CN107137352A - 一种新型泡沫剂 - Google Patents
一种新型泡沫剂 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN107137352A CN107137352A CN201710398045.2A CN201710398045A CN107137352A CN 107137352 A CN107137352 A CN 107137352A CN 201710398045 A CN201710398045 A CN 201710398045A CN 107137352 A CN107137352 A CN 107137352A
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- Prior art keywords
- foaming agent
- surfactant
- foaming
- propellant
- foam
- Prior art date
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Abstract
提供一种新型气雾泡沫剂制备方法。该泡沫剂包含0.001%~0.04%(w/w)发泡用表面活性剂。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种泡沫剂的新型制备方法,其中涉及到使用微量的表面活性剂制备泡沫剂。
背景技术
泡沫剂为溶液、乳液、混悬液或凝胶分散在抛射剂中使用耐压容器保存,并最终以固体泡沫形式喷出使用的剂型产品。国外应用于医药领域称为foam,应用于日化领域称为mousse(摩丝)。其特点主要在于使用方便,密度小,切应力小,使用后能形成薄薄的药膜而又具有良好的体感,较其它外用制剂更容易分布于表皮,腔道,不沾污,有更好的吸收、可以保证产品的吸附及作用时间却又容易洗涤,顺应性强。
泡沫剂可以分为非快速消除型泡沫剂和快速消除泡沫剂,其中快速消除型泡沫剂现有技术一般采用醇水体系,即乙醇和水作为载体介质。快速消除型泡沫使用于人体表面时可以较快地在体温作用下消泡呈液体状,自动分散于作用部位。表面活性剂在泡沫剂中最主要的作用是发泡,在需要的时候可以用于增溶、乳化等。当主要用途是发泡时,应当选用有一定发泡能力的表面活性剂,即本发明说提及的发泡用表面活性剂。
US2678147提出了气雾剂以泡沫形式表现的观点,但当时并没有给出非常细致的实施方案。
US3092555、US3144386提出了具体的泡沫剂制备方法,并且逐渐引领出一般泡沫剂的制备方法,其中包括一般的表面活性剂使用方法。在此后的常年研究和实施中,人们都习惯于将表面活性剂用量置于0.1%~15%这个范围内。US3970584明确提出了以乳化方式制备泡沫剂,但其表面活性剂也是落于以上范围的常用量。
长久以来有关泡沫剂的大量研究中表面活性剂的使用存在相似的明显问题,都是将表面活性剂放在大于0.1%的情况下使用。事实上,泡沫剂之外涉及到表面活性剂使用的地方也鲜见以极小比例使用的情况。发明者通过实验研究,意外发现当大量减少表面活性剂的使用,例如小于0.04%时能制备出品质很好的泡沫剂
表面活性剂在工业中广泛用于分散、润湿、渗透、增溶、乳化、气泡、润滑、杀菌等方面。表面活性剂难以被有效处理,大量表面活性剂的使用,最终会以废水、废渣等形式不可避免地排入水体和土壤中,并最终影响整个生态环境。
表面活性剂对土壤主要是影响土壤的保水性质,颗粒聚合能力以及土壤pH。表面活性剂对水体主要是影响水体和空气之间的气体交换能力,并直接导致有害污染物在水中溶解量的增加等。当水体中表面活性剂含量较高时就会影响水体中藻类和其他初级生物的生长,从而破坏水体中水生生物的食物链。此外对动物也有不同程度影响,例如造成动物中毒现象的增多,性别比例变化等,尤其是人工合成的表面活性剂往往有蓄积效果,危害程度更大。
