manually removed in time during the growth period, pesticides are sprayed, and pests and diseases are prevented to ensure normal cotton. grow;

F. Harvesting: Harvest in time after the cotton bolls are fully cracked and opened.

As a kind of optimal technical scheme of the present invention, in step A, in the coastal saline-alkali land where the groundwater level is less than 1.5m and greater than 1m in spring, build a strip field, the strip field is 20 meters wide, 500m in length, 1.5m deep in the ditch, 1m wide at the bottom, and Mouth width 3m.

As a preferred technical solution of the present invention, in step A, in the coastal saline-alkali land where the groundwater level is less than 1m in spring, terrace fields are built, the terrace fields are 10-15m wide, and the terrace fields are 1.5m away from the groundwater.

As a kind of optimal technical scheme of the present invention, the reed handle of diameter 10cm is buried every 10m on the strip and terrace field, and the depth of burial is 40cm. The length of the drainage reed is 1m longer than the width of the strip field or terrace field. ditch.

As a preferred technical solution of the present invention, in step B, first use small water to irrigate and freeze, and after a stable ice layer is formed on the ground surface, 180 mm of water is poured at a time, and a stable salt water ice layer is formed after irrigation.

As a preferred technical solution of the present invention, in step D, from late April to early May, the temperature of the 5cm soil reaches above 13°C stably, at which point sowing starts.

As a preferred technical solution of the present invention, the cotton variety is Lumian-28.

The beneficial effects produced by adopting the above-mentioned technical scheme are:

Cotton seeds have poor salt tolerance during germination and seedling stage, and it is difficult to germinate and emerge in coastal heavy saline areas, resulting in no cotton production in this area. Therefore, creating a suitable low-salt environment for cotton germination and emergence in this area is for The growth of cotton creates good ecological conditions, which is the key to the development of cotton production in this area; the spring mulching measures of the present invention suppress water evaporation, reduce the upward migration of soil salinity, have the effect of suppressing salt and preserving moisture, and improve saline-alkali land. Guarantee the survival and normal growth of cotton seedlings, and realize the high yield of cotton in the year of improvement in coastal heavy saline-alkaline areas;

The present invention reduces the salt content of the soil plow layer to below 0.4% during the cotton sowing period (late April to early May) through a series of measures such as soil preparation, winter saline water freezing irrigation, spring mulching, cotton planting management, etc., and the moisture content remains high. It is more than 26%, so as to ensure the sowing and emergence of cotton. At the same time, the underground water level is lowered by extracting underground saline water for irrigation in winter. After the infiltration of ice-melting water in spring, combined with plastic film covering, soil evaporation is inhibited and soil salinity is reduced. Migrating upwards, the coming of the rainy season can further reduce the soil salinity, so that the root zone of cotton is in a low-salt environment throughout the growth period, ensuring the normal growth of cotton; It can promote the rapid development of the cotton industry in the saline-alkali area around the Bohai Sea, and has a huge role in promoting the strategy of moving cotton eastward in Hebei Province;

The production tests carried out in 2008-2010 showed that during the sowing period of cotton at the end of April and the beginning of May, the salt content of the 20cm soil in the plow layer was controlled at 0.25-0.32%, the soil moisture content was kept above 26%, and the emergence rate of cotton after sowing reached The salt content of 0-40cm soil in the whole growth period (5-10 months) is controlled below 0.4%, which ensures the normal growth of cotton, and the yield of seed cotton per mu reaches 200-240kg; More than 1%, cotton cannot emerge.

Detailed ways

The following examples illustrate the invention in detail. Various raw materials and various equipments used in the present invention are conventional commercially available products, and can be directly obtained through market purchase.

Example 1

Below is the application example of the applicant planting cotton in heavy saline-alkali land near the sea. The base is located in Haixing County, Hebei Province, which has a warm temperate continental monsoon climate, with an annual average temperature of 12.1°C, an average temperature of -4.6°C in January, an extreme minimum temperature of -19.9°C, and a frost-free period of 217 days. The annual sunshine hours are 2718.8 hours, and the average annual precipitation is 627.9mm, mainly concentrated in July to August, accounting for 74% of the annual precipitation. This area is a coastal plain, low-lying and flat, with an altitude of 1.3-3.6m, and the soil is coastal saline soil with a salt content of more than 0.8%, which is coastal heavy saline-alkali land. The groundwater level is shallow, about 1 meter on average, and the groundwater is highly mineralized, with a salt content of 7-20g·L ^-1 .

The method for planting cotton in coastal heavy saline-alkali land, its steps comprise:

A. Land consolidation: before winter, in the coastal saline-alkali land where the groundwater level is less than 1.5m and greater than 1m in spring, build a strip field with a width of 20 meters, a length of 500m, a ditch depth of 1.5m, a bottom width of 1m, and an upper mouth width of 3m. ; In the coastal saline-alkali land where the groundwater level is less than 1m in spring, build terraced fields with a width of 10-15m, and the ground of the terraced fields is 1.5m away from the groundwater; reeds with a diameter of 10cm are buried every 10m on the strips and terraced fields, and the depth is 40cm. The length of the reed bar is 1m longer than the width of the strip field or terrace field, and the two ends are exposed in the drainage ditch after burying; build a water storage ridge with a height of 30cm around the strip field or terrace field, plow the soil, and apply an effective content of 12% Superphosphate 100kg/mu;

