CN109115698B - Method for detecting environmental pollution caused by fertilization - Google Patents
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/3103—Atomic absorption analysis
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- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
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- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for detecting environmental pollution caused by fertilization, and establishes a critical threshold model of organic fertilizer environmental pollution, calculates the application amount of organic fertilizer required by the growth of crops by detecting the content of each nutrient component and heavy metal component in the organic fertilizer in advance and the loss amount of each nutrient component and heavy metal component in the crop planting environment and combining the demand amount of crops on the nutrient components and each heavy metal component, and prejudges whether the application amount of the organic fertilizer can bring heavy metal pollution to the planted soil. The method has prejudgment performance, the accuracy of evaluating the heavy metal pollution caused by fertilization is up to 100%, and the method can be used for prejudging and adjusting the fertilization scheme before fertilization, so that the heavy metal pollution problem possibly brought to soil by fertilization, nitrogen saturation and P pollution problems are avoided.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of organic agriculture, in particular to a method for detecting a critical threshold value of environmental pollution caused by applying chicken manure, pig manure, organic fertilizer and the like and application thereof.
Background
The fecal waste generated by animal husbandry in China is the most in the world, and most of the fecal waste is not reasonably treated and utilized, which causes great pollution to the ecological environment in China. The livestock and poultry manure is processed and reprocessed to prepare organic fertilizer which is used in agricultural production, and the method is an important recycling means. The organic fertilizer is an important material base in agricultural production and is an important fertilizer in agricultural production. The utilization of organic fertilizer for agricultural production is not only the material and energy circulation of agriculture, but also an effective way for purifying human environment and recycling resources. Keep ecological balance, develop organic agriculture, and produce green food has more and more received attention from people. Meanwhile, how to solve the problem of environmental pollution caused by livestock and poultry manure makes wastes in agriculture profitable, and has great significance for realizing sustainable development of agriculture in social construction of China.
The pig breeding is fast, the feeding amount is large, the pig breeding method is suitable for captive breeding, and the pig breeding method has the characteristics of large accumulated fertilizer amount and good manure quality. Therefore, pig manure is an important fertilizer source in rural areas in China. The pig manure is fine in texture and complex in components, mainly comprises cellulose and hemicellulose, has less lignin, and also contains protein and decomposition products thereof, fats, organic acids, various inorganic salts and more ammoniated microorganisms. After composting, the amount of formed humus is higher than that of other animal fertilizers, and according to the introduction of data, the formed total humus accounts for 25.98 percent of carbon, is higher than that of sheep manure by 1.19 percent, is higher than that of cow manure by 2.18 percent and is higher than that of horse manure by 2.38 percent, and has good soil improvement and fertility improvement effects; the pig urine mainly contains water-soluble urea, uric acid, hippuric acid and inorganic salt, and has neutral pH and alkaline pH. According to the national organic fertilizer quality grading standard, the pig manure is rated as second grade.
The chicken feeding is quite common all over the country, along with the development of chicken raising technology, the improvement of mechanization and automation degree, the chicken raising production is concentrated day by day, the scale is larger and larger, the feeding amount of the chicken is the first of poultry, and the national feeding amount in 1994 is over 40 hundred million. The chickens use grains and small insects as feed, drinking water is little, so the fertilizer is thick, and with the popularization of the compound feed, a plurality of trace elements are leaked and remained in the manure. Therefore, the nutrient content in the chicken manure is higher than that of other animal manure. The average total nitrogen content is 1.03 percent calculated by fresh samples; the total phosphorus content is rich, is 0.41 percent of pigeon manure and is 4.1 times of cow manure; 72 percent of total potassium is 3.1 times of the content of the cow dung; the water content is 52.3 percent, the crude organic matter is 23.8 percent, the C/N is lower than that of other livestock and poultry manure and is 14.03, and the pH value is more than 7.7-7.9; content of micronutrients: 14.4mg/kg of copper, 65.9mg/kg of zinc, 3540mg/kg of iron, 164mg/kg of manganese, 5.4mg/kg of molybdenum and 0.50mg/kg of molybdenum; the contents of calcium, magnesium, chlorine, sodium and sulfur are respectively 1.35%, 0.26%, 0.13%, 0.17% and 0.16%. The chicken manure has high nutrient content and good quality, and also contains various amino acids, sugar, nucleic acid, vitamins, fat, organic acid, plant growth hormone and the like. The organic fertilizer is divided according to the national quality grading standard, and the chicken manure belongs to the second grade.
