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CN101970803A - 带冠涡轮叶片设计 - Google Patents

带冠涡轮叶片设计 Download PDF

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CN101970803A
CN101970803A CN2009801059847A CN200980105984A CN101970803A CN 101970803 A CN101970803 A CN 101970803A CN 2009801059847 A CN2009801059847 A CN 2009801059847A CN 200980105984 A CN200980105984 A CN 200980105984A CN 101970803 A CN101970803 A CN 101970803A
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blade
value
turbine
phi
shrouded
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丹尼尔·法伯
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor 
    • F03D1/06—Rotors
    • F03D1/065—Rotors characterised by their construction elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B3/00—Machines or engines of reaction type; Parts or details peculiar thereto
    • F03B3/12—Blades; Blade-carrying rotors
    • F03B3/121—Blades, their form or construction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor 
    • F03D1/04—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor  having stationary wind-guiding means, e.g. with shrouds or channels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/10—Stators
    • F05B2240/13—Stators to collect or cause flow towards or away from turbines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/20—Rotors
    • F05B2240/30—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor
    • F05B2240/301—Cross-section characteristics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/90—Mounting on supporting structures or systems
    • F05B2240/97—Mounting on supporting structures or systems on a submerged structure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2250/00—Geometry
    • F05B2250/20—Geometry three-dimensional
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2250/00—Geometry
    • F05B2250/70—Shape
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/10—Purpose of the control system
    • F05B2270/20—Purpose of the control system to optimise the performance of a machine
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/20—Hydro energy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
  • Wind Motors (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Hydraulic Turbines (AREA)

Abstract

本发明采用带冠结构来围绕一组涡轮叶片，工作得更好，当这些叶片被构形为使这样的带冠结构的速度的特定分布最大化。本发明揭示了既用于水轮机也用于风轮机的这样的叶片的构造的参数。

