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CN101056703A - Sncr分布栅板 - Google Patents

Sncr分布栅板 Download PDF

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CN101056703A
CN101056703A CNA2005800385643A CN200580038564A CN101056703A CN 101056703 A CN101056703 A CN 101056703A CN A2005800385643 A CNA2005800385643 A CN A2005800385643A CN 200580038564 A CN200580038564 A CN 200580038564A CN 101056703 A CN101056703 A CN 101056703A
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flue gas
reactant
distribution grid
gas flow
sncr
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CN101056703B (zh
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M·玛亚切克
G·L·安德森
J·J·韩
R·A·拉姆德尔
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Babcock and Wilcox Co
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Abstract

用来将NOx还原性反应物引入烟道气流的一种SNCR分布栅板。该栅板由一个或多个元件(60)构成，这些元件由流体冷却的管子(66)加上与管子连接的膜片(68)形成。流体冷却的管子(66)可以用水和/或蒸汽冷却，该分布栅板置于烟道气流中。为了将反应物通入烟道中，在膜片(68)上具有喷嘴(72)。反应物由位于炉壳或燃烧室壳外面的一个位置处输送到所形成的通道(70)中，然后再经过喷嘴(72)输出送到烟道气流中。

Description

SNCR分布栅板
发明领域
本发明主要涉及用于产生工业用途和/或发电用的蒸汽、具有冲击型颗粒分离器的循环流化床(CFB)反应器、燃烧室和/或锅炉，尤其涉及将氨或脲通入此类CFB产生的烟道气中的装置，该装置作为选择性非催化性还原(SNCR)系统的一部分用来还原来自CFB的NOx排放物。本发明还可用于沸腾流化床反应器、栅条型炉等。
发明背景
此类CFB的反应器或燃烧室的代表性操作温度，因而也是由其产生的烟道气的温度，在大约1550-1650的范围内。此温度范围因而处于应用选择性非催化性还原(SNCR)技术进行NOx还原的可接受温度“窗口”之内，因为SNCR系统和其相关装置一般涉及将一特定反应物通入烟道气中，而该反应物的温度在大约1400-2000范围内。在SNCR中，还原剂即还原性反应物，通常是氨或脲，被喷射进入炉子的烟道气中，用来按下述反应之一(视所用反应物而定)还原NOx：
4NO+4NH3+O2→4N2+6H2O(氨基)
2NO+(NH2)2CO+1/2O2→2N2+2H2O+CO2(脲基)
在采用旋风分离器从来自炉子的烟道气中分离掉固体颗粒的CFB锅炉中，经常使用SNCR以便还原NOx排放物。在这种用途中，将上述反应物喷射在旋风分离器的入口或出口，利用与旋风分离器的高速气体湍流来使烟道气与反应物混合。这些喷射位置还利用了旋风分离器入口或出口气的较小横截面流动面积，由此使反应物射流充分地进入烟道流，以便提供反应物与烟道气的均匀混合。
与上述的CFB形成对照，另一类型的CFB反应器、燃烧室和/或锅炉(为简便计下面统称为CFB锅炉)采用低速的冲击型颗粒分离器如U型杆(U-beam)来从炉子排出的烟道气中分离掉固体颗粒，其特点是烟道气流的横截面积较大。而使用只是装在CFB(它传输着烟道气流)壁的周边上的喷嘴来注射这些SNCR的反应物，则反应物射流或许不能充分进入烟道气流，导致反应物与烟道气流的混合均匀性差。