However, improper fertilization of organic fertilizers such as livestock and poultry manure can bring environmental hazards, and mainly reflects pollution and hazards to water and soil. When the livestock and poultry manure is discharged into the water body and the total amount of the manure exceeds the self-purification capacity of the water body, the chemical properties, physical properties and biological colony composition of the water body are changed, and the quality of the water body is damaged. The water body is polluted by the excrement mainly by three pollution modes, namely biological pathogen pollution, eutrophication and pollution caused by products decomposed due to the decay of organic matters in the excrement. The excrement and the excrement-washing wastewater contain excrement residues, N, P and other substances, and surface water is polluted by surface runoff, and underground water is polluted by soil infiltration. The surface water contains excessive N, P, which can cause eutrophication of water, so that a large amount of algae grows in the water, dissolved oxygen in the water is consumed, fish and shrimp die, and the ecological environment of the water body is affected.
When the excrement and the carried pollutants or decomposed products enter the soil, if the self-cleaning capacity of the soil is exceeded, the composition and the properties of the soil are changed, and the original basic functions of the soil are damaged. Soil contamination can harm people and livestock through water and food. Improper use of livestock and poultry manure can cause heavy metal and mineral element pollution, soil N, P pollution, microbial pollution, drug residue pollution and the like. After a large amount of N, P enters the soil, the N, P is converted into phosphate and nitrate, the high content of the N, P can lose the production value of the land, although N, P in the livestock manure is necessary for the growth of crops, if the N, P content in the soil is too high, the effect of fertilizing the land cannot be achieved, the growth vigor of the crops is too vigorous, the quality of agricultural and sideline products is reduced, and the yield is correspondingly reduced.
Aiming at the problem of soil pollution caused by improper application of organic fertilizers such as livestock manure and the like, no model simulation and evaluation method capable of accurately evaluating the environmental pollution caused by fertilization exists in the prior art, heavy metal and mineral element pollution in soil is usually detected and found after continuous annual fertilization in a production line, and hysteresis is realized.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem that the excessive heavy metals Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn and the like in organic fertilizers in organic agriculture are solved, and the method for detecting the environmental pollution caused by fertilization is provided.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is to provide a method for detecting environmental pollution caused by fertilization, which comprises the following steps:
step 1, detecting the content of each nutrient component and heavy metal component in the organic fertilizer, and measuring the loss amount (leaching amount) of each nutrient component and heavy metal component in the crop planting environment (soil and/or water).
The nutrient components refer to mineral elements of which the sum of the absorption amounts of certain mineral elements accounts for more than 80% of the total absorption amount in different growth and development stages of crops, and the required nutrient components of different crops are different and generally comprise N, K, P, Ca and other elements. The heavy metal component generally comprises elements such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg, Cd and the like. The loss amount is the sum of the loss amount of soil infiltration and the loss amount of surface runoff. The detection method comprises the steps of firstly preparing a test sample solution and a blank solution, and then measuring the content of each nutrient component and heavy metal component in the organic fertilizer by adopting a spectrophotometry, an atomic absorption spectrometry or an atomic fluorescence spectrometry.
And 2, calculating the supplement amount of each nutrient component according to the demand of crops on each nutrient component and the loss amount of each nutrient component measured in the step 1, calculating the organic fertilizer using amount meeting the demand of each nutrient component according to the supplement amount of each nutrient component and the content of each nutrient component in the organic fertilizer detected in the step 1, and selecting a proper value from the organic fertilizer using amounts meeting the demand of each nutrient component as the actual organic fertilizer application amount.
Wherein, the supplement amount of the nutrient components is the sum of the required amount of the nutrient components and the loss amount of the nutrient components, and the use amount of the organic fertilizer which meets the required amount of the nutrient components is the supplement amount of the nutrient components and the content of the nutrient components.