传统的泡沫剂制备工艺存在着普遍的表面活性剂滥用的情况,发明人通过实验发现这些传统工艺中表面活性剂的使用是不合理的,大多数的产品使用微量的表面活性剂即可以达到理想的制剂效果。大幅度减少表面活性剂的使用,可以有效降低行业对环境的影响,降低生产成本社会成本。
泡沫剂的剂型特点决定了其在过高或过低温状态下物理稳定性相对较差,即在这些温度条件下容易出现泡沫状态不完整或者不呈泡沫的情况。又由于泡沫剂本身存在于压力容器中,不允许储存于过高的温度,所以不利的物理稳定性更多地体现在了低温成型效果方面。这种影响对非快速消除型泡沫剂相对较弱,而对快速消除型泡沫剂则较明显。本发明所使用的的微量表面活性剂技术恰恰能在这个方面明显提升泡沫剂的物理稳定性能,达到传统工艺经常难以达到的制剂效果。
AU463216提到了快速消除泡沫的概念(quick breaking foam),其中的是泡沫技术方案均是无水的。WO8501876介绍了一种醋酸氯己定组合物,其本质即为一种快速消除泡沫,其中提到快速消除泡沫的技术特征为脂肪族醇含量40%~90%,最佳为60%;含水10%~40%;含脂族醇5%~10%;表面活性剂最佳为聚山梨酯用量为0.1~15%。WO8801863是关于米诺地尔泡沫剂的一系列制法,其中就有一种以高乙醇为基础的快速消除泡沫。由以上专利为主的技术体系,为后续的大量快速消除型泡沫剂产品所采用。建立在该体系下的快消型泡沫具有的核心技术特征为含乙醇30%~75%,乳化剂0.5%~10%,水10%~50%,抛射剂使用氟氯烷烃(CFC,氟利昂)2.5%~25%。这一技术方法,在后来又进而衍进为抛射剂使用包含丙烷、丁烷、异丁烷等短链气体烷烃为抛射剂的技术体系。例如CN96192817.4提供了典型的快速消除型泡沫剂的技术方案,其中乙醇、乳化剂、水的加入都与WO8801863一致,所不同的就是CN96192817.4使用了丙烷、丁烷作为抛射剂。国际上近数十年的泡沫剂开发均沿袭了或套用了或衍生于CN96192817.4的技术方案。此技术方法已开发出的产品包括ROGAINE、EXTINA、OLUX、EVOCLIN等等。
由于氟氯烷烃对臭氧层的显著破坏作用,已在国际上限制使用。目前所广泛采用的短链烷烃技术方案,则是存在着重大安全隐患。无论丙烷、丁烷、异丁烷或其他短链烷烃都存在易燃易爆的问题,致使现有的泡沫剂无论从物料仓储,生产控制乃至检验、运输、日常使用等均存在不同程度的安全隐患。这些都限制了作为一个优秀剂型的泡沫剂产品的大量开发。
四氟乙烷又称HFC134a是一种新型的即兼能满足抛射需求,又安全、环保的氢氟烷烃,作为氟氯烷烃的替代产品已在气雾剂领域推广多年。然而四氟乙烷作为泡沫剂抛射剂,存在较高的技术门槛,至今没有成熟的泡沫剂产品活跃于市场。经过大量研究发现,在WO8801863的技术范围内即含乙醇30%~75%,乳化剂0.5%~10%,水10%~50%的条件下,当乙醇用量达到或超过45%时使用四氟乙烷做抛射剂难以获得理想的泡沫效果,并且无法在相对较低的温度下如15℃呈现完整泡沫形态。而当乙醇用量低于45%时,制成泡沫均难以满足快速消除的需求。究其原因是良好而均匀的泡沫剂内部是均匀的气溶胶,耐压罐体内抛射剂与其他内容物良好相溶或均匀分散。低温状态下泡沫剂内容物气溶胶平衡出现较大变化,泡沫完整性即受到明显影响,而四氟乙烷为抛射剂的体系影响尤为突出。
15℃~25℃维持良好的泡沫形态,认为是满足日常使用需求的基本要求。泡沫消除实验中,在37℃时50ml泡沫剂能于2分钟内完全消除呈液体认为是满足快速消除需求的。快速消除型泡沫剂在较高温度如达到30℃时,都存在泡沫状态都会比较差的情况。
