CN107378299A - A kind of gas-turbine blade built-up welding continuous casting casting rod and its welding procedure - Google Patents
A kind of gas-turbine blade built-up welding continuous casting casting rod and its welding procedure Download PDFInfo
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- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 title abstract description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011573 trace mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000013619 trace mineral Nutrition 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- LNSPFAOULBTYBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O].C#C Chemical group [O].C#C LNSPFAOULBTYBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910000604 Ferrochrome Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910018487 Ni—Cr Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium nickel Chemical compound [Cr].[Ni] VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- NGONBPOYDYSZDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ar].[W] Chemical compound [Ar].[W] NGONBPOYDYSZDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000531 Co alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 208000013201 Stress fracture Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- QFXZANXYUCUTQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethynol Chemical group OC#C QFXZANXYUCUTQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007619 statistical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K5/00—Gas flame welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
- B23K9/04—Welding for other purposes than joining, e.g. built-up welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
- B23K9/16—Arc welding or cutting making use of shielding gas
- B23K9/167—Arc welding or cutting making use of shielding gas and of a non-consumable electrode
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Arc Welding In General (AREA)
Abstract
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及再制造加工技术领域，具体地说是一种燃气涡轮叶片堆焊用连铸铸棒及其焊接工艺。The invention relates to the technical field of remanufacturing, in particular to a continuous casting rod for surfacing welding of gas turbine blades and a welding process thereof.
背景技术Background technique
燃气涡轮将高温高压燃气流的能量转换为机械能的一种叶片机，简称涡轮，又称燃气透平。机械能以涡轮轴功率的形式输出，用来驱动燃气涡轮发动机中的压气机和其他附件(发电机、油泵等)，在涡轮螺旋桨或涡轮风扇发动机上还用来驱动空气螺旋桨或风扇，在涡轮轴发动机上还用来驱动直升机的旋翼。燃气涡轮叶片是涡轮机上重要的部件之一，在使用一段时间后会出现一定程度的磨损，最终会影响到燃气涡轮的工作性能，因此需要及时的进行更换。但这种方式维护成本较高，被卸下的叶片丢弃而没有进行回收处理，导致严重的资源浪费。A gas turbine is a blade machine that converts the energy of high-temperature and high-pressure gas flow into mechanical energy, referred to as a turbine, also known as a gas turbine. The mechanical energy is output in the form of turbine shaft power, which is used to drive the compressor and other accessories (generator, oil pump, etc.) in the gas turbine engine, and is also used to drive the air propeller or fan on the turboprop or turbofan engine. The engine is also used to drive the rotor of the helicopter. The gas turbine blade is one of the important parts of the turbine. After a period of use, there will be a certain degree of wear and tear, which will eventually affect the working performance of the gas turbine, so it needs to be replaced in time. However, this method has high maintenance costs, and the removed blades are discarded without recycling, resulting in a serious waste of resources.
发明内容Contents of the invention
为了解决现有技术中的不足，本发明提出一种燃气涡轮叶片堆焊用连铸铸棒及其焊接工艺。In order to solve the deficiencies in the prior art, the present invention proposes a continuous casting rod for surfacing welding of gas turbine blades and its welding process.
本发明所要解决的技术问题采用以下技术方案来实现：The technical problem to be solved by the present invention adopts the following technical solutions to realize:
一种燃气涡轮叶片堆焊用连铸铸棒，包括以下质量百分比的组分：A continuous casting rod for surfacing welding of gas turbine blades, comprising the following components in mass percentage:
球形铸造碳化钨粉包括以下质量百分比的组分：W为95～96％、总碳为3～4％、游离碳为0.05～0.1％、Fe为0.3～0.6％、V为0.05～0.15％、Cr为0.05～0.15％、微量元素为余量。Spherical casting tungsten carbide powder includes the following components in mass percentage: W is 95-96%, total carbon is 3-4%, free carbon is 0.05-0.1%, Fe is 0.3-0.6%, V is 0.05-0.15%, Cr is 0.05-0.15%, and trace elements are the balance.
所述微量元素包括Ni、Mo、Co。The trace elements include Ni, Mo, Co.
所述金属钒粉包括以下质量百分比的组分：Fe为0～0.02％、Cr为0～0.02％、Al为0～0.01％、Si为0～0.004％、O为0～0.035％、N为0～0.01％、C为0～0.02％、V为余量。The metal vanadium powder includes the following components in mass percentage: Fe is 0-0.02%, Cr is 0-0.02%, Al is 0-0.01%, Si is 0-0.004%, O is 0-0.035%, N is 0 to 0.01%, C is 0 to 0.02%, and V is the balance.
