CN108753301A - 番石榴叶在降低农田土壤重金属毒性中的应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了番石榴叶在降低农田土壤重金属毒性中的应用。将番石榴叶晾干至恒重,然后粉碎,接着对粉碎后的番石榴叶过筛至60目;将预处理后的番石榴叶投放到待处理土壤中,混合均匀,番石榴叶投放量为土壤总量的0.5‑5%;番石榴叶在土壤处于浸出状态下处理至少16小时。番石榴叶可有效降低农田土壤重金属毒性,尤其是铅锌矿区周边农田土壤重金属毒性,起到钝化作用,而且番石榴叶来源广泛,成本低廉,又是绿色环保物料,不会对土壤造成二次污染。
Description
技术领域
本发明的实施例涉及土壤重金属钝化技术,具体而言,涉及番石榴叶在降低农田土壤重金属毒性,尤其是铅锌矿区周边农田土壤重金属毒性中的应用。
背景技术
近年来,土壤重金属污染问题日益严峻,治理、修复钝化土壤中的重金属污染是人类面临的一项艰巨任务,需要寻找出优惠且固化治理效果好的钝化剂来减低治理成本。在2014年开展的全国土壤污染状况调查公报中显示,土壤中多种重金属污染物的超标情况严峻,其中重金属Cr、Zn、Cd、Ni、Cu、Pb、As污染物点位超标率分别为1.1%、0.9%、7.0%、4.8%、2.7%、2.1%、1.6%。从重金属污染来源看,采矿、选矿和冶炼等工业活动是造成重金属污染土壤的主要来源之一。广西地区矿产资源丰富,从上世纪80年代开始,有色金属采选矿企业纷纷涌现,由于发展模式粗放,产业结构不合理,企业环保意识薄弱、监管不到位等原因,工矿业废弃地土壤重金属污染十分突出,因为当时技术的落后,及环境保护意识不强,对采矿、选矿厂排出的废水废渣没有进行治理。
通过化学方法钝化土壤重金属,是向土壤中添加钝化剂,改变土壤重金属的化学存在形态,以降低其重金属的活性和生物毒性。寻找一种具有使用成本低廉、成果经济高效、适宜开展大面积污染土壤修复工作且不影响农作物耕作等优点钝化剂是土壤重金属污染修复研究中主要关注和解决的问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种番石榴叶的新用途,即在降低农田土壤重金属毒性,尤其是铅锌矿区周边农田土壤重金属毒性中的新应用。
本发明的番石榴叶应用的方法,包括如下步骤:
预处理:将番石榴叶晾干至恒重,然后粉碎,接着对粉碎后的番石榴叶过筛至60目;
投放:将预处理后的番石榴叶投放到待处理土壤中,混合均匀。
反应:番石榴叶在土壤浸出液中反应至少16小时。
番石榴叶为桃金娘科番石榴属植物番石榴的叶,番石榴叶含有多种类型的化学成分,目前已经报道的有鞣质(图1)、槲皮素(图2)、三萜(图3)、黄酮、多酚类化合物、番石榴酸、多糖、挥发油、倍半萜、杂萜醛类等。
番石榴叶具有降低土壤重金属浸出毒性作用,而产生作用的成分主要是番石榴叶富含多种有机官能团的机质,如-COOH、-OH等,溶解后会引入大量的含氧基团在酸性含重金属的溶液,增加土壤阳离子交换量。富含-COOH、-OH基团有机质可以通过形成不溶性重金属-有机复合物,土壤中重金属在溶液中可以与番石榴叶的有机质中羧基(RCOOH)形成稳定的络合物,降低土壤重金属的水溶态及可交换态组分,从而降低重金属污染物的生物可利用性吸收,降低其土壤重金属毒性。另一方面。番石榴叶pH值(pH=5.92)呈弱酸性,番石榴叶吸附了土壤里负电荷离子,使土壤负电荷数减少,从而降低了土壤赋存重金属离子。
以番石榴有机质羧基为例,降低土壤浸出毒性的机理包括番石榴叶表面羧基与重金属生成稳定的络合物。反应方程式用以下公式表示:
M2++RCOOH=RCOOM+2H+(M代表金属如Pb、Cd等,RCOOH代表番石榴叶有机质中羧基成分)
由此可见,番石榴叶子具有降低土壤重金属浸出毒性作用。
相比于现有技术,本发明的优势在于:
1)番石榴叶来源广泛,成本低廉。
2)番石榴叶是绿色环保物料,不会对土壤造成二次污染。
3)番石榴叶可有效降低农田土壤重金属毒性,尤其是铅锌矿区周边农田土壤重金属毒性,起到钝化作用。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例的技术方案,下面将对实施例或相关技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅涉及本发明的一些实施例,并非对本发明的限制。
图1是番石榴叶中各鞣质成分的结构式。
图2是番石榴叶中槲皮素的结构式。
图3是番石榴叶中三萜化合物的结构式。
图4是产地1番石榴叶去除水田土壤重金属毒性效果图。
图5是产地2番石榴叶去除水田土壤重金属毒性效果图。
图6是产地3番石榴叶去除水田土壤重金属毒性效果图。
