CN101828635B - Low-concentrate type fermented total mixed ration for dairy cows and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a low-concentrate fermented TMR for dairy cows and a preparation method thereof. The TMR provided by the present invention is prepared by the following steps: (1) 15-20 parts by mass of straw, 4-8 parts by mass of forage grass, 6-12 parts by mass of protein feed, 25-30 parts by mass of energy feed, 3-6 parts by mass of Mass parts of minerals and molasses, 40-45 mass parts of food processing by-products and 0.5-1 mass parts of trace elements and vitamin premixes are mixed to obtain a mixture: (2) the moisture content of the mixture in step (1) is adjusted to 40- 50%; (3) sealing and fermenting the mixture in step (2) for more than 14 days to obtain a ration for dairy cows. The TMR of the present invention has the following advantages: low cost; comprehensive nutrition, homogeneous ingredients, can avoid picky eating of animals, obviously improve the production performance of animals; good aerobic stability. The invention opens up a new technology and an effective way for efficient utilization of straw and food processing by-product resources, and has important practicality and application promotion value.

Description

Low-concentrate fermented total mixed ration for dairy cows and preparation method thereof

technical field

The invention belongs to the field of livestock feed processing, and in particular relates to a low-concentrate fermented total mixed ration (TMR, Total Mixed Rations) for dairy cows and a preparation method thereof.

Background technique

According to statistics, my country's annual output of crop straw is about 700 million tons, accounting for about 30% of the world's total annual output of straw, which is a huge potential feed resource for the development of herbivorous livestock. However, crop stalks are rough and hard, and their nutritional value is not high. If they are directly used as feed for ruminants, they will have low digestibility and poor palatability, making it difficult to effectively use them. At present, the utilization rate of straw in my country is only 33%, and the utilization rate of the part after technical treatment is less than 3%.

Food processing by-products generally have high moisture content, are not resistant to storage (especially in summer), and are prone to rancidity. Moreover, since food processing by-products are residues after carbohydrates and other components are extracted from raw materials, or have unbalanced nutrition, or poor palatability, they must be processed as feed before they can be effectively utilized.

At present, domestic and foreign related research is to process one or more concentrated feeds and roughages into TMR. Beginning in the 1980s, my country introduced TMR feeding technology in large cattle farms and achieved good results. However, TMR is generally prepared and used immediately, and it is not easy to store for a long time. Studies have found that TMR generally begins to deteriorate within 24 hours after preparation, which not only reduces the palatability and causes serious waste of feed, but also reduces the dry matter intake of feed and affects the production performance of livestock. At present, the distribution of TMR is not yet able to achieve daily delivery. Therefore, to realize the commercialization and easy storage and transportation of TMR, it needs to be packaged and stored to a certain extent. With resource-rich crop straw and food processing by-products as the main roughage raw materials, it is of great practical significance and practical value to research and develop new low-concentrate fermentation TMR technology with comprehensive nutrition, high digestibility, good palatability, and good aerobic stability. .

Contents of the invention

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a low-concentrate fermented TMR for dairy cows and a preparation method thereof.

The method for preparing the diet for dairy cows provided by the invention comprises the following steps:

(1) Mix the following raw materials in parts by mass to obtain a mixture:

Straw 15-20 parts by mass;

Forage grass 4-8 parts by mass;

Protein feed 6-12 parts by mass;

Energy feed 25-30 parts by mass;

Food processing by-products 40-45 parts by mass;

Trace element and vitamin premix 0.5-1 parts by mass;

3-6 parts by mass of minerals and molasses;

(2) adjusting the moisture content of the mixture of step (1) to 40-50% (mass percentage);

(3) Sealing and fermenting the mixture in step (2) for more than 14 days to obtain a ration for dairy cows.