And 3, calculating the total input amount of each heavy metal component according to the actual application amount of the organic fertilizer and the content of each heavy metal component in the organic fertilizer detected in the step 1, and calculating the total output amount of each heavy metal component according to the demand of crops on each heavy metal component and the loss amount of each heavy metal component determined in the step 1.
The total input amount of the heavy metal components is equal to the application amount of the organic fertilizer and the content of the heavy metal components, and the total output amount of the heavy metal components is equal to the demand amount of the heavy metal components and the loss amount (leaching amount) of the heavy metal components.
Step 4, comparing the total input quantity and the total output quantity of the heavy metals, calculating a difference value, and taking the difference value as a judgment standard of the heavy metal pollution quantity: when the total output quantity of the heavy metal components is more than or equal to the total input quantity of the heavy metal components, the pollution quantity of the heavy metal components is 0; when the total output of the heavy metal components is less than the total input of the heavy metal components, the pollution amount of the heavy metal components is the difference value between the total input of the heavy metal components and the total output of the heavy metal components.
The method can also comprise a step 5 of converting the total output quantity of the heavy metal components with the largest pollution quantity and the content of each heavy metal component in the organic fertilizer detected in the step 1 into an organic fertilizer application quantity with a pollution quantity of 0, calculating a nutrient component supplement quantity which is required to be supplemented additionally according to the organic fertilizer application quantity with a pollution quantity of 0, the content of each nutrient component in the organic fertilizer detected in the step 1, the demand quantity of each nutrient component of crops and the loss quantity of each nutrient component detected in the step 1, and adding the nutrient component supplement quantity which is additionally supplemented into the organic fertilizer application quantity with a pollution quantity of 0 for fertilization.
According to the method for detecting the environmental pollution caused by fertilization, provided by the invention, the application amount of the organic fertilizer required by the growth of crops can be calculated by detecting the contents of all nutrient components and heavy metal components in the organic fertilizer in advance, and the loss amounts of all nutrient components and heavy metal components in the crop planting environment (soil and/or water) in combination with the demand amounts of crops on the nutrient components and all heavy metal components, and whether the application amount of the organic fertilizer can bring heavy metal pollution to the planted soil or not is judged in advance. The method has prejudgment, the accuracy rate of the method for evaluating the heavy metal pollution is 100%, and the method can be used for prejudging and adjusting the fertilization scheme before fertilization, so that the problem of heavy metal pollution possibly brought to soil by fertilization is avoided.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a model structure of an organic fertilizer application amount threshold detection method for cucumbers, wherein the organic fertilizer comprises organic fertilizers in the forms of self-made organic fertilizer, chicken manure, pig manure and the like.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, and it should be understood that the described embodiments are some, but not all embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without any inventive step based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of the present invention.
Taking the planting of crop cucumbers as an example, the method for detecting environmental pollution caused by fertilization is described in the following specific embodiment, wherein the self-made organic fertilizer is applied in the example 1, chicken manure is applied in the example 2, and pig manure is applied in the example 3. The detection method not described in detail in the following can be performed according to the conventional detection method in the field or according to the detection standard in the field by referring to the detection method reported in the field.
1. Step 1, detecting the content of each nutrient component and heavy metal component in the organic fertilizer, and measuring the loss amount (leaching amount) of each nutrient component and heavy metal component in the crop planting environment (soil and/or water).
The heavy metal detection method comprises the following steps:
(1) preparation of assay sample solution: weighing 5-8 g of sample, placing the sample in a 400ml high-volume beaker, adding 30ml of hydrochloric acid and 10ml of nitric acid, covering a watch glass, heating the sample on an electric hot plate, slightly moving the watch glass to continue heating after the reaction is ended, and completely evaporating the acid until the acid is dry so as to drive the nitric acid out. Cooling, adding 50ml of hydrochloric acid solution, heating to dissolve, cooling to room temperature, transferring to a 250ml volumetric flask, diluting with water to the scale, mixing uniformly, dry filtering, and discarding the first few ml of filtrate for later use.
(2) Preparation of a blank solution: the procedure was identical to the preparation of the sample solution except for the absence of the sample.