所述钛粉包括以下质量百分比的组分：Ti为余量、混合粉末为0～0.5％。The titanium powder includes the following components in mass percentage: Ti is the rest, and mixed powder is 0-0.5%.
所述混合粉末包括Fe、Si、Al、Cl、C、Na、Mg。The mixed powder includes Fe, Si, Al, Cl, C, Na, Mg.
一种燃气涡轮叶片堆焊用连铸铸棒的焊接工艺，所述工艺步骤为：采用氧—乙炔碳化焰方法或钨极氩弧焊方法对工件进行堆焊。The invention relates to a welding process of continuous casting rods for surfacing welding of gas turbine blades. The process steps are: adopting an oxygen-acetylene carbonization flame method or a tungsten argon arc welding method to surfacing a workpiece.
在堆焊前，应进行预热处理，预热到350～500℃，堆焊层间温度350℃。Before surfacing, preheat treatment should be carried out, preheating to 350 ~ 500 ℃, the temperature between surfacing layers is 350 ℃.
工件堆焊后应立即进行消除应力热处理。Stress relief heat treatment should be carried out immediately after the workpiece is surfacing.
本发明的有益效果是：本发明材料组分搭配合理，采用球形铸造碳化钨粉与金属钒粉、钛粉的结合，实现了对燃气涡轮叶片尺寸修复的同时，极大的改善了燃气涡轮叶片的性能，从而延长燃气涡轮叶片的使用寿命，实现了废弃的燃气涡轮叶片的回收再制造。本发明的连铸铸棒由于镍的添加，改善了合金的热稳定性，在900℃-1200℃温度范围内，应力断裂性能优于绝大多数钴基合金、该合金具有良好的高温性能，适用于内燃机和汽轮机部件的再制造处理。The beneficial effects of the present invention are: the material components of the present invention are reasonably matched, and the combination of spherical cast tungsten carbide powder, metal vanadium powder and titanium powder is used to realize the repair of the size of the gas turbine blade and greatly improve the gas turbine blade. performance, thereby prolonging the service life of gas turbine blades and realizing the recycling and remanufacturing of waste gas turbine blades. Due to the addition of nickel, the continuous casting rod of the present invention improves the thermal stability of the alloy, and in the temperature range of 900°C-1200°C, the stress fracture performance is better than most cobalt-based alloys, and the alloy has good high-temperature performance. Suitable for remanufacturing of combustion engine and steam turbine components.
具体实施方式detailed description
为了使本发明实现的技术手段、创作特征、达成目的与功效易于明白了解，下面对本发明进一步阐述。In order to make the technical means, creative features, goals and effects achieved by the present invention easy to understand, the present invention will be further elaborated below.
实施例一：Embodiment one:
一种燃气涡轮叶片堆焊用连铸铸棒，包括以下质量百分比的组分：A continuous casting rod for surfacing welding of gas turbine blades, comprising the following components in mass percentage:
球形铸造碳化钨粉包括以下质量百分比的组分：W为95％、总碳为3％、游离碳为0.1％、Fe为0.6％、V为0.05％、Cr为0.15％、微量元素为余量。Spherical casting tungsten carbide powder includes the following components by mass percentage: W is 95%, total carbon is 3%, free carbon is 0.1%, Fe is 0.6%, V is 0.05%, Cr is 0.15%, and trace elements are the balance .
所述微量元素包括Ni、Mo、Co。The trace elements include Ni, Mo, Co.
所述金属钒粉包括以下质量百分比的组分：Fe为0.01％、Cr为0.02％、Al为0.01％、Si为0.001％、O为0.035％、N为0.01％、C为0.02％、V为余量。The metal vanadium powder includes the following components in mass percentage: Fe is 0.01%, Cr is 0.02%, Al is 0.01%, Si is 0.001%, O is 0.035%, N is 0.01%, C is 0.02%, V is margin.
所述钛粉包括以下质量百分比的组分：Ti为余量、混合粉末为0.5％。The titanium powder includes the following components in mass percentage: Ti is the balance and mixed powder is 0.5%.
所述混合粉末包括Fe、Si、Al、Cl、C、Na、Mg。The mixed powder includes Fe, Si, Al, Cl, C, Na, Mg.
一种燃气涡轮叶片堆焊用连铸铸棒的焊接工艺，所述工艺步骤为：采用氧—乙炔碳化焰方法手工或自动对工件进行堆焊。The invention relates to a welding process of continuous casting rods for surfacing welding of gas turbine blades. The said process steps are: adopting oxygen-acetylene carbonization flame method to manually or automatically perform surfacing welding on workpieces.
在堆焊前，应进行预热处理，预热到350℃，堆焊层间温度350℃。Before surfacing welding, preheating treatment should be carried out, preheating to 350 ℃, and the temperature between surfacing layers is 350 ℃.