The straw can be at least one of corn stalks, wheat straw, rice straw and forage grass; the forage can be at least one of Leymus chinensis, alfalfa, duck grass, timothy grass, ryegrass and echinacea; The protein feed can be at least one of soybean meal, cotton meal, rapeseed meal and peanut meal; the energy feed can be at least one of corn grain, barley grain, wheat grain, sorghum grain and bran; the The by-products of food processing can be at least one of brewer's grains, pomace, soy sauce residue, tea beverage residue and bean curd residue; the minerals are calcium hydrogen phosphate, stone powder, table salt, baking soda and magnesium oxide.

The quality of straw is calculated as dry straw. Protein feed refers to the feed with a crude protein content of more than 20% and a crude fiber content of less than 18% in the dry matter of the feed. It can be divided into two categories: vegetable protein feed and animal protein feed. Energy feed is mainly some grain feed with high starch content.

In the described trace element and vitamin premix of every kilogram, can contain following vitamin and trace element:

Vitamin A ≥300000IU;

Vitamin D ₃ ≥ 500000IU;

Vitamin E ≥1500IU;

Zn ≥5g;

Mn ≥5g;

Cu ≥1g;

Fe ≥8g;

I ≥0.08g;

Se ≥0.02g;

Co ≥0.03g.

In the step (1), specifically, each raw material of the following parts by mass can be mixed to obtain a mixture:

10 parts by mass of corn stalks;

Aspartate 5 parts by mass;

Leymus chinensis 6 parts by mass;

5 parts by mass of soybean meal;

Cotton meal 2.5 parts by mass;

Corn 20 parts by mass;

Wheat bran 5 parts by mass;

Brewer's grains 41 parts by mass;

Calcium bicarbonate 1 part by mass;

Stone powder 0.4 parts by mass;

Salt 0.2 parts by mass;

Baking soda 0.3 parts by mass;

Magnesium oxide 0.1 parts by mass;

Molasses 3 parts by mass;

Trace element and vitamin premix 0.5 parts by mass;

Each kilogram of said trace element and vitamin premix specifically contains vitamin A 320000IU, vitamin _D3 500000IU, vitamin E1500IU, Zn 5.5g, Mn 6g, Cu 1.2g, Fe 8.5g, I 0.09g, Se 0.03g, Co 0.05g.

The premix includes vitamins, trace elements and carriers, which can be prepared by adding carriers according to the types and amounts of the vitamins and trace elements, or can be purchased commercially. The trace element and vitamin premix can be specifically prepared by the following method: mixing the vitamin, the trace element and a carrier. Carriers commonly used in feed premixes can be used, such as corn gluten meal.

The corn stalks may specifically be dry corn stalks. The soybean meal can specifically be a commercially available soybean meal, and its protein content is about 48%. Specifically, the cottonseed meal can be commercially available cottonseed meal, and its crude protein content is more than 35%. Specifically, the corn can be commercially available corn, and the comprehensive net energy content is above 7.2MJ/kg. Specifically, the bran may be commercially available wheat bran, the crude protein content of which is about 15%, and the comprehensive net energy content is about 5.7MJ/kg. The preparation method of premix is specifically as follows: commercially available vitamins and trace elements are mixed with carrier (commercially available corn gluten powder); the copper of trace elements comes from copper sulfate, iron comes from ferrous sulfate, manganese comes from manganese sulfate, and zinc comes from sulfuric acid Zinc and cobalt come from cobalt chloride (cobalt sulfate is also available), selenium comes from sodium selenite, and iodine comes from potassium iodide (potassium iodate is also available).

In step (3), the fermentation temperature may be 0-35°C, preferably 5-25°C, most preferably 20-25°C.

In step (3), the fermentation time may specifically be 14-21 days.

The ration for dairy cows prepared by any of the above methods also belongs to the protection scope of the present invention.

The ration for dairy cows can be used for feeding dairy cows. Such as feeding Holstein cows.