发明人致力于泡沫剂领域新型抛射材料的研究工作,在CN200910081689.4中顺利将四氟乙烷作为抛射剂应用于泡沫剂,并且通过完整而细致的研究将其技术应用于产业化,产品成为了中国第一个使用四氟乙烷作为抛射剂并获得临床许可的泡沫剂产品。然而CN200910081689.4虽然成功应用了四氟乙烷,但没有快速消除的性质。发明人通过研究。将本发明涉及的工艺方法,应用于快速消除型泡沫剂的制备,也应用在了四氟乙烷作为抛射剂的快速消除型泡沫剂的制备。通过本发明的技术方法所制得的快速消除型泡沫剂,如使用四氟乙烷做抛射剂,可以在满足较高温度下快速消除的基础上,同时满足产品基本的低温使用需求。如使用本发明技术制备的快速消除型泡沫剂,使用其他抛射剂泡沫剂低温下的状态也较好。
通过本发明制备泡沫剂实现了泡沫剂制备的根本性改良,大幅度降低了表面活性剂的使用,保护了环境。通过本发明制备的快速消除型泡沫剂解决了以四氟乙烷做抛射剂制备快速消除型泡沫剂的难题。所得产品在低温储存领域具有很好的优势,能够解决使用四氟乙烷作为抛射剂时所制备泡沫剂难以满足较低温储存或使用的问题。
本发明使用开创了微量使用表面活性剂制备药物制剂的思路,并且应用在泡沫剂上取得了成功,制品获得了明显的稳定性优势,尤其是在使用四氟乙烷做抛射剂的快速消除型泡沫剂的低温使用或存放稳定性上优势突出。
发明内容
本发明涉及一种新型泡沫剂的制备方法,其中核心为使用微量的表面活性剂制备泡沫剂。其中微量指所加入的表面活性剂在单位制剂中的使用量显著低于普遍的使用范围。发泡作用的表面活性剂微量使用,而没有发泡能力的表面活性剂不是泡沫剂本身必须的。
本发明中微量使用发泡用表面活性剂的范围为0.001%~0.04%其中以0.01%~0.03%的用量时效果最佳。0.005%~0.04%(w/w)发泡用表面活性剂的用量,即可以是单种表面活性剂,也可以是几种发泡表面活性剂联合使用,其总量在此用量范围内。在此用量范围内使用表面活性剂,泡沫剂制备效果良好,并不次于表面活性剂用量大于0.1%时,而经常具有更好的物理稳定性。在此用量范围内使用发泡表面活性剂,可以很好地以四氟乙烷制备泡沫剂,此时制备醇水体系的快消型泡沫剂,低温泡沫稳定性明显优于表面活性剂用量大于0.1%时。
本发明所使用发泡表面活性剂优选吐温类、硬脂酸聚氧乙烯酯类、烷基硫酸盐类、磺酸盐类、醇醚类、聚氧乙烯醚类、乙醇胺类,最优选为吐温类及硬脂酸聚氧乙烯酯类。发明也适用于其他发泡表面活性剂制备泡沫剂。
本发明制备泡沫剂时经常选用一些黏度调节剂,这些黏度调节剂溶解于有机相中或水相中,当两者混合后黏度调节剂不会析出沉淀而是均匀分布于整个体系当中。黏度调节剂起到调剂体系黏度的作用,同时作为泡沫的骨架成分起支撑作用。部分药用泡沫剂或化妆品泡沫剂中活性成分自身即可起到调节黏度或支撑作用,无需单独加入黏度调节剂。
黏度调节剂中一类为有机相可溶性物质,如十六醇、十八醇等脂肪醇,也可以是硬脂酸等具有类似作用的物质。使用脂肪醇时,这类物质使用总量的范围是0.5%~10%。一类为水溶或水分散性物质,如明胶、卡波姆、海藻酸及海藻酸盐、水溶性纤维素及水溶性纤维素盐或水溶性纤维素衍生物。还有一部分是醇或水体系均能良好溶解的,如一定分子量段的聚乙二醇等。使用中黏度调节剂溶于哪个溶剂中,则先溶解于该溶剂当中再行制备。
有部分添加剂并非所有的本发明泡沫剂中都需要,例如pH调节剂、香精等。当所使用压力容器为金属罐并且未镀层隔离内容物时,往往需要加入酸碱调节剂将内容物pH调制中性,这些也要顾虑到人体皮肤的一般耐受要求5~7.5也是。由于醇、酯用量相对较高,而且耐压容器内为密闭的高压体系也不惧污染,本发明制品中一般不需要加入防腐剂。
本发明应用于快速消除型泡沫剂的制备至少包括抛射剂,表面活性