图7是桃金娘科桉属植物叶去除水田土壤重金属毒性效果图。
图8是桃金娘科玫瑰木属植物叶去除水田土壤重金属毒性效果图。
具体实施方式
为了能够更清楚地理解本发明的上述目的、特征和优点,下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明技术方案作进一步非限制性的详细描述。
实施例1:
取某产地1番石榴叶,在自然条件下晾干至恒重,再将晾干后的番石榴叶子粉碎,对粉碎后的番石榴叶过筛至60目后制得番石榴叶钝化剂。
实施例2:
取某产地2番石榴叶,在自然条件下晾干至恒重,再将晾干后的番石榴叶子粉碎,对粉碎后的番石榴叶过筛至60目后制得番石榴叶钝化剂。
实施例3:
取某产地3番石榴叶,在自然条件下晾干至恒重,再将晾干后的番石榴叶子粉碎,对粉碎后的番石榴叶过筛至60目后制得番石榴叶钝化剂。
实施例4:
取桃金娘科桉属植物叶(非番石榴叶),在自然条件下晾干至恒重,再将晾干后的叶子粉碎,对粉碎后的叶子过筛至60目后制得桃金娘科桉属植物叶钝化剂。
实施例5:
取桃金娘科玫瑰木属植物叶(非番石榴叶),在自然条件下晾干至恒重,再将晾干后的番石榴叶子粉碎,对粉碎后的番石榴叶过筛至60目后制得桃金娘科玫瑰木属植物叶钝化剂。
对实施例1~5得到的钝化剂进行检测:
50ml离心管添加2g受铅、锌和镉等重金属污染的水田土壤,按照土壤重量比例的0、1%、2%、3%、4%、5%再添加实施例1、实施例2和实施例3的番石榴叶,再向离心管加入40mlTCLP提取液(pH为2.88±0.05),200rpm震荡18h,过0.45μm滤膜,稀释25倍后测定提取液中重金属含量。未添加钝化剂的土壤作为空白处理,每个处理重复3次。
按照《水质65种元素的测定电感耦合等离子体质谱法》HJ700-2014测试方法测定。
结果分析:
见图4,实施例1的番石榴对水田土壤铅、镉、锌TCLP浸出毒性下降明显。5%质量比,番石榴下降土壤铅、镉、锌毒性浓度去除率最大,分别为65.47%、40.87%、29.32%,毒性降低效果:Pb>Cd>Zn。
见图5,实施例2番石榴叶对铅、镉、锌的TCLP浸出毒性变化明显,5%质量比时铅、镉、锌的毒性浓度下降最大,分别为64.38%、29.67%、23.37%,毒性下降效果:Pb>Cd>Zn。
见图6,实施例3番石榴叶对锌、镉、铅的TCLP浸出毒性变化明显。5%质量比时铅、镉、锌的毒性浓度下降最大,分别为63.93%、34.83%、32.90%。毒性下降效果:Pb>Cd>Zn。
见图7,实施例4桃金娘科桉属非番石榴叶对锌、镉、铅的TCLP浸出毒性变化不明显。
见图8,实施例5桃金娘科玫瑰木属非番石榴叶对锌、镉、铅的TCLP浸出毒性变化不明显。
结果表明,番石榴叶具有降低土壤重金属浸出毒性作用。
需要指出的是,上述较佳实施例仅为说明本发明的技术构思及特点,其目的在于让熟悉此项技术的人士能够了解本发明的内容并据以实施,并不能以此限制本发明的保护范围。凡根据本发明精神实质所作的等效变化或修饰,都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (2)
1.番石榴叶在降低农田土壤重金属毒性中的应用。
2.根据权利要求1所述的番石榴叶应用,其特征在于,做法如下:
1)预处理:将番石榴叶晾干至恒重,然后粉碎,接着对粉碎后的番石榴叶过筛至60目;
2)投放:将预处理后的番石榴叶投放到待处理土壤中,混合均匀,番石榴叶投放量为土壤总量的0.5-5%。
3)反应:番石榴叶在土壤处于浸出状态下处理至少16小时。
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| CN101313922A (zh) * | 2007-05-30 | 2008-12-03 | 广州联创思远利生物科技有限公司 | 从几种常见植物中获得提取物的方法及该提取物的用途 |
| CN102920785A (zh) * | 2012-11-27 | 2013-02-13 | 哈药集团中药二厂 | 一种从番石榴叶中提取总黄酮的方法 |
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| CN101313922A (zh) * | 2007-05-30 | 2008-12-03 | 广州联创思远利生物科技有限公司 | 从几种常见植物中获得提取物的方法及该提取物的用途 |
| CN102920785A (zh) * | 2012-11-27 | 2013-02-13 | 哈药集团中药二厂 | 一种从番石榴叶中提取总黄酮的方法 |
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