TMR of the present invention has the following advantages:

(1) Low cost

The straw only needs to be cut short without ammoniation or other pretreatment; the main roughage raw materials are crop straw and food processing by-products;

(2) Adding ingredients such as fresh brewer's grains, cornmeal, soybean meal, cotton meal, vitamins and trace elements can increase the content of nutrients and make the mixed feed reach the balance of various nutrients; it can not only ensure the nutritional content of the mixed feed The comprehensiveness and homogeneity of each component can avoid the occurrence of animal picky eaters; and the quality of the feed can be significantly improved through fermentation, which can effectively increase the feed intake of dairy cows, improve the palatability and digestibility of the feed, and increase the quality of livestock. Health status, significantly improved animal performance;

(3) Good aerobic stability

It can not go bad within at least 1 week after opening; the fermented TMR wrapped by silage wrapping machinery is convenient for transportation, storage, circulation and utilization, and is conducive to the modern intensive feeding of dairy cows; through distribution, it can make it without TMR stirring Mechanized small and medium-sized cattle farms and free-range farmers can also use TMR to improve milk production and quality.

The present invention uses crop stalks and by-products of food processing as main roughage raw materials, mixes them with nutritional ingredients such as concentrated feed, vitamins, and trace elements, adjusts the appropriate water content, and then seals and ferments to form a low-concentrate full-price feed product for dairy cows. , has opened up a new technology and an effective way to efficiently utilize resources of straw and food processing by-products, and has important practicality and application promotion value.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is the technological flow chart that dairy cows are prepared with low concentrate type fermentation TMR

Fig. 2 is the comparison of pH and lactic acid content between the first group of samples and the second group of samples in Example 1.

Fig. 3 is the dynamic change situation of the lactic acid bacteria of the first group of samples and the second group of samples in embodiment 1

Fig. 4 is the test result of the aerobic stability of fermentation TMR in embodiment 2.

Detailed ways

The following examples facilitate a better understanding of the present invention, but do not limit the present invention. The experimental methods in the following examples are conventional methods unless otherwise specified. The test materials used in the following examples, unless otherwise specified, were purchased from conventional biochemical reagent stores. % in the following examples, unless otherwise specified, are mass percentages. Quantitative experiments in the following examples were all set up to repeat the experiments three times, and the results were averaged.

Among the embodiments: corn stalks are dry corn stalks; soybean meal is commercially available soybean meal, and its protein content is about 48%; cotton meal is commercially available cottonseed meal, and its crude protein content is more than 35%; corn is commercially available corn , the comprehensive net energy content is above 7.2MJ/kg. The bran is commercially available wheat bran, its crude protein content is about 15%, and its comprehensive net energy content is about 5.7MJ/kg. The preparation method of premix: commercially available vitamins and trace elements are mixed with carrier (commercially available corn gluten powder); the copper of trace elements comes from copper sulfate, iron comes from ferrous sulfate, manganese comes from manganese sulfate, zinc comes from zinc sulfate, Cobalt comes from cobalt chloride (cobalt sulfate is also available), selenium comes from sodium selenite, and iodine comes from potassium iodide (potassium iodate is also available).

Preparation and fermentation performance measurement of embodiment 1, TMR

1. Raw material composition

The raw material composition is shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Raw material composition and nutrient content

Each kilogram of premix contains vitamin A 320000IU, vitamin _D3 500000IU, vitamin E 1500IU, Zn 5.5g, Mn 6g, Cu 1.2g, Fe 8.5g, I 0.09g, Se 0.03g, Co 0.05g.

2. Preparation of TMR and Determination of Fermentation Performance

1. Pretreatment of raw materials

Straw and forage grass are cut with a forage grass cutter, and the length is controlled at about 10-30mm, or kneaded and cut with a kneading cutter. The energy feed is pulverized before use.

2. Weigh each raw material according to the ratio in Table 1, and put them into the TMR mixer in order of specific gravity from small to large to mix evenly, and adjust the moisture content to 40%.

3. Put the mixture obtained in step 2 into an silage bag (500 g per bag) and store it at room temperature (20-25° C.).

4. Samples were unpacked on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56 and 63 of storage, and samples were taken from 3 different silage bags each time as three repeated samples.

5. Detect the pH, organic acid content, ammonia nitrogen content, lactic acid bacteria content and yeast content of each sample over time (the average value of three repeated samples is taken).

