CN107011161A - A kind of method that a small amount of formic acid is removed in acetic acid - Google Patents
A kind of method that a small amount of formic acid is removed in acetic acid Download PDFInfo
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- CN107011161A CN107011161A CN201710250214.8A CN201710250214A CN107011161A CN 107011161 A CN107011161 A CN 107011161A CN 201710250214 A CN201710250214 A CN 201710250214A CN 107011161 A CN107011161 A CN 107011161A
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- Prior art keywords
- formic acid
- acetic acid
- acid
- acetic
- small amount
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 152
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 94
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic anhydride Chemical compound CC(=O)OC(C)=O WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 Acetic acid Acid anhydride Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 150000008065 acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229960000583 acetic acid Drugs 0.000 abstract description 50
- 239000012362 glacial acetic acid Substances 0.000 abstract description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 150000004075 acetic anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon disulfide Chemical compound S=C=S QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000052 vinegar Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000021419 vinegar Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ONIKNECPXCLUHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chlorobenzoyl chloride Chemical compound ClC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1Cl ONIKNECPXCLUHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010011485 Aspartame Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000005711 Benzoic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VGCXGMAHQTYDJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroacetyl chloride Chemical compound ClCC(Cl)=O VGCXGMAHQTYDJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- QOSMNYMQXIVWKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propyl levulinate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)CCC(C)=O QOSMNYMQXIVWKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MCDLETWIOVSGJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;iron Chemical compound [Fe].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O MCDLETWIOVSGJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005882 aldol condensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000605 aspartame Substances 0.000 description 1
- IAOZJIPTCAWIRG-QWRGUYRKSA-N aspartame Chemical compound OC(=O)C[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)OC)CC1=CC=CC=C1 IAOZJIPTCAWIRG-QWRGUYRKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010357 aspartame Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960003438 aspartame Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000010233 benzoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- FOCAUTSVDIKZOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCl FOCAUTSVDIKZOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940106681 chloroacetic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004494 ethyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 description 1
- 235000003599 food sweetener Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- VYMHFSZGDLIMMG-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+);diacetate;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Fe+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O VYMHFSZGDLIMMG-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000002085 irritant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000021 irritant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- JEHCHYAKAXDFKV-UHFFFAOYSA-J lead tetraacetate Chemical compound CC(=O)O[Pb](OC(C)=O)(OC(C)=O)OC(C)=O JEHCHYAKAXDFKV-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006396 nitration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DCKVNWZUADLDEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N sec-butyl acetate Chemical compound CCC(C)OC(C)=O DCKVNWZUADLDEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013599 spices Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007592 spray painting technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003765 sweetening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195735 unsaturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/42—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
- C07C51/487—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by treatment giving rise to chemical modification
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/083—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides from carboxylic acid anhydrides
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a kind of method that a small amount of formic acid is removed in acetic acid, comprise the steps of：Acetic anhydride is added in the acetic acid containing a small amount of formic acid, at 90 DEG C~120 DEG C, is reacted 1~8 hour, products obtained therefrom meets the industrial glacial acetic acid standards of GB/T 1628-2008, i.e. formic acid content less than 0.3%.The invention is simple and convenient, and production efficiency is high, and processing equipment cost is low, while product quality can be effectively improved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention is the field of chemical synthesis, the method that a small amount of formic acid is removed in more particularly to a kind of acetic acid.
Background technology
Acetic acid, is also acetic acid, glacial acetic acid, glacial acetic acid, chemical formula CH3COOH, is a kind of organic acid, is sour in vinegar
The source of taste and penetrating odor.In nature it is general in a free form or the form of ester is present in many plants.The wine of vinegar
Make and using thousands of years history.Ancient Chinese is just related to the record of vinegar processed.But dense acetic acid is 1700 by Stahl
Succeed in developing.Pure acetic acid is colourless liquid, irritant taste.16.6 DEG C of fusing point, 117.9 DEG C of boiling point, relative density 1. 049
(20/4℃).It is dissolved in water, ethanol, glycerine, ether and carbon tetrachloride;Insoluble in carbon disulfide.It is frozen into during acetic anhydride low temperature
Ice-like, is commonly called as glacial acetic acid.Has corrosivity.For weak organic acid, the general character with acid, and can occur esterification with alcohol.Common vinegar
Acid only contains pure acetic acid 36~40%, claims light acetic acid.