工件堆焊后应立即进行消除应力热处理。Stress relief heat treatment should be carried out immediately after the workpiece is surfacing.
实施例二：Embodiment two:
一种燃气涡轮叶片堆焊用连铸铸棒，包括以下质量百分比的组分：A continuous casting rod for surfacing welding of gas turbine blades, comprising the following components in mass percentage:
球形铸造碳化钨粉包括以下质量百分比的组分：W为96％、总碳为3％、游离碳为0.05％、Fe为0.3％、V为0.15％、Cr为0.05％、微量元素为余量。Spherical casting tungsten carbide powder includes the following components by mass percentage: W is 96%, total carbon is 3%, free carbon is 0.05%, Fe is 0.3%, V is 0.15%, Cr is 0.05%, and trace elements are the balance .
所述微量元素包括Ni、Mo、Co。The trace elements include Ni, Mo, Co.
所述金属钒粉包括以下质量百分比的组分：Fe为0.015％、Cr为0.015％、Al为0.005％、Si为0.004％、O为0.01％、N为0.005％、C为0.01％、V为余量。The metal vanadium powder comprises the following components in mass percentage: Fe is 0.015%, Cr is 0.015%, Al is 0.005%, Si is 0.004%, O is 0.01%, N is 0.005%, C is 0.01%, V is margin.
所述钛粉包括以下质量百分比的组分：Ti为余量、混合粉末为0.1％。The titanium powder includes the following components in mass percentage: Ti is the balance, and mixed powder is 0.1%.
所述混合粉末包括Fe、Si、Al、Cl、C、Na、Mg。The mixed powder includes Fe, Si, Al, Cl, C, Na, Mg.
一种燃气涡轮叶片堆焊用连铸铸棒的焊接工艺，所述工艺步骤为：采用氧—乙炔碳化焰方法手工或自动对工件进行堆焊。The invention relates to a welding process of continuous casting rods for surfacing welding of gas turbine blades. The said process steps are: adopting oxygen-acetylene carbonization flame method to manually or automatically perform surfacing welding on workpieces.
在堆焊前，应进行预热处理，预热到400℃，堆焊层间温度350℃。Before surfacing welding, preheat treatment should be carried out, preheating to 400 ℃, and the temperature between surfacing layers is 350 ℃.
工件堆焊后应立即进行消除应力热处理。Stress relief heat treatment should be carried out immediately after the workpiece is surfacing.
实施例三：Embodiment three:
一种燃气涡轮叶片堆焊用连铸铸棒，包括以下质量百分比的组分：A continuous casting rod for surfacing welding of gas turbine blades, comprising the following components in mass percentage:
球形铸造碳化钨粉包括以下质量百分比的组分：W为95％、总碳为4％、游离碳为0.05％、Fe为0.5％、V为0.1％、Cr为0.1％、微量元素为余量。Spherical casting tungsten carbide powder includes the following components by mass percentage: W is 95%, total carbon is 4%, free carbon is 0.05%, Fe is 0.5%, V is 0.1%, Cr is 0.1%, and trace elements are the balance .
所述微量元素包括Ni、Mo、Co。The trace elements include Ni, Mo, Co.
所述金属钒粉包括以下质量百分比的组分：Fe为0.02％、Cr为0.01％、Al为0.01％、Si为0.003％、O为0.02％、N为0.01％、C为0.02％、V为余量。The metal vanadium powder includes the following components in mass percentage: Fe is 0.02%, Cr is 0.01%, Al is 0.01%, Si is 0.003%, O is 0.02%, N is 0.01%, C is 0.02%, V is margin.
所述钛粉包括以下质量百分比的组分：Ti为余量、混合粉末为0.2％。The titanium powder includes the following components in mass percentage: Ti is the balance and mixed powder is 0.2%.
所述混合粉末包括Fe、Si、Al、Cl、C、Na、Mg。The mixed powder includes Fe, Si, Al, Cl, C, Na, Mg.
一种燃气涡轮叶片堆焊用连铸铸棒的焊接工艺，所述工艺步骤为：采用钨极氩弧焊方法手工或自动对工件进行堆焊。The invention relates to a welding process of continuous casting rods for surfacing welding of gas turbine blades. The process steps are: manually or automatically surfacing a workpiece by tungsten argon arc welding.
在堆焊前，应进行预热处理，预热到500℃，堆焊层间温度350℃。Before surfacing welding, preheating treatment should be carried out, preheating to 500 ℃, and the temperature between surfacing layers is 350 ℃.
工件堆焊后应立即进行消除应力热处理。Stress relief heat treatment should be carried out immediately after the workpiece is surfacing.