Description

带冠涡轮叶片设计
本专利申请要求以下专利申请的权益：2008年2月14日提出的名称为“单向轴承、大的和小的风力、水力叶片的设计”的美国临时申请第61/028,54号(临时2-08)；以及2008年6月3日提出的名称为“可再生能源设备的改善”的美国临时申请第61/058,235号(临时6-08)。
技术领域与背景技术
本发明涉及用于带冠涡轮的叶片的设计，以及它们如何区别于常规的叶片设计。
带冠涡轮，尤其是采用例如在本申请的作者的PCT IL2007/000348中描述的C和法伯式气翼形状的带冠涡轮。该专利申请的名称为“流偏转装置以及用于能量捕获的设备”，揭示了接近叶片的尖端的速度的加速效果。这个特别的速度外形需要不同的叶片设计来利用它。作者陈述了C和法伯式气翼，以及部分气翼的优势，且需要构建一种叶片，以这样一种方式来使它适合于带冠涡轮的特定速度模式，这些都普遍地讨论了。本专利申请给出了这样一种设计的特别标准。
附图简要说明
本发明在这里将仅通过实施例以及参照附图的方式进行描述，在附图中：
图1是叶片的侧视图和船尾的示意图。
图2是叶片的透视图的示意图。
图3是叶片的横截面示意图。
图4是俯仰度的示意图。
优选实施方式详述
本发明是用于带冠涡轮的新的一组叶片设计。
定义：为了方便描述，这里给出了用于权利要求中和叶片设计的技术中的一些通用的缩写词，无论是用于水轮机还是风轮机。
c弦长
CL升力系数， C L = L / 1 2 ρ V R 2 c
CT推力系数， C T = T / 1 2 ρV S 2 π R 2
CPwr功率系数， C P = P D / 1 2 ρ V S 3 π R 2
Cp压力系数， C P = ( p - p ∞ ) / 1 2 ρ V S 2
D直径，D＝2R
f截面弯度
G非立体循环，G＝Γ/2πRVS
h截面抵消
JS前进比，JS＝VS/nD
KT推力系数，KT＝T/ρn2D4
KQ扭矩系数，KQ＝Q/ρn2D5
n旋转速度，rev/s
L升力(每单位跨度)
P俯仰度
PD输出功率
pv蒸汽压
p∞大气压
r径向坐标或螺旋桨半径
R螺旋桨尖端半径
t截面厚度
T推力
Q扭矩
VR相对速度
VS自由蒸汽速度
VT切向速度
Vx轴向速度
x，y，z直角坐标系(x+下游，y+右舷，z+上)
φ几何俯仰角
Γ循环
ρ流体密度
σ空化数， σ = ( p ∞ - p v ) / 1 2 ρ V S 2
RPM每秒转数，RPM＝60n
根据本发明所述的带冠涡轮中的叶片的原理和操作，可以通过结合附图和相应的说明来得到更清楚的理解。
现在参考附图，图1显示了根据本发明所解释的原理而构建的叶冠(1)和叶片(2)的侧视图和船尾。这里显示的特定类型的叶冠是一种“法伯式气翼”--定义在之前的专利中。图2是相同结构的叶片的透视图。该专利的截面显示了一种10米直径的叶片系统(半径R为5米)，在水中结合1米弦长的法伯式气翼，但它可应用于许多其他构造和流体。可见，如何在周周处增加一些俯仰度。
图3是已讨论的叶片的横截面的示意图。
正如图4所示，带冠转子俯仰角(Phi)(4)比开放式转子的俯仰角(Phi)(3)高约2度(左垂直轴表示Phi)穿过很大的跨度，在接近尖端的部分增加为高约13度。一个开放式转子(3)的Phi基本上始终在增加。差异之处主要是由于所增加的轴向流动，尤其是接近尖端的，它是由于冠部引起的。同时，对于带冠转子的P/D比率(6)与开放式转子的P/D比率(5)也不相同。曲线(4)达到一个最小值，位于距离圆周约82％的地方，然后开始增加。相反，开放式转子的Phi曲线(3)总是在减少。在这个实施例中，带冠转子的P/D比率(6)达到一个最小值，位于距离圆周约60％的地方，并在尖端增加到1.1。通过比较，开放的转子设计在尖端比在根部总是具有较低的P/D比率。
叶片的尺寸被设计为保持最大的升力系数，在本设计条件下低于0.8。当涡轮在3m/s(5.83kt)的流体中以27rpm运转时，将预期会产生648kW(869hp)的轴能量。这个估计不包括在枢纽中的机械损失。
下表反映了用于本情形的最佳叶片的设计。
Figure BPA00001206412900041
以下是对于由部分气翼围绕的小型风轮机。它显示了Phi在圆周处增加的相同原理。
r/R        c/R         Phi
0.13820    0.295890    44.95916
0.15596    0.286650    43.01705
0.18667    0.270180    39.76573
0.22496    0.250070    36.09830
0.26726    0.229480    32.10272
0.31156    0.210200    29.05061
0.35670    0.192960    26.41902
0.40198    0.177880    24.53083
0.44693    0.164780    22.56773
0.49122    0.153390    20.90665
0.53458    0.143480    19.51586
0.57680    0.134850    18.35955
0.61770    0.127330    17.38834
0.65711    0.120770    16.56282
0.69490    0.115050    15.84945
0.73092    0.110060    15.22573
0.76507    0.105690    14.70786
0.79723    0.101840    14.30656
0.82731    0.098452    14.00050
0.85520    0.095469    13.78477
0.88082    0.092852    13.64459
0.90411    0.090573    13.56008