Acetic acid is unitary weak carboxylic acids, and the representative property with carboxylic acid is anti-with some metals, metal oxide and hydroxide
Should, salt is generated, many acetates have important use, for example, lead tetraacetate is a kind of important oxidant, basic ferric acetate and second
Lead plumbate is used as mordant, and ferrous acetate is used to print.Acetic acid carries out esterification with alcohol；With unsaturated hydrocarbons in catalyst action
Under, it can also carry out esterification；α-hydrogen can be optionally substituted by halogen；With formaldehyde under catalyst action, aldol condensation is carried out；Nitric acid exists
When carrying out nitration reaction in acetic acid, nitrification speeds can be improved；Reacted with chlorobenzoyl chloride, chloroacetic chloride and benzoic acid can be generated.Acetic acid
The various derivatives for having an important use can be generated, such as methyl acetate, ethyl ester, propyl ester, butyl ester are the pole of coating and paint industry
Good solvent.The cellulose acetate that acetic anhydride acts on generation with cellulose can be used for manufacture film, spray painting and various plastic products.
Chloroacetic acid can prepare carboxymethyl cellulose etc..The vinyl acetate acid that acetic acid is generated with acetylene is synthetic drug, dyestuff, spices
Important source material, be also handle rubber important solvent, acetic acid in industrial production and organic synthesis have critical role.
Due to acetic acid production technology the characteristics of, more or less can all have depositing for some formic acid in acetic acid production process
It is being particularly the formic acid content in the acetic acid that some recovery process are produced especially high.This production in sweetener Aspartame
Formic acid content in obtained acetic acid is reclaimed in journey and is up to 5%, it appears be particularly evident.Removal of the traditional handicraft to formic acid in acetic acid, it is main
High tray-number rectifier unit is taken to separate the two, so as to obtain meeting the industrial glacial acetic acid standards of GB/T 1628-2008
Product.Handle in this way, equipment investment cost is high, and low production efficiency is not very economical.
The content of the invention
The invention aims to make up the deficiencies in the prior art, there is provided the side that a small amount of formic acid is removed in a kind of acetic acid
Method, obtained acetic acid meets the industrial glacial acetic acid standards of GB/T 1628-2008, and method is easy, and cost is low and formation efficiency
It is high.
The technical scheme that the present invention takes is specific as follows：
Acetic anhydride is added in the acetic acid containing a small amount of formic acid, at 90 DEG C~120 DEG C, reaction can be met for 1~8 hour
The industrial glacial acetic acid certified products standards of GB/T 1628-2008, formic acid content is less than 0.3%.
It is of the present invention be no more than containing formic acid mass fraction 5.0% acetic acid, wherein formic acid content be preferably 0.3%~
5.0%（Mass fraction）.
The amount of the acetic anhydride added is formic acid：Acetic anhydride mol ratio is 1:0.8~1.5, preferably 1:1.0~1.2.
Reaction temperature is preferably 110 DEG C~120 DEG C.
Reaction time is preferably 1~2 hour.
By above technical scheme, following beneficial effect can reach.
Formic acid content is contained for 0.3%~5.0% acetic acid product by formic acid in the simple product of reduction at low cost of the invention
Amount, the acetic acid product after processing meets the industrial glacial acetic acid standards of GB/T 1628-2008, and formic acid content is less than 0.3%.Realize
The comprehensive utilization of resource.Present invention process is simple, and cost is low, it is adaptable to mass produce.
In the present invention, by adding acetic anhydride, acetic anhydride and formic acid reaction generation acetic acid and carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide from
Escaped in reaction system, so as to reach the purpose of formic acid content in reduction acetic acid.
Embodiment
With reference to embodiment, the present invention will be further described.Listed embodiment, which is only demonstrated, to be used, and shows this
The spirit and scope of invention are not limited to details and its modification case in this.
Embodiment 1
In 200 grams of acetic acid（Formic acid mass fraction 0.3%）, add 2 grams of acetic anhydrides（Formic acid:Acetic anhydride mol ratio is 1:1.5）, 110
DEG C reaction 1 hour, obtains 201 grams of product, detects that product meets the industrial glacial acetic acid marks of GB/T 1628-2008 through analysis
Standard, formic acid content is 0.08%.
Embodiment 2
In 200 grams of acetic acid（Formic acid content 0.5%）, add 1.77 grams of acetic anhydrides（Formic acid:Acetic anhydride mol ratio is 1:0.8）, 90 DEG C
Reaction 6 hours, obtains 201 grams of product, is detected through analysis, and product meets the industrial glacial acetic acid standards of GB/T 1628-2008,
Formic acid content is 0.28%.