(3) And (3) heavy metal content determination: a: the method comprises the following steps of (1) adopting a spectrophotometry, wherein the absorbance value of a sample solution with a certain concentration is in direct proportion to the content of the sample solution under a certain wavelength according to the Lambert beer law; b, adopting an atomic absorption spectrometry, mainly utilizing the action of outer layer electrons and substances to generate resonance radiation with the wavelength between ultraviolet light and visible light, and carrying out analysis and determination according to the relation between the radiation intensity and the content of an element to be analyzed; atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy (AFS), which is similar in principle to Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES) and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), is used, in which the ground state atoms, usually in the vapor state, absorb radiation of a suitable specific frequency to excite to a high energy state, and then emit fluorescence of a characteristic wavelength in the form of light radiation during excitation. A method for measuring the content of an element in a sample by measuring the fluorescence intensity in the sample.
The specific instrument operation of the method is detailed in the relevant instrument operation manual. The content of each nutrient component can be determined by a method similar to the above method or by a method conventional in the art. The loss amount (leaching amount) of each nutrient component and heavy metal component in the crop planting environment (soil and/or water body) is measured according to the conventional technical standard in the field.
1.1 detecting the nutrient element components in self-made organic fertilizer, chicken manure and pig manure
The self-made organic fertilizer is prepared by using mushroom residues which are fully decomposed: chicken manure: vegetable waste is 1:4:2, 3000kg/667m2. The detection method adopts NY 525-2012, and the detection results are shown in the following table 1:
table 1: the content of the nutrient element N, P, K in the self-made organic fertilizer, the chicken manure and the pig manure
| Organic fertilizer | Total nitrogen content RN/(％) | Effective phosphorus content RP/(％) | Effective potassium content RK/(％) |
| Self-made organic fertilizer | 4.0 | 3.6 | 2.98 |
| Chicken manure | 2.25 | 0.078 | 0.595 |
| Pig manure | 2.90 | 0.074 | 0.47 |
1.2 detecting the content of heavy metal components in self-made organic fertilizer, chicken manure and pig manure
At present, the control index of the heavy metal in the livestock and poultry manure is not established in China, and the application critical values (mg/kg) of Cd and Pb are respectively 3 and 50 according to the organic fertilizer industry standard (NY/525-. According to the pollutant control standard in agricultural sludge in China (GB4284-1984), the application critical values (mg/kg) of Cu and Zn are 250 and 500. Therefore, according to the existing measurement results, the overproof Cu and Zn in the excrement of the livestock and poultry generally exist, and unreasonable application can cause soil environmental pollution. The results are shown in table 2 below:
table 2: the contents of heavy metal components Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in self-made organic fertilizer, chicken manure and pig manure
1.3 detecting the loss of each nutrient component and heavy metal component in the soil (leaching loss)
Taking a certain Shanghai dry land test field for planting cucumber as an example, the average value of the nitrogen leakage loss amount detected is 138.34kg/hm2The average phosphorus leakage loss was 0.213kg/hm2(ii) a The average value of the nitrogen runoff loss is 72kg/hm2The average value of the runoff loss of phosphorus is 26.5kg/hm2(ii) a The total leaching loss of potassium in soil during the whole growth period of cucumber is 154kg/hm2(ii) a Meanwhile, the leaching loss data of heavy metal components Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb are also detected, and the leaching loss is calculated to be 1.101kg/hm2、6.71kg/hm2、267.2kg/hm2And 26.72kg/hm2. Specific detection data and results are shown in table 3.
Table 3: loss amount of each nutrient component and heavy metal component in soil (leaching amount)
2. And 2, calculating the supplement amount of each nutrient component, calculating the organic fertilizer dosage meeting the demand of each nutrient component, and selecting a proper value from the organic fertilizer dosages meeting the demand of each nutrient component as the actual organic fertilizer application amount.
2.1 cucumber mineral element demand in different growth periods
During the whole growth stage, the mineral element content of the cucumber plant is continuously accumulated, and the change trends of the accumulation amounts of different mineral elements are basically consistent. As shown in table 4, the amount of mineral elements absorbed by cucumbers at different stages varies.