剂,水,低沸点醇类。其中经常为乙醇、异丙醇或其他挥发性醇类,沸点低于100℃。用量通常为30%~90%(w/w),优选为45%~65%。
考虑到挥发性醇对皮肤的干燥作用,需要时应在体系中加入保湿剂。这类保湿剂一般使用与醇相及水相均相容的不挥发性物质,优选为甘油,甘油的使用范围为0.1%~25%,根据具体的事实情况,保湿剂对泡沫的成型优良情况存在一定的影响。其他可选的保湿剂还包括丙二醇、液体聚乙二醇、泛醇、山梨醇等。
本发明可以使用氟氯烷烃、短链脂肪烷烃、氢氟烷烃等作为抛射剂制备各种类型泡沫剂。推荐使用短链脂肪烷烃、氢氟烷烃。其中四氟乙烷对泡沫剂的制备,既可以兼顾环保需求,又可以降低燃烧或爆炸的安全风险,充压完毕后管内压一般在0.3~0.6mPa。
本发明使用金属作为耐压容器的材质,一般为铁或铝,为防止容器的锈蚀等,往往需要在容器的内面镀膜将之与内容物进行隔离。将pH调节至5~8往往能有效防备耐压容器的腐蚀,使用缓冲体系尤其能有效地达到目的。常用的缓冲体系包括醋酸及醋酸盐、磷酸及磷酸盐、枸橼酸及枸橼酸盐、山梨酸及山梨酸盐、苯甲酸及苯甲酸盐等等。
本发明可以采用两相工艺,也可以采用单相工艺。使用两相工艺时将溶于有机溶剂的成分先溶于该溶剂中,成为有机相。将溶解于水的成分先溶于水中,成为水相。将配好的两相混合均匀,混合后应为均匀的均一体系,该体系具有一定的黏性,其性状为均匀的白色液体、白色凝胶或无色液体、无色凝胶。个别情况存在一些混悬物料时为混悬的液体或混悬胶体。两相混合的过程可以是常温下进行,也可以适当加热,整个过程可以以自动渗透,搅拌,剪切,对撞等各种形式进行。而单相工艺则是将除抛射剂以外的全部物料使用一罐分散或溶解的方式制备。
本发明主要解决表面活性剂在泡沫剂制备中滥用的问题,突出地体现在表面活性剂使用的大幅度减少。应用此技术,环保收益外,产品稳定性的提高是重要利好,尤其是使用四氟乙烷制备快速消除型泡沫剂在保障快速消除效率外,较低温度下可以实现合理保存。同样的技术方案,如果不使用四氟乙烷做抛射剂而使用混合烷烃等老的抛射剂时,也可以起到增强稳定性,提高快速消除能力的效果。
本发明可以应用于已有的泡沫剂产品包括快速消除型泡沫剂的改良,如特比萘芬泡沫剂、氢化可的松泡沫剂、卡泊三醇泡沫剂、美沙拉嗪泡沫剂、壬苯醇醚泡沫剂、米诺地尔泡沫剂、酮康唑泡沫剂、戊酸倍他米松泡沫剂、丙酸氯倍他索泡沫剂、克林霉素磷酸酯泡沫剂等等。也可以用于全新泡沫制剂的开发,领域包括消毒用药、镇痛用药、痤疮治疗药、抗真菌药,激素类、抗病毒药药物及其他皮肤用药。代表性的药物包括醋酸氯己丁、苯扎氯胺、苯扎溴铵、纳米银、利多卡因、普鲁卡因、丙胺卡因、联苯乙酸、布洛芬、双氯酚酸钠、咪康唑、益康唑、克霉唑、氟康唑、盐酸特比萘芬、曲安奈德、利拉奈酯、维A酸、异维A酸、他扎罗汀、卤米松、丙酸氟替卡松、糠酸莫米松、氢化可的松、肤轻松、福莫特罗、妥洛特罗、环丙沙星、洛美沙星、莫匹罗星、利巴韦林、他克莫司、阿昔洛韦等等。除药品领域外,发明也可以应用于日化领域。
实施例1
| 组分 | 用量%(w/w) |
| 戊酸倍他米松 | 0.12 |
| 乙醇 | 57.79 |
| 丙二醇 | 2.00 |
| 十六醇 | 1.10 |
| 十八醇 | 0.50 |
| 吐温60 | 0.025 |
| 无水枸橼酸 | 0.073 |
| 枸橼酸钾 | 0.027 |
| 水 | 33.69 |
| 丙烷/丁烷 | 4.675 |
将乙醇、丙二醇混合。加入戊酸倍他米松、十六醇、十八醇,搅拌至溶解澄清制成醇相。将吐温60、枸橼酸、枸橼酸钾溶解于水中,搅拌至溶解澄清,注入同一容器,过滤,即得内容物。将内容物灌装于耐压铝瓶内,填充丙烷、丁烷混合抛射剂,完成制备。
实施例2