发明简述
本发明的一个方面涉及用来将还原NOx的反应物送入含NOx的气流中的SNCR分布栅板。提供至少一个元件从位于气流外的反应物源输送反应物。该元件具有至少一个用来形成在该元件内部的一个通道将反应物喷射进入气流中的喷嘴。该通道由至少两根流体冷却的管子和位于这些管子之间的膜构成，该至少一个喷嘴位于至少一片膜上。
作为表征本发明的各种新颖性特征将具体地列在所附权利要求书中，权利要求书是本说明书的一部分。为了更好地理解本发明，其操作优点和使用时能获得的具体益处，可以参阅附图以及说明书的叙述文字，在附图和叙述文字中表示了本发明的一些优选实施方式。
附图简述
附图中：
图1是本发明可以适用的一个代表性CFB锅炉的侧截面图；
图2是图1所示CFB锅炉从箭头2-2方向观察的截面图；
图3是用于本发明一个元件的第一实施方式的近距截面图；
图4是用于本发明一个元件第二实施方式的近距截面图；
图5是用于本发明一个元件第三实施方式的近距截面图。
本发明优选实施方式详述
本发明通过提供将反应物引入烟道气流的一种特殊设计的分布栅板而克服了上述的困难。该栅板包括由流体冷却的管子形成的一个或多个元件，在这些管子上连接着膜片，优选通过焊接了连接，在管子之间形成通道。流体冷却的管子可以用水或蒸汽冷却，该分布栅板则置入烟道气流中。为了向烟道气通入反应物，在膜片上配备有喷嘴，反应物则从炉壳或燃烧室壳外的一个位置输入到如此形成的通道中，再经喷嘴喷出进入烟道气流中。对构成分布栅板的各元件之间的间距以及膜上喷嘴之间的间距做适当选择，使分散的反应物均匀混入烟道气流中。如上所述，将反应物输入烟道气流的通道的入口位于炉壳外面，与反应物进料管线连接，而该进料管线与反应物源相连。在反应物进料管线中装有合适的阀门和控制装置，用来按照CFB设备操作人员所期望的特定控制规程控制反应物向烟道气中的引入。
较佳地，分布栅板放置在若干个位置的一个或多个处：冲击型颗粒分离器或U型杆的上游、一排或多排此类U形杆之间、U形杆的下游，上游和下游是相对于烟道气流的方向而言。将分布栅板放在冲击型颗粒分离器上游的优点是该颗粒分离由能促进反应物与烟道气的混合。将分布栅板放在冲击型颗粒分离器上游的缺点则是在分离器之前的烟道气中含有较高的固体颗粒含量，这会妨碍反应物气流穿透进入烟道气中。在最后确定分布栅板所期望的安放位置时，需要考虑这些因素。
试看附图，这些图是本发明的一个部分，在这些图中相同的数字表示同样的或功能上类似的部件。试看图1，它是一个典型的CFB锅炉10的侧截面图，它具有炉壳或燃烧室壳12，其截面通常为长方形，由水冷的壳壁14形成。壳壁14一般是用钢板互相分隔的管子，形成气密的外壳12。此燃烧室壳12具有下部16、上部18、位于上部18出口的出口孔20。燃料如煤和吸附剂如石灰石(以22表示)用本领域技术人员知道的任何常规方式以调节及计量的方式输入下部16。作为例子而非限制，所使用的典型设备包括重力进料器、旋转阀和输料螺杆。通过空气室26和与其连接的分布板28将一次空气24供入下部16。如有需要，有床下排放器30将灰和其它碎屑从下部16中除去，而二次空气进口32和34供应燃烧所需的其余空气。
由CFB燃烧过程产生的烟道气体/固体混合物36通过反应器壳12向上流动，从下部16流向上部18，并将其中所含的一部分热量传给流体冷却的壳壁14。一初级冲击型颗粒分离器38位于反应器壳12的上部18内。在一优选实施方式中，该初级冲击型颗粒分离器38包括若干排U型杆40，这些U型杆可排列为两组：上游组42和下游组44。U形杆44可如美国专利4,992,085和5,343,830所述固定在反应器壳12的顶46上，或者如美国专利6,454,824所述由冷却的管子支撑，这些专利的全部内容都参考结合于此。
CFB反应器10的炉壳12可以按给定CFB设备蒸汽发生的要求，配备有隔离墙加热表面48、翼墙加热表面50、或者这两类加热表面。在有些设备中，对于蒸汽发生的要求，这两类加热表面都不需要。除此之外，如图所示，还配备有位于下游的过热器加热表面52。