Table 4: change of mineral element absorption amount of cucumber at different stages
Calculated according to the row spacing of the plants of the test of 30cm multiplied by 100cm, 3.33 thousands of plants can be planted in each hectare, and the average yield is 177500kg/hm2. And then according to the average mineral element absorption of each cucumber plant in different growth stages in the table 3, the nutrient absorption of each hectare cucumber plant in winter and spring in the greenhouse in different growth stages under the yield can be estimated (table 5), and the data can be used as an important basis for determining the cucumber fertilizing amount.
Table 5: mineral element demand of cucumbers in different growth periods in winter and spring stubbles in greenhouse
The same method is adopted to calculate the demand of 0-100 days after the emergence of the cucumber for cadmium Cd 154.52g/hm2The demand for lead Pb was 57.176X 10-3g/hm2，
2.2 example 1 is to apply self-made organic fertilizer, according to different growth and development stages of cucumber, the sum of the absorption amounts of N, K, P three mineral elements is more than 80% of the total absorption amount. Therefore, the actual application amount of the self-made organic fertilizer for maintaining the healthy growth of the cucumbers is calculated by taking the demand of N, K, P three nutrient elements in the growth period as the basic parameter of the application amount simulation method of the normal growth organic fertilizer for the cucumbers and combining the loss condition of the three nutrient elements in the growth process and the content of the nutrient elements in the organic fertilizer.
Through the method model simulation of the invention, the result analysis of example 1 is as follows: in the growth process of cucumber, the maximum demand of nitrogen and potassium elements is 168.3kg/hm respectively2And 169.5kg/hm2The required amount of phosphorus element is less, and is 43.8kg/hm2. The supplement amounts are respectively calculated by combining the loss amounts of the three nutrient element components N, K, P and are respectively 378.64kg/hm2、323.5kg/hm2And 70.5kg/hm2And then the application amount of the self-made organic fertilizer is calculated to be 9466kg/hm according to the content of the self-made organic fertilizer2、10855.7kg/hm2And 1958.33kg/hm2In order to ensure the normal production of the cucumbers, the maximum application rate is 10855.7kg of the actual application rate of the self-made organic fertilizer which is finally applied per hectare.
2.3 example 2 is chicken manure, and the sum of the amounts of absorbed N, K, P mineral elements accounts for more than 80% of the total amount of absorbed mineral elements according to different growth and development stages of cucumber. Therefore, the actual application amount of the chicken manure for maintaining the healthy growth of the cucumbers is calculated by taking the demand of N, K, P nutrient elements in the growth cycle as a basic parameter for simulating the application amount of the normal growth chicken manure of the cucumbers and combining the loss condition of the three nutrient elements in the growth process and the content of the nutrient elements in the chicken manure.
Through the method model simulation of the invention, the result analysis of the example 2 is as follows: in the growth process of cucumber, the maximum demand of nitrogen and potassium elements is 168.3kg/hm respectively2And 169.5kg/hm2The required amount of phosphorus element is less, and is 43.8kg/hm2. Respectively calculating the supplement amount by combining the loss amounts of the three nutrient element components N, K, P, and calculating the supplement amounts according to the respective contents of the three nutrient element components in the chicken manureThe application amount of the discharged chicken manure is 16828.4kg/hm2、54369kg/hm2And 90478kg/hm2Because the heavy metal content in the chicken manure is too high, in order to reduce heavy metal pollution, the actual application amount of the chicken manure which is applied per hectare is 16828.4kg/hm2. K. The difference of P is supplemented by K, P element background value in soil, and does not affect the normal growth of crops.
2.4 example 3 is pig manure, and the sum of the absorption amounts of N, K, P mineral elements accounts for more than 80% of the total absorption amount according to different growth and development stages of cucumber. Therefore, the required amount of N, K, P three major nutrient elements in the growth cycle is used as the basic parameter for simulating the normal growth pig manure application amount of the cucumber, and the actual pig manure application amount for maintaining the healthy growth of the cucumber is calculated by combining the loss condition of the three major elements in the growth process and the content of the nutrient elements in the pig manure.