| %(w/w) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| 丙酸氯倍他索 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| 无水乙醇 | 50.1 | 48.39 | 50.1 | 53.1 | 56.1 | 49.1 | 56.1 | 56.1 | 50.1 |
| 甘油 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 13 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| 十六醇 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
| 十八醇 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| 吐温60 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 1 | 1 |
| 枸橼酸 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
| 枸橼酸钾 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 水 | 40.44 | 42.15 | 40.44 | 37.43 | 34.43 | 31.43 | 34.4 | 33.45 | 39.45 |
| 四氟乙烷 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
有机相制备
将乙醇加热至约50℃,甘油、加入十六醇、十八醇、吐温60,搅拌使溶解澄清。将丙酸氯倍他索加入其中,搅拌使溶解澄清。
水相制备
将枸橼酸、枸橼酸钾以水溶解澄清。
将有机相、水相混合,搅拌至均一,灌装入耐压罐体内,以阀门封口。充压四氟乙烷。安装触动器,完成制备。
以喷出泡沫评价泡沫剂性质优良情况。
| 考察项目 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| 37℃泡沫消泡时间 | —— | >10min | 3′47″ | 1′37″ | 1′08″ | 1′45″ | 46″ | 54″ | 1′03″ |
| 25℃泡沫性状 | 液体 | 良好 | 良好 | 良好 | 良好 | 良好 | 良好 | 稀泡 | 略差 |
| 15℃泡沫性状 | 液体 | 良好 | 良好 | 良好 | 良好 | 良好 | 略差 | 稀泡 | 稀泡 |
| 5℃泡沫性状 | 液体 | 良好 | 良好 | 稀泡 | 稀泡 | 稀泡 | 稀泡 | 液体 | 稀泡 |
37℃消泡时间测定方法:按压触动器,将泡沫从泡沫剂中喷出约50ml于预先保温至37℃恒温容器内,立即计时,至泡沫完全消除成液体,结束计时。如计时时长超过10min泡沫仍不能完全消除成液体,认为泡沫不易消除不满足快速消除的需求,不继续记录。
泡沫性状观察方法:将泡沫剂置于25℃/15℃/5℃水浴中,保温用水没过1/2高度,30min。取出,迅速喷出泡沫,目视观察泡沫性状。
良好泡沫泡沫性状应满足:泡沫细腻、完整,喷出后能以喷出时的形状持续存在。
实验3、实验9的泡沫剂高低温物理稳定性考察。
低温2~8℃20小时,恢复至室温实验4小时,高温30℃20小时,恢复至室温实验4小时,为一周期。连续实验5周期。
实施例3
| 组分 | 用量%(w/w) |
| 盐酸特比萘芬 | 1 |
| 乙醇(96%) | 54 |
| 丙二醇 | 6 |
| 十六醇 | 1.1 |
| 十八醇 | 0.4 |