试看图2，它是通过上部18的一个截面图，显示有若干个能够定位元件60，用来注入由SNCR系统64(示意地显示在图1中)提供的反应物62的位置，它们共同构成一个分布栅板80。如图中所示，元件60可以定位于隔离墙加热表面48、翼墙加热表面50和/或过热器加热表面52上。虽然图2显示了优选位置是在可被称为任何这些加热表面的“后沿(trailing edges)”上，但这并不是本质性的，元件60可以位于任何位置，包括位于表面48、50和/或52上，以及在表面48、50和/或52上的单个或多个位置。此外，虽然我们将本发明描述为一个分布栅板，但应理解，某些应用或许只需要具有单个喷嘴72的单个元件。反之，也可以将多个元件采用在CFB锅炉10一段宽度W的表面48、50和/或52中的一个或若干个上，并且这多个元件在任何这些表面48、50和/或52上相隔的各种不同位置处，使得反应物62能在输送烟道气的通道截面上从许多位置被输入烟道气中。
图3和图4是包含通道70的单个元件60(在图2中示为I)的两种优选实施方式。在这里只是便于显示，但绝不限制本发明的元件的应用，现假设元件形成为翼墙加热表面50的一部分，它由流体冷却的管子66构成，有些或所有这些管子互相之间用膜68相连接。在图3中，元件60由在两根相邻的流体冷却的管子66之间延伸着的两个膜片68形成，由此在其中形成通道70，该通道70被用来从一个反应物源将反应物62输送到用来将反应物62注入烟道气的一个或多个小孔或喷嘴72中。小孔或喷嘴72可以是小段的管子或管道件或形状更为特殊设计的管件，这种设计取决于反应物62的射流穿透和/或压力降要求。如果因耐磨蚀和/或需要减少热吸收等方面的要求，如图所示，元件60可以设有耐火材料涂层74。在图4中，如果因通过任何通道70需要输送的反应物62的量有要求，可以采用较大的通道70，增大通道70的办法是增加用来形成通道70的流体冷却的管子66的数目，同时增加膜片68的数目，如图所示。
另一种情况如图5所示，可以采用保护片82代替耐火材料74来保持膜68以及相邻的管子66。保护片82的材料可以是任何合适的耐高温和耐磨蚀的材料：例如陶瓷或金属如不锈钢。保护片82可以用任何合适的方式连接于膜68，例如使用在位置W焊到喷嘴72的垫圈84来将保护片82与膜68连接。使用垫片或垫圈86可以将保护片82相对于喷嘴72定位，并且在保护片和膜68之间提供一定间隙88以便减小膜68对热量的吸收。为此目的，保护片上可设有孔90，用来容纳喷嘴72。如果孔90的直径和要插入孔90的喷嘴72的外直径有较大差别，则垫圈86可以具有能环绕喷嘴72的外直径并位于孔90内部的一个部分，以便防止在操作时保护片82的过多移动。在元间上具有喷嘴72的一些位置之间的保护片82也可用类似方式与膜68连接；当然，在这些位置喷嘴72将用简单的销子代替喷嘴72，因为在这些中间位置并没有反应物62向烟道气36提供。
虽然本发明的一些具体实施方式已经图示并作了详细描述来说明本发明原理的应用，但本领域技术人员会明白，对于由所附权利要求覆盖的本发明，其形式可以作一些变化，而不会违背其原理。例如，本发明可以应用于涉及循环流化床反应器或燃烧室的新结构，也可应用于现有循环流化床反应器或燃烧室的替换、修理或修改。本发明还可应用于非CFB用途，例如应用于沸腾流化床锅炉或窑炉中。
此外，本发明的分布栅板虽然已经图示为位于出口孔附近，和/或出口孔的上游或下游(对气流方向而言)，也可能需要将分布栅板置于炉壳内其他的部位或者在出口孔下游的烟道内，在该处烟道气的温度适合于其一定含量NOx的还原。在本发明的有些实施方式中，有时可以有利地使用本发明的某些特征而不使用其他特征。因此，所有这些改变和实施方式都在下面的权利要求范围之内。

Claims (3)

1.一种用来向含有NOx的气流中输入用于还原NOx的反应物的SNCR分布栅板，它包括：
至少一个用于输送来自在所述气流之外的反应物源的反应物的元件，所述元件具有至少一个用来将反应物从形成在元件内的通道喷入所述气流中的喷嘴，所述通道由至少两个流体冷却的管子和位于这两个管子之间的膜形成，所述至少一个喷嘴位于所述膜的至少一个中。
2.如权利要求1所述的SNCR分布栅板，其特征在于，所述至少一个元件配有耐火材料。
3.如权利要求1所述的SNCR分布栅板，其特征在于，所述至少一个元件配有保护片。
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