Embodiment 3
In 200 grams of acetic acid（Formic acid content 5.0%）, add 27 grams of acetic anhydrides（Formic acid:Acetic anhydride mol ratio is 1:1.2）, 120 DEG C
Reaction 8 hours, obtains 217 grams of product, is detected through analysis, and product meets the industrial glacial acetic acid standards of GB/T 1628-2008,
Formic acid content is 0.19%.
Embodiment 4
In 200 grams of acetic acid（Formic acid content 2.0%）, add 9 grams of acetic anhydrides（Formic acid:Acetic anhydride mol ratio is 1:1）, 100 DEG C of reactions
2 hours, 206 grams of product is obtained, is detected through analysis, product meets the industrial glacial acetic acid standards of GB/T 1628-2008, formic acid
Content is 0.07%.
Embodiment 5（Comparative example）
In 200 grams of acetic acid（Formic acid content 2.6%）, 120 DEG C are reacted 8 hours, obtain 199 grams of product, detect that product is not through analysis
Meet the industrial glacial acetic acid standards of GB/T 1628-2008, formic acid content is 2.5%.
Embodiment 6（Comparative example）
This example demonstrates that influence of the temperature to the inventive method
In 200 grams of acetic acid（Formic acid content 2.57%）, 12 grams of acetic anhydrides are added, 50 DEG C are reacted 52 hours, obtain 211 grams of product, are passed through
Analysis detection, product does not meet the industrial glacial acetic acid standards of GB/T 1628-2008, and formic acid content is 2.03%.
Embodiment 7
92 grams of formic acid is taken, 204 grams of acetic anhydrides are added, 120 DEG C are reacted 8 hours, obtain 239 grams of product, are detected through analysis, product symbol
The industrial glacial acetic acid standards of GB/T 1628-2008 are closed, formic acid content is 0.24%.
Claims (7)
1. the method for a small amount of formic acid is removed in a kind of acetic acid, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：
Acetic anhydride is added in the acetic acid containing formic acid mass fraction no more than 5.0%, at 90 DEG C~120 DEG C, reaction 1~8 is small
When.
2. according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterised in that described formic acid mass fraction is preferably 0.3%~5.0%.
3. method according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that the addition of described acetic anhydride meets formic acid:Acetic acid
Acid anhydride mol ratio is 1:0.8~1.5.
4. method according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that the addition of described acetic anhydride is preferably formic acid:Second
Anhydride molar ratio is 1:1.0~1.2.
5. method according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that preferably 110 DEG C~120 DEG C of described reaction temperature.
6. method according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that preferably 1~2 hour described reaction time.
7. according to any described methods of claim 1-6, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：
Acetic anhydride is added in the acetic acid containing formic acid, described formic acid mass fraction is 0.3%~5.0%, the acetic acid added
The amount of acid anhydride meets formic acid:Acetic anhydride mol ratio is 1:0.8~1.5, at 90 DEG C~120 DEG C, react 1~8 hour.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710250214.8A CN107011161A (en) | 2017-04-17 | 2017-04-17 | A kind of method that a small amount of formic acid is removed in acetic acid |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710250214.8A CN107011161A (en) | 2017-04-17 | 2017-04-17 | A kind of method that a small amount of formic acid is removed in acetic acid |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN107011161A true CN107011161A (en) | 2017-08-04 |
Family
ID=59447642
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710250214.8A Pending CN107011161A (en) | 2017-04-17 | 2017-04-17 | A kind of method that a small amount of formic acid is removed in acetic acid |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN107011161A (en) |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1091417A (en) * | 1991-11-21 | 1994-08-31 | 纽特拉斯威特公司 | The recovery method of acetate |
| CN102066308A (en) * | 2008-04-03 | 2011-05-18 | 陶氏康宁公司 | Method of dehydrating acetic acid |
| CN102746136A (en) * | 2012-07-20 | 2012-10-24 | 太仓沪试试剂有限公司 | Purification method for glacial acetic acid |
-
2017
- 2017-04-17 CN CN201710250214.8A patent/CN107011161A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1091417A (en) * | 1991-11-21 | 1994-08-31 | 纽特拉斯威特公司 | The recovery method of acetate |
| CN102066308A (en) * | 2008-04-03 | 2011-05-18 | 陶氏康宁公司 | Method of dehydrating acetic acid |
| CN102746136A (en) * | 2012-07-20 | 2012-10-24 | 太仓沪试试剂有限公司 | Purification method for glacial acetic acid |
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Application publication date: 20170804 |
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