The pH dropped rapidly from 6.0 to 3.92 on the 0-3 day, and maintained between 3.77-3.86 on the 3-64 day. The formation of organic acids was also very rapid on the 0-3 day: lactic acid increased from 0.01% to 2.12%, the growth rate slowed down on the 3-14 day, and showed a stable state on the 28-64 day; acid and butyric acid. The content of ammoniacal nitrogen is very low throughout, accounting for less than 1% of the total nitrogen; the V-score is 100. Lactic acid bacteria increased rapidly from 3.2×10 ³ cfu/g on the 0th day to 6.6×10 ⁵ cfu/g on the 3rd day, 6.2×10 ⁷ cfu/g on the 7th day, and 3.2×10 ⁷ cfu/g on the 14th day g, after that, it showed a stable state, at 5.5-6.5×10 ⁵ cfu/g on the 28th-64th day. Yeast was only detected at 3.3×10 ² cfu/g on day 0, and no yeast was detected from days 3-64. The above results indicated that the fermentation quality of low-concentrate fermented TMR was good. The changes of pH and lactic acid content over time are shown in Figure 2. The change of lactic acid bacteria content with time is shown in Figure 3.

Preparation and aerobic stability detection of embodiment 2, TMR

1. Pretreatment of raw materials

Straw and forage grass are cut with a forage grass cutter, and the length is controlled at about 10-30mm, or kneaded and cut with a kneading cutter. The energy feed is pulverized before use.

2. Weigh each raw material according to the ratio in Table 1, and put them into the TMR mixer in order of specific gravity from small to large to mix evenly, and adjust the moisture content to 40%.

3. Put the mixture obtained in step 2 into silage bags and seal them (500 g per bag), and obtain 6 sealed bags, which are randomly divided into two groups, one group is kept frozen, and the other group is fermented at room temperature (20-25° C.).

4. Open the package on the 21st day, and thaw the first group at room temperature in advance; mix the samples of each group evenly and place them in an insulated and sterile open container, and analyze the aerobic stability from the 1st day to the 19th day .

The samples of the first group showed the phenomenon of fever and deterioration in the 24th hour (more than 2°C higher than the room temperature) and the temperature rose rapidly, and mold appeared on the surface of the feed, reaching 43°C on the 5th day and maintained until the 5th day After 6 days, it showed a downward trend, and the second temperature peak appeared on the 10th and 11th days, and began to return to room temperature on the 18th day (see Figure 4); the samples of the second group did not have fever and mildew from beginning to end. The pH of the samples from the first group rose from 6.0 to 8.7, while the samples from the second group went from 3.77 to 3.78 (essentially unchanged). The lactic acid bacteria in the samples of the second group ranged from 6.5×10 ⁵ cfu/g to 5.5×10 ⁵ cfu/g after opening, and no yeast was detected; the lactic acid bacteria in the samples of the first group ranged from the initial 3.2×10 ³ cfu/g to the final was not detected, but yeast increased from 3.3×10 ² cfu/g to 3.3×10 ⁵ cfu/g. Comprehensive analysis showed that fermented TMR had better aerobic stability than unfermented TMR.

Preparation and feeding effect analysis of embodiment 3, TMR

1. Preparation of TMR

1. Pretreatment of raw materials

Straw and forage grass are cut with a forage grass cutter, and the length is controlled at about 10-30mm, or kneaded and cut with a kneading cutter. The energy feed is pulverized before use.

2. Weigh each raw material according to the ratio in Table 1, and put them into the TMR mixer in order of specific gravity from small to large to mix evenly, and adjust the moisture content to 40%.

3. Wrap and seal the mixture obtained in step 2 with a silage wrapping machine (Takakita, Japan), and place it outdoors (minimum temperature 5° C., maximum temperature 25° C.) to ferment.

4. Fermented for 21 days to obtain fermented TMR.

2. Observe the external form of TMR

The color of TMR obtained after 21 days of fermentation is basically yellow, some of which are slightly brown, with a sour smell, the texture of corn stalks is soft, the feed material is clear, not sticky, no mildew, and the overall preservation is good.