0.92498    0.088608    13.51560
0.94338    0.086932    13.49927
0.95925    0.085530    13.49872
0.97254    0.084386    13.50525
0.98322    0.083488    13.51270
0.99126    0.082824    13.51756
0.99664    0.082387    13.52092
0.99933    0.082169    13.52319
本发明所述的改进从带冠涡轮中获得的电力的百分率的方法，涉及执行以下的至少一个、最好两个操作，以产生更好的匹配：改变在圆周处的扭曲，增加在圆周处的弦长，超过已经被用于开放式叶片的圆周的弦长。设计这样的带有从常规的速度曲线的近似中点获得的特征的叶片，使得人们能理想地利用所增加的转速，而不会承受失速的风险。
虽然本发明已经根据有限的实施例进行了描述，但应当明确的是，本发明也可作出许多变化、改变和其他应用。
发明内容
本发明成功地通过提供用于改进在带冠涡轮中的叶片的性能的一组标准来克服目前已知的构造的缺陷。
本发明首次揭示了一种在任何比例值用于带有基本上1米弦长叶冠的带冠涡轮的基本上10米直径叶片，包括：前进比(JS＝VS/nD)和几何相似的维持，带有以下参数(r是径向坐标，R是半径，叶片的尖端的值是1.000，c是弦长，D是直径，t是截面厚度，f是截面弯度，φ是几何俯仰角，P是俯仰度)，与r/R的值相比，对于任何点的值、对于在任何个别柱的值或者用于两个或更多的柱的任何组的任何结合的值，具有10％的偏差，与任何尺寸的叶片成正比：
Figure BPA00001206412900061
根据另一个实施例，所述叶片是用于在液体中的应用。
根据另一个实施例，所述叶片是由翼型围绕的。
根据另一个实施例，所述叶冠是法伯式气翼。
根据另一个实施例，所述叶片是3叶片系统的一部分。
根据另一个实施例，在每秒3米流速的液体中，所述叶片的每分钟转速是被调节为25-30。
本发明首次揭示了一种涡轮，包括：
a、至少一个带冠叶片，其中，在每秒3米流速的液体中，每分钟转速与直径的比率是2.2至3.2。
本发明首次揭示了一种涡轮，包括：
a、NACA系列叶片；
b、叶冠。
这样一种类型的叶片是特别有效的。
根据另一个实施例，所述叶冠包括C式气翼，留出10％的边缘用于任何单个的点。
根据另一个实施例，所述叶冠包括法伯式气翼，留出10％的边缘用于任何单个的点。
根据另一个实施例，所述叶冠是部分的气翼。
根据另一个实施例，所述叶片包括NACA 44系列气翼。
本发明首次揭示了一种带冠叶片，所述尖端没有最低的Phi值。
根据另一个实施例，尖端的Phi值是至少比具有最低Phi值的截面高3度。
根据另一个实施例，Phi值是在0.8至1.0的r/R比率之间增加至少5度。
本发明首次揭示了一种带冠叶片，其特征在于：在所述尖端处的P/D比率是大于0.7。
根据另一个实施例，所述P/D比率是大于1.0。
本发明首次揭示了一种带冠叶片，所述Phi值在从中心到圆周的长度的60-90％的点处开始增加。
本发明首次揭示了一种带冠叶片，所述P/D比率在从中心到圆周的距离的40-90％范围内的任何点处开始稳定地增加。
本发明首次揭示了一种带冠叶片，带有以下参数，与r/R的值相比，对于任何点的值、对于在任何个别柱的值或者用于两个或更多的柱的任何组的任何结合的值，具有10％的偏差，与任何尺寸的叶片成正比：
r/R        c/R         Phi
0.13820    0.295890    44.95916
0.15596    0.286650    43.01705
0.18667    0.270180    39.76573
0.22496    0.250070    36.09830
0.26726    0.229480    32.10272
0.31156    0.210200    29.05061
0.35670    0.192960    26.41902
0.40198    0.177880    24.53083
0.44693    0.164780    22.56773
0.49122    0.153390    20.90665
0.53458    0.143480    19.51586
0.57680    0.134850    18.35955
0.61770    0.127330    17.38834
0.65711    0.120770    16.56282
0.69490    0.115050    15.84945
0.73092    0.110060    15.22573
0.76507    0.105690    14.70786
0.79723    0.101840    14.30656
0.82731    0.098452    14.00050
0.85520    0.095469    13.78477
0.88082    0.092852    13.64459
0.90411    0.090573    13.56008
0.92498    0.088608    13.51560
0.94338    0.086932    13.49927
0.95925    0.085530    13.49872
0.97254    0.084386    13.50525
0.98322    0.083488    13.51270
0.99126    0.082824    13.51756
0.99664    0.082387    13.52092
0.99933    0.082169    13.52319
本发明首次揭示了一种改善从带冠涡轮中获得的电力的百分率的方法，执行以下的至少一个、最好两个操作：改变在圆周处的扭曲，增加在圆周处的弦长，超过已经被用于开放式叶片的圆周的弦长。