B. Freezing of salt water irrigation in winter: From January 5 to 15, the daily average temperature is stable below -5°C, and ground salt water is extracted for irrigation. The salt content of irrigation water is 9.6-11.2g/L, and the irrigation volume is 180mm ;The specific operation method is to use small water to irrigate the ice first, and after the stable ice layer is formed on the surface, fill it with 180mm of water at a time, and form a stable salt water ice layer after irrigation;

C. Plastic film covering: From March 1st to 5th, after the salt water ice completely melts into the infiltrated soil, cover it with 90-120cm plastic film in time to reduce evaporation and inhibit spring salt return;

D. Sowing: From April 25th to May 5th, select the salt-tolerant cotton variety Lumian-28, use mechanized film-covered sowing, plant in wide and narrow rows, and the row spacing is: wide row 70cm, narrow row 50cm; Enter nitrogen and phosphorus controlled release compound fertilizer (effective content: nitrogen 22%, phosphorus 8%) 40kg/ mu, and spray herbicide;

E. Growth period management: At the end of May, the cotton was thinned and fixed, and the number of plants per mu was about 4,000; in early August, the cotton was topped and topped or sprayed with hormone chemical control to prevent excessive growth and reduce the shedding of buds and bells; throughout the growth period Timely prevention and control of pests and diseases, mainly the control of cotton aphids, since cotton has never been planted in the past, almost no diseases and insect pests occur in cotton;

F. From the end of September to October, the cotton bolls should be harvested in time after they are fully cracked and opened.

According to the above method, during the sowing period from the end of April to the beginning of May in 2008-2010, the salt content of the 20cm soil in the plow layer was controlled at 0.25-0.32%, the soil moisture content was kept above 26%, and the emergence rate of cotton after sowing reached 87%. , above; the whole growth period (5-October) 0-40cm soil salt content is controlled below 0.4%, has guaranteed the normal growth of cotton, and the yield per mu of seed cotton reaches 200-240kg; while the control sowing period salt content reaches 1% Above, cotton cannot emerge. Through the invention, high cotton yield can be successfully realized in the heavy saline-alkaline area where crops have never been planted in history, and the economic, social and ecological benefits are very remarkable, and the invention has broad application prospects.

The above description is only proposed as an implementable technical solution of the present invention, and not as a single restriction on the technical solution itself.

Claims (7)

1. the method for planting cotton in coastal heavy saline-alkali land, its feature step comprises: A. Land consolidation: Carry out before winter, build strip fields or terrace fields on the coastal saline-alkali land, make the distance between the strip fields or terrace fields and groundwater not less than 1m, and build 30cm-high storage tanks around the strip fields or terrace fields. Water ridges, plow the soil, and apply 100kg/mu of superphosphate with an effective content of 12%; B. Freezing of saline water irrigation in winter: When the average daily temperature in winter is stable below -5°C, ground saline water is extracted for irrigation. The salt content of the irrigation water is below 15g/L, and the irrigation volume is 180mm; C. Plastic film covering: In early spring, after the salty water ice completely melts into the infiltrated soil, cover it with plastic film in time to reduce evaporation and inhibit spring salt return; D. Sowing: In spring, start sowing when the 5cm soil temperature is stable above 13°C. Use on-demand sowing on film or mechanized film covering sowing. The sowing method is wide and narrow rows or equal row spacing. When equal row spacing is planted, the row spacing is 60cm. The time width is 70cm, the narrowness is 50cm, and the distance between plants is 28-30cm; when sowing, 40kg/mu of nitrogen and phosphorus controlled-release compound fertilizer is applied at one time. The effective content of nitrogen in the nitrogen and phosphorus controlled-release compound fertilizer is 22%, and the effective content of phosphorus content of 8%; and spray herbicides; E. Growth period management: after the emergence of cotton seedlings, timely set seedlings and replenish seedlings, the number of plants per mu is 3700-4000; cotton tops and cluster tips are removed once in early August; weeds are manually removed in time during the growth period, pesticides are sprayed, and pests and diseases are prevented to ensure normal cotton. grow; F. Harvesting: Harvest in time after the cotton bolls are fully cracked and opened. 2. the method for planting cotton in coastal heavy saline-alkali land according to claim 1, is characterized in that: in step A, in the coastal saline-alkali land with groundwater level less than 1.5m greater than 1m in spring, build strip field, strip field width 20 meters, length 500m , the ditch is 1.5m deep, 1m wide at the bottom, and 3m wide at the top. 3. the method for planting cotton in coastal heavy saline-alkali land according to claim 1, is characterized in that: in step A, in the coastal saline-alkali land with groundwater level less than 1m in spring, build terrace field, terrace field is wide 10-15m, and terrace field ground distance Groundwater 1.5m. 4. according to the method for claim 2 or 3 described seashore heavy saline-alkali land planting cotton, it is characterized in that: the reed handle of diameter 10cm is buried every 10m on strip, platform field, burial depth 40cm, and drainage reed length is longer than strip field or The width of the terrace field is 1m long, and both ends are exposed in the drainage ditch after being buried. 5. The method for planting cotton in coastal heavy saline-alkali land according to claim 1, characterized in that: in step B, first use small water to irrigate and freeze, and after a stable ice layer is formed on the surface, fill 180 mm of water at a time, and form after irrigation. Stabilize saltwater ice. 6. The method for planting cotton in heavy saline-alkali coastal areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: in step D, from late April to early May, the temperature of the 5cm soil reaches above 13°C stably, and sowing starts at this time. 7. The method for planting cotton in coastal heavily saline-alkali land according to claim 1, characterized in that: the variety of cotton is Lumian-28.