3. Fermentation quality of TMR

See Table 2 for the TMR fermentation quality obtained after 21 days of fermentation.

Table 2 Fermentation quality of TMR (NS: not detected)

project value pH 3.84 Lactic acid 3.68% Acetic acid 0.67% propionic acid 0 Butyric acid 0 Ammonia nitrogen (% total nitrogen) 0.80 Lactic acid bacteria 6.7×10 ⁵ cfu/g Yeast NS Mold NS

4. Analysis of feeding effect

According to the principle of similar milk production (20.48±7.32) kg/d, parity (2-3 parity), and lactation age (114±13) d, 20 mid-lactation Holstein cows were selected and divided by a completely randomized experimental design. There are 2 groups (n=10).

In order to adapt the cows in the fermented TMR group to the TMR feeding method, the cows in the two groups were pre-feeding for 2 weeks to gradually transition to the TMR feeding state; after the pre-feeding period, they entered a 3-week test period.

During the experimental period, the two groups were fed with different feeds, as follows:

The first group (control group): After the raw materials in Table 1 are pre-treated (the method is the same as step 1), they are placed in troughs and fed to cows.

The second group (experimental group): put the TMR prepared in the first step and fermented it for 21 days into a manger, and feed it to cows.

The test cows were reared in free stalls, fed 3 times a day (03:00, 09:00 and 15:00), with sports fields and drinking troughs outside, and free drinking water. The milk was milked twice a day (07:00 and 19:00) using a vacuum pipeline milking machine. During the test period, milk samples were collected once a week, and the milk fat percentage, milk protein percentage, lactose percentage, non-fat solid matter and somatic cell count were measured and analyzed immediately. The results were averaged over three weeks, as shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Feed intake and production performance of two groups of cows treated during the test period

project control group test group Dry matter intake (kg/d) 18.25 19.38   Milk production (kg/d) 20.28 21.34 Number of breast cells (10,000/ml) 33.25 32.12 4% standard milk volume (kg/d) 18.73 19.67   Milk fat rate (%) 3.49 3.48 Milk protein rate (%) 3.52 3.54 Lactose rate (%) 4.58 4.59   Non-fat solids (%) 8.91 8.99

Compared with the control group, the dry matter intake (6.2%) and milk yield (about 1kg) of the cows in the experimental group were significantly increased, the number of cells in the milk body was reduced, and the milk fat rate, milk protein rate and non-fat solids were not obvious difference.

Claims (7)

1. A method for preparing a ration for dairy cows, comprising the steps of: (1) Mix the following raw materials in parts by mass to obtain a mixture:

The straw is at least one of corn stalks, wheat straw, rice straw and forage grass; the forage grass is at least one of Leymus chinensis, alfalfa, duck grass, timoss, ryegrass and echinacea; the The protein feed is at least one of soybean meal, cotton meal, rapeseed meal and peanut meal; the energy feed is at least one of corn grain, barley grain, wheat grain, sorghum grain and bran; the food processing by-product is At least one of brewer's grains, fruit residues, soy sauce residues, tea drink residues and bean curd residues; the minerals are calcium hydrogen phosphate, stone powder, salt, baking soda and magnesium oxide; In every kilogram described trace element and vitamin premix, contain following vitamin and trace element:

(2) the moisture content of the mixture of step (1) is adjusted to 40-50%; (3) Sealing and fermenting the mixture of step (2) for more than 14 days to obtain a diet for dairy cows; The temperature of the fermentation is 0-35°C. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the trace element and vitamin premix is obtained by mixing the vitamin, the trace element and a carrier; the carrier is corn gluten powder. 3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that: said trace element and vitamin premix is a commercially available premix. 4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: in step (3), the fermentation time is 14-21 days. 5. The ration for dairy cows prepared by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 4. 6. The application of the dairy cow ration described in claim 5 in feeding dairy cows. 7. The application according to claim 6, characterized in that: the cows are Holstein cows.

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