Claims (21)

1.一种在任何比例值用于带有1米弦长叶冠的带冠涡轮的10米直径叶片，包括：前进比(JS＝VS/nD)和几何相似的维持，带有以下参数(r是径向坐标，R是半径，叶片的尖端的值是1.000，c是弦长，D是直径，t是截面厚度，f是截面弯度，φ是几何俯仰角，P是俯仰度)，与r/R的值相比，对于任何点的值、对于在任何个别柱的值或者用于两个或更多的柱的任何组的任何结合的值，具有10％的偏差，与任何尺寸的叶片成正比：
Figure FPA00001206412800011
2.根据权利要求1所述的叶片，其特征在于：所述叶片是用于在液体中的应用。
3.根据权利要求1所述的叶片，其特征在于：所述叶片是由翼型围绕的。
4.根据权利要求3所述的叶片，其特征在于：所述叶冠是法伯式气翼。
5.根据权利要求1所述的叶片，其特征在于：所述叶片是3叶片系统的一部分。
6.根据权利要求5所述的叶片，其特征在于：在每秒3米流速的液体中，所述叶片的每分钟转速是被调节为25-30。
7.一种涡轮，包括：
a、至少一个带冠叶片，其中，在每秒3米流速的液体中，每分钟转速与直径的比率是2.2至3.2。
8.一种涡轮，包括：
a、NACA系列叶片；
b、叶冠。
9.根据权利要求8所述的涡轮，其特征在于：所述叶冠包括C式气翼，留出10％的边缘用于任何单个的点。
10.根据权利要求8所述的涡轮，其特征在于：所述叶冠包括法伯式气翼，留出10％的边缘用于任何单个的点。
11.根据权利要求8所述的涡轮，其特征在于：所述叶冠是部分的气翼。
12.根据权利要求8所述的涡轮，其特征在于：所述叶片包括NACA 44系列气翼。
13.一种带冠叶片，其特征在于：所述尖端没有最低的Phi值。
14.根据权利要求13的叶片，其特征在于：所述尖端的Phi值是至少比具有最低Phi值的截面高3度。
15.根据权利要求13所述的叶片，其特征在于：所述Phi值是在0.8至1.0的r/R比率之间增加至少5度。
16.一种带冠叶片，其特征在于：在所述尖端处的P/D比率是大于0.7。
17.根据权利要求16所述的叶片，其特征在于：所述P/D比率是大于1.0。
18.一种带冠叶片，其特征在于：Phi值在从中心到圆周的长度的60-90％的点处开始增加。
19.一种带冠叶片，其特征在于：P/D比率在从中心到圆周的距离的40-90％范围内的任何点处开始稳定地增加。
20.一种带冠叶片，带有以下参数，与r/R的值相比，对于任何点的值、对于在任何个别柱的值或者用于两个或更多的柱的任何组的任何结合的值，具有10％的偏差，与任何尺寸的叶片成正比：
r/R        c/R         Phi
0.13820    0.295890    44.95916
0.15596    0.286650    43.01705
0.18667    0.270180    39.76573
0.22496    0.250070    36.09830
0.26726    0.229480    32.10272
0.31156    0.210200    29.05061
0.35670    0.192960    26.41902
0.40198    0.177880    24.53083
0.44693    0.164780    22.56773
0.49122    0.153390    20.90665
0.53458    0.143480    19.51586
0.57680    0.134850    18.35955
0.61770    0.127330    17.38834
0.65711    0.120770    16.56282
0.69490    0.115050    15.84945
0.73092    0.110060    15.22573
0.76507    0.105690    14.70786
0.79723    0.101840    14.30656
0.82731    0.098452    14.00050
0.85520    0.095469    13.78477
0.88082    0.092852    13.64459
0.90411    0.090573    13.56008
0.92498    0.088608    13.51560
0.94338    0.086932    13.49927
0.95925    0.085530    13.49872
0.97254    0.084386    13.50525
0.98322    0.083488    13.51270
0.99126    0.082824    13.51756
0.99664    0.082387    13.52092
0.99933    0.082169    13.52319
21.一种改进从带冠涡轮中获得的电力的百分率的方法，执行以下的至少一个、最好两个操作：改变在圆周处的扭曲，增加在圆周处的弦长，超过已经被用于开放式叶片的圆周的弦长。
CN2009801059847A 2008-02-14 2009-02-12 带冠涡轮叶片设计 Pending CN101970803A (zh)

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