Through the method model simulation of the invention, the result analysis of example 3 is as follows: in the growth process of cucumber, the maximum demand of nitrogen and potassium elements is 168.3kg/hm respectively2And 169.5kg/hm2The required amount of phosphorus element is less, and is 43.8kg/hm2. Respectively calculating supplement amount by combining the loss amounts of the three nutrient element components N, P, K, and calculating pig manure application amount of 13056.6kg/hm according to the respective pig manure content2、68829kg/hm2And 95368kg/hm2Because the heavy metal content in the pig manure is too high, in order to reduce heavy metal pollution, the actual application amount of the pig manure which should be applied per hectare is 13056.6kg/hm2. K. The difference of P is supplemented by K, P element background value in soil, and does not affect the normal growth of crops.
3. And 3, calculating the total input amount of each heavy metal component, and calculating the total output amount of each heavy metal component.
3.1 in embodiment 1, according to the application amount of the self-made organic fertilizer and the content of the heavy metal components in the self-made organic fertilizer, the heavy metal input amount brought to the soil by the application of the organic fertilizer is calculated, and the total input amounts of the four heavy metal components of Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn are calculated and respectively: 2.8455kg/hm2、0.2648kg/hm2、0.0675kg/hm2And 2.98kg/hm2。
The input amount of heavy metals in the soil is calculated by using the demand of the cucumber on the heavy metals in the growth process and the leaching loss of the heavy metals in the soil, and the total output amount of the four heavy metals of Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn is as follows: 1.24kg/hm2、0.18124kg/hm2、0.324376kg/hm2And 7.215kg/hm2。
3.2 in example 2, the input amount of heavy metals brought to the soil by the application of the chicken manure is calculated according to the application amount of the chicken manure and the content of the heavy metal components in the chicken manure, and the total input amounts of four heavy metals, namely Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn are respectively as follows: 2.238kg/hm2、0.00236kg/hm2、0.0081kg/hm2And 6.3275kg/hm2。
The input amount of heavy metals in the soil is calculated according to the demand of the cucumber on the heavy metals in the growth process and the leaching loss of the heavy metals in the soil, and the total output amounts of the four heavy metals of Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn are respectively as follows: 1.24kg/hm2、0.18124kg/hm2、0.324376kg/hm2And 7.215kg/hm2。
3.3 in example 3, the input amount of the heavy metal brought to the soil by the application of the pig manure is calculated according to the application amount of the pig manure and the content of the heavy metal components in the pig manure, and the total input amounts of the four heavy metals, namely Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn, are respectively 5.714kg/hm2、0.0027kg/hm2、0.104kg/hm2And 17.7086kg/hm2。
The input amount of heavy metals in the soil is calculated according to the demand of the cucumber on the heavy metals in the growth process and the leaching loss of the heavy metals in the soil, and the total output amounts of the four heavy metals of Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn are respectively as follows: 1.24kg/hm2、0.18124kg/hm2、0.324376kg/hm2And 7.215kg/hm2。
4. And 4, calculating a difference value between the total input quantity and the total output quantity of the heavy metal, and taking the difference value as a judgment standard of the heavy metal pollution quantity. When the difference is less than or equal to 0, namely the total input amount of the heavy metal components is less than or equal to the total output amount of the heavy metal components, and the pollution amount of the heavy metal components is 0; when the difference is more than 0, namely the total input amount of the heavy metal components is more than the total output amount of the heavy metal components, the difference is recorded as the pollution amount of the heavy metal components.
4.1 in example 1, the total input of Cd, Pb and Zn was less than the total output, so the contamination level of Cd, Pb and Zn was 0kg/hm2(ii) a The total input amount of Cu is larger than the total output amount, and the difference between the total input amount and the total output amount is calculated to be 1.6055kg/hm2Is the contamination amount of Cu. That is to say, the pollution that the fertilization scheme of the self-made organic fertilizer that adopts in example 1 exists is Cu pollution, and other heavy metals do not have the pollution condition.