| 硬脂酸聚氧乙烯40酯 | 0.02 |
| 枸橼酸 | 0.06 |
| 枸橼酸钾 | 0.04 |
| 水 | 29.38 |
| 四氟乙烷 | 8 |
将乙醇、丙二醇混合,加热至约50℃。加入盐酸特比萘芬、十六醇、十八醇,搅拌至溶解澄清,过滤,滤液注入耐压金属罐中。将硬脂酸聚氧乙烯40酯、枸橼酸、枸橼酸钾溶解于水中,搅拌至溶解澄清,过滤,滤液注入同一容器,自动混匀,即得内容物。将内容物灌装于耐压铝瓶内,填充四氟乙烷,完成制备。
Claims (14)
1.一种新型泡沫剂,其中特征在于含有抛射剂、0.001%~0.04%(w/w)发泡用表面活性剂。
2.权利要求1所述0.005%~0.04%(w/w)发泡用表面活性剂,优选为0.01%~0.03%(w/w)。
3.权利要求2所述发泡用表面活性剂优选吐温类、硬脂酸聚氧乙烯酯类、烷基硫酸盐类、磺酸盐类、醇醚类、聚氧乙烯醚类、乙醇胺类。
4.权利要求3所述表面活性剂优选吐温60、硬脂酸聚氧乙烯40酯。
5.权利要求2所述0.005%~0.04%(w/w)发泡用表面活性剂,可以是单种表面活性剂,也可以是几种发泡表面活性剂所使用的总量在此用量范围内。
6.权利要求1所述抛射剂为短链烷烃、氢氟烷烃、氟氯烷烃。
7.权利要求6所述抛射剂优选为丙烷、丁烷、异丁烷、四氟乙烷或他们之间的混合物。
8.权利要求1所述新型泡沫剂,应用于非快速消除型泡沫剂或快速消除型泡沫剂。
9.权利要求8所述快速消除型泡沫剂,除使用抛射剂、0.005%~0.04%(w/w)表面活性剂外,还需加入适用于医药或化妆品的有机溶剂。
10.权利要求9所述适用于医药或化妆品的有机溶剂,是指沸点小于100℃的有机溶剂。
11.权利要求10中所述沸点小于100℃的有机溶剂,优选乙醇、异丙醇。
12.权利要求9所述适用于医药或化妆品的有机溶剂,用量为30%~90%(w/w)。
13.权利要求12所述用量为30%~90%(w/w),优选为45%~65%。
14.方法可用于化妆品、医疗器械、药品的制备。
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| CN114129520A (zh) * | 2020-09-04 | 2022-03-04 | 北京兴源祥生物科技有限公司 | 一种含乙醇的消毒剂 |
| CN115120514A (zh) * | 2021-03-29 | 2022-09-30 | 凡脉科技(上海)有限责任公司 | 一种消毒润肤双效温控泡沫剂及其制备方法 |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107496356A (zh) * | 2017-09-21 | 2017-12-22 | 北京兴源联合医药科技有限公司 | 一种新型快速消除型泡沫剂 |
| CN114129520A (zh) * | 2020-09-04 | 2022-03-04 | 北京兴源祥生物科技有限公司 | 一种含乙醇的消毒剂 |
| CN114129520B (zh) * | 2020-09-04 | 2025-03-18 | 北京兴源祥生物科技(集团)有限公司 | 一种含乙醇的消毒剂 |
| CN115120514A (zh) * | 2021-03-29 | 2022-09-30 | 凡脉科技(上海)有限责任公司 | 一种消毒润肤双效温控泡沫剂及其制备方法 |
| CN115120514B (zh) * | 2021-03-29 | 2024-12-13 | 上海睿星医疗器材有限公司 | 一种消毒润肤双效温控泡沫剂及其制备方法 |
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