实施例四：Embodiment four:
一种燃气涡轮叶片堆焊用连铸铸棒，包括以下质量百分比的组分：A continuous casting rod for surfacing welding of gas turbine blades, comprising the following components in mass percentage:
球形铸造碳化钨粉包括以下质量百分比的组分：W为96％、总碳为3.3％、游离碳为0.08％、Fe为0.4％、V为0.09％、Cr为0.12％、微量元素为余量。Spherical casting tungsten carbide powder includes the following components by mass percentage: W is 96%, total carbon is 3.3%, free carbon is 0.08%, Fe is 0.4%, V is 0.09%, Cr is 0.12%, and trace elements are the balance .
所述微量元素包括Ni、Mo、Co。The trace elements include Ni, Mo, Co.
所述金属钒粉包括以下质量百分比的组分：Fe为0.02％、Cr为0.01％、Al为0.01％、Si为0.002％、O为0.02％、N为0.01％、C为0.02％、V为余量。The metal vanadium powder includes the following components in mass percentage: Fe is 0.02%, Cr is 0.01%, Al is 0.01%, Si is 0.002%, O is 0.02%, N is 0.01%, C is 0.02%, V is margin.
所述钛粉包括以下质量百分比的组分：Ti为余量、混合粉末为0.5％。The titanium powder includes the following components in mass percentage: Ti is the balance and mixed powder is 0.5%.
所述混合粉末包括Fe、Si、Al、Cl、C、Na、Mg。The mixed powder includes Fe, Si, Al, Cl, C, Na, Mg.
一种燃气涡轮叶片堆焊用连铸铸棒的焊接工艺，所述工艺步骤为：采用钨极氩弧焊方法手工或自动对工件进行堆焊。The invention relates to a welding process of continuous casting rods for surfacing welding of gas turbine blades. The process steps are: manually or automatically surfacing a workpiece by tungsten argon arc welding.
在堆焊前，应进行预热处理，预热到450℃，堆焊层间温度350℃。Before surfacing welding, preheat treatment should be carried out, preheating to 450 ℃, and the temperature between surfacing layers is 350 ℃.
工件堆焊后应立即进行消除应力热处理。Stress relief heat treatment should be carried out immediately after the workpiece is surfacing.
为了论证本发明的实际效果和性能，特将本发明的实施例一至实施例四的四个方案分别实施之后，对各自的焊层性能进行了测试，并做了统计分析，统计如下：In order to prove the actual effect and performance of the present invention, after the four schemes of Embodiment 1 to Embodiment 4 of the present invention were implemented respectively, the respective welding layer properties were tested, and statistical analysis was done, and the statistics are as follows:
由上述实验数据可知，实施例一和实施例二采用氧-乙炔碳化焰堆焊方法结合本发明的组分，可以在高温即423℃-530℃时具有较高的硬度，尤其在423℃时可达最高；实施例三和实施例四采用钨极氩弧焊方法结合本发明的组分，可以在高温423℃-530℃时具有较高的硬度，尤其是在423℃时最佳，即在423℃高温情况下，燃气涡轮叶片的焊层具有较高的硬度，性能得以改善，并且采用本发明的工艺方法后，可以实现对燃气涡轮叶片的尺寸修复。本发明制成的焊层，常温硬度HRC35-40，从而能够方便对燃气涡轮叶片的机械加工处理。From the above experimental data, it can be seen that the first and second examples use the oxy-acetylene carbonization flame surfacing method combined with the components of the present invention, which can have relatively high hardness at high temperatures, that is, 423°C-530°C, especially at 423°C It can reach the highest; Embodiment 3 and Embodiment 4 use the argon tungsten arc welding method combined with the components of the present invention to have higher hardness at a high temperature of 423°C-530°C, especially at 423°C, that is, Under the condition of high temperature of 423°C, the welding layer of the gas turbine blade has higher hardness, and the performance is improved, and after adopting the process method of the invention, the dimension repair of the gas turbine blade can be realized. The welding layer made by the invention has a normal temperature hardness of HRC35-40, so that the mechanical processing of the gas turbine blade can be facilitated.
以上显示和描述了本发明的基本原理、主要特征和本发明的优点。本行业的技术人员应该了解，本发明不受步骤实施例的限制，步骤实施例和说明书中描述的只是本发明的原理，在不脱离本发明精神和范围的前提下，本发明还会有各种变化和改进，这些变化和改进都落入要求保护的本发明范围内。本发明要求保护范围由所附的权利要求书及其等效物界定。The basic principles, main features and advantages of the present invention have been shown and described above. Those skilled in the art should understand that the present invention is not limited by the step embodiments, and what are described in the step embodiments and the description are only the principles of the present invention. Without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, the present invention will also have various Variations and improvements all fall within the scope of the claimed invention. The protection scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (9)
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