4.2 example 2, the total input of Cd, Pb and Zn was less than the total output, so the contamination levels of Cd, Pb and Zn were 0kg/hm2(ii) a The total input amount of Cu is larger than the total output amount, and the difference value between the total input amount and the total output amount is calculated to be 0.9982kg/hm2Is the contamination amount of Cu. That is, the pollution of the fertilization scheme of the chicken manure adopted in the example 2 is Cu pollution, and other heavy metals do not have pollution.
4.3 in example 3, the total input of Cd and Pb was less than the total output, so the contamination level of Cd and Pb was 0kg/hm2(ii) a The total input amount of Cu and Zn is larger than the total output amount, and the difference between the total input amount and the total output amount is calculated to be 4.475kg/hm2The amount of Cu contamination and the amount of Zn contamination were 10.49kg/hm2. That is, the fertilization scheme of pig manure employed in example 3 had contamination of Cu and Zn. The specific calculation method of each parameter in steps 2 to 4 of examples 1 to 3 is shown in Table 6.
Table 6 specific calculation method of each parameter
By the method, other mineral elements in the soil, such as Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, B, Mo and the like, can be effectively monitored, and the time rule of environmental pollution and the maximum bearing capacity of the environment caused by the mineral elements when the organic fertilizer is applied can be predicted.
In conclusion, the method provided by the invention has the advantages that the characteristics of the nutrient components and the heavy metal elements of the organic fertilizer are detected, the soil characteristics are analyzed, the nutrient requirements of crops in the growth period are combined, the condition of heavy metal pollution possibly caused to the soil by adopting the fertilization scheme of the organic fertilizer can be predicted before fertilization, the time law of the organic fertilizer on the environmental pollution and the maximum bearing capacity of the environment are predicted, and the method has great theoretical guiding significance for the application amount of the organic fertilizer in production practice. On the basis of the method, the comprehensive utilization of the livestock and poultry wastes can be scientifically and efficiently managed by establishing relevant organic fertilizer use and management measures, and the pollution of the organic fertilizer to soil and the surrounding environment is controlled while the full utilization of resources is ensured.
5. In order to evaluate the accuracy and the effectiveness of the critical threshold model of the organic fertilizer environmental pollution established by the method, the invention provides the following comparative examples:
in comparative examples 1, 2 and 3, the self-made organic fertilizer, the chicken manure and the pig manure detected in the examples 1, 2 and 3 are respectively adopted, 1 hectare of cucumbers are respectively planted on the same dry land test field according to the fertilizing amount calculated in the examples 1, 2 and 3, and the heavy metal accumulation amount in 0-20 cm of soil of the dry land test field is detected after a complete cucumber growth period (0-100 days after seedling emergence).
According to detection, in comparative examples 1 and 2, the content of Cd, Pb and Zn in the soil is not increased, and the content of Cu is obviously increased. In comparative example 3, the contents of Cd and Pb in the soil were not increased, while the contents of Zn and Cu were significantly increased. This shows that the results of predicting heavy metal pollution in examples 1, 2 and 3 of the critical threshold model of organic fertilizer environmental pollution established by the method of the present invention are all consistent with the actual results, and the accuracy rate is up to 100%. The error between the actually detected heavy metal pollution amount of the comparative examples 1, 2 and 3 and the predicted heavy metal pollution amount of the examples 1, 2 and 3 is less than 5%.
6. The critical threshold model of the organic fertilizer environmental pollution established by the method can guide the application amount of the organic fertilizer in production practice. For example, the method of the invention can detect the total output of the heavy metal components with the largest pollution amount, and combines the content of each heavy metal component in the organic fertilizer detected in the step 1, the application amount of the organic fertilizer corresponding to the total output amount of the heavy metal components with the largest pollution amount can be converted (the pollution amount of the heavy metal components is 0 theoretically when the fertilizer is applied according to the application amount), and (3) calculating the nutrient supplement amount to be additionally supplemented for meeting the requirement of each nutrient component according to the calculated application amount of the organic fertilizer, the content of each nutrient component in the organic fertilizer detected in the step (1), the requirement of the crops on each nutrient component and the loss amount of each nutrient component measured in the step (1), wherein the nutrient supplement amount can be N fertilizer, K fertilizer and P fertilizer which are properly adopted, and the additionally supplemented nutrient component supplement amount is added into the selected application amount of the organic fertilizer for fertilization. According to the absorption characteristics of the mineral elements in different growth stages of the cucumber, the cucumber can be endowed with mineral nutrition according to the absorption rule in the production process.
According to the application, the cultivation fertilizer demand in the field can be estimated according to the mineral element absorption amount of crops, but actually, the values have certain deviation under different environmental conditions. The organic fertilizer application amount calculated by the research can be scientifically managed, so that insufficient fertilizer application or fertilizer waste is avoided to a certain extent, nutrient imbalance can be avoided, and environmental pollution is controlled.
In summary, the above embodiments and drawings are only preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for detecting environmental pollution caused by fertilization is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, detecting the content of each nutrient component and heavy metal component in the organic fertilizer, and determining the loss amount of each nutrient component and heavy metal component in the crop planting environment; the loss amount is the sum of the loss amount of soil permeation and the loss amount of surface runoff; firstly, preparing a test sample solution and a blank solution, and then measuring the content of each nutrient component and heavy metal component in the organic fertilizer by adopting a spectrophotometry, an atomic absorption spectrometry or an atomic fluorescence spectrometry;
step 2, calculating the supplement amount of each nutrient component according to the demand of crops on each nutrient component and the loss amount of each nutrient component measured in the step 1, calculating the organic fertilizer using amount meeting the demand of each nutrient component according to the supplement amount of each nutrient component and the content of each nutrient component in the organic fertilizer detected in the step 1, and screening out the actual organic fertilizer application amount from the organic fertilizer using amount meeting the demand of each nutrient component;
step 3, calculating the total input amount of each heavy metal component according to the actual application amount of the organic fertilizer and the content of each heavy metal component in the organic fertilizer detected in the step 1, and calculating the total output amount of each heavy metal component according to the demand of crops on each heavy metal component and the loss amount of each heavy metal component determined in the step 1;
step 4, comparing the total input quantity and the total output quantity of the heavy metals, calculating a difference value, and taking the difference value as a judgment standard of the heavy metal pollution quantity: when the total output quantity of the heavy metal components is more than or equal to the total input quantity of the heavy metal components, the pollution quantity of the heavy metal components is 0; when the total output of the heavy metal components is less than the total input of the heavy metal components, the pollution amount of the heavy metal components is the difference value between the total input of the heavy metal components and the total output of the heavy metal components.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the nutritional composition comprises N, K, P, Ca elements.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the heavy metal component comprises elements of Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg, Cd.
4. The method as claimed in claim 2 or 3, wherein the crop is cucumber, the nutrient component is N, K, P element, and the heavy metal component is Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd element.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein in step 1, the amount lost is the sum of the amount of soil infiltration lost and the amount of surface runoff lost.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein in the step 2, the supplement amount of the nutrient = sum of the nutrient requirement and the nutrient loss amount, and the amount of the organic fertilizer satisfying the nutrient requirement = nutrient supplement amount ÷ nutrient content.
7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step 2, when the organic fertilizer is chicken manure or pig manure, the minimum value of the organic fertilizer dosage meeting the requirement of each nutrient component is selected as the actual organic fertilizer dosage.
8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step 2, when the organic fertilizer is a self-made organic fertilizer, the maximum value of the organic fertilizer usage amount meeting the demand of each nutrient component is selected as the actual organic fertilizer application amount.
9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step 3, the total input amount of the heavy metal components = organic fertilizer application amount x heavy metal component content, and the total output amount of the heavy metal components = sum of heavy metal component demand amount and heavy metal component loss amount.
10. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a step 5 of converting the total output of the heavy metal components with the largest pollution amount and the content of each heavy metal component in the organic fertilizer detected in the step 1 into an organic fertilizer application amount with a pollution amount of 0, and adding the additional nutrient component supplement amount to the organic fertilizer application amount with a pollution amount of 0 for fertilization according to the organic fertilizer application amount with a pollution amount of 0, the content of each nutrient component in the organic fertilizer detected in the step 1, the demand of the crops for each nutrient component and the loss amount of each nutrient component detected in the step 1 to obtain an additional nutrient component supplement amount for supplementing each nutrient component according to the reduction.
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