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CN106659540A - 包括能互换远端器械的机械遥控操作装置 - Google Patents

包括能互换远端器械的机械遥控操作装置 Download PDF

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CN106659540A
CN106659540A CN201580017946.1A CN201580017946A CN106659540A CN 106659540 A CN106659540 A CN 106659540A CN 201580017946 A CN201580017946 A CN 201580017946A CN 106659540 A CN106659540 A CN 106659540A
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CN106659540B (zh
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R.贝拉
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/30Surgical robots
    • A61B34/35Surgical robots for telesurgery
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/70Manipulators specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/71Manipulators operated by drive cable mechanisms
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/30Surgical robots
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/30Surgical robots
    • A61B34/37Leader-follower robots
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25JMANIPULATORS; CHAMBERS PROVIDED WITH MANIPULATION DEVICES
    • B25J3/00Manipulators of leader-follower type, i.e. both controlling unit and controlled unit perform corresponding spatial movements
    • B25J3/02Manipulators of leader-follower type, i.e. both controlling unit and controlled unit perform corresponding spatial movements involving a parallelogram coupling of the leader and follower units
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods
    • A61B2017/00477Coupling
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/50Supports for surgical instruments, e.g. articulated arms
    • A61B2090/506Supports for surgical instruments, e.g. articulated arms using a parallelogram linkage, e.g. panthograph

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Abstract

公开了一种机械遥控操作装置,其包括:i)放置在该装置的近端部分中的柄部(30),其具有通过相应柄部接头互相连接的多个柄部连杆;ii)放置在该装置的远端部分中的端部执行器(31),其具有通过相应端部执行器接头互相连接的多个端部执行器连杆;iii)传动系统,其被布置成将端部执行器运动学上地连接到柄部,使得端部执行器的运动对应于柄部的运动,传动系统包括:多个能旋转元件(41a‑d)的至少一个布置,所述多个能旋转元件围绕轴线被同轴地安装在一起并布置成彼此独立地旋转;b)第一传动器件,其包括驱动元件(62a‑c),所述驱动元件被布置成基于柄部的运动致动多个能旋转元件(41a‑d)的旋转;c)第二传动器件,其包括从动元件(63a‑c),所述从动元件被布置成通过多个能旋转元件的旋转被驱动,从而导致端部执行器连杆的运动,其中,所述传动系统被构造成用于将第一和第二传动器件能移除地联接在一起,其中,每个从动元件均被能移除地联接到一个对应能旋转元件。

Description

包括能互换远端器械的机械遥控操作装置
技术领域
本发明涉及远程致动型机械系统的领域。在具体实施例中,本发明涉及一种主要用于手术治疗中的并包括能互换远端器械的机械遥控操作装置。某些实施例尤其适用于微创手术治疗。本发明也适合用于要求具有高刚度和精度连同力反馈的灵活操作的任何远程致动型应用。此类应用的示例包括组装操作、狭窄地方中的操作、危险或困难环境中的操作以及受污染或洁净室环境中的操作。
背景技术
众多环境和应用要求利用机械遥控操作装置进行远程致动。这些应用包括组装任务中的精细操作、狭窄地方中的操作、危险或受污染环境中的操作、洁净室或无菌环境中的操作以及手术环境中的操作(不管是旷场还是微创)。虽然这些应用随参数(诸如,精密公差和典型终端用户)而变化,但每个应用均需要来自机械遥控操作系统的许多相同特征,诸如实施具有高刚度和精度连同力反馈的灵活操作控的能力。
现将手术应用作为针对机械遥控操作装置系统的应用的代表性示例更详细地讨论,其中,存在已知的装置,但在本领域的当前技术水平中重大的缺陷是显而易见的。
对于大多数手术治疗而言,开腹手术仍是标准技术。其已被医学界使用了几十年,且由以下步骤组成:通过在腹部或身体的其它部位中切出长切口执行手术任务,传统手术工具通过所述长切口插入。然而,由于长的切口,这种方法对于患者而言极具侵袭性,从而导致在手术期间大量失血,并且通常导致在医院环境中的漫长而痛苦的恢复期。
为了减少开腹手术的侵袭性,开发了腹腔镜手术,一项微创技术。代替单个长切口,在患者中切出几个小切口,长且薄的手术器械和内窥镜摄影机通过所述小切口插入。由于该过程的微创性质,这种技术减少了失血量和疼痛,并缩短了住院天数。当由富有经验的外科医生执行时,这种技术能够获得与开腹手术类似的临床结果。然而,尽管有上述优点,但腹腔镜手术仍要求极为先进的手术技巧以操作刚性且长的仪器。进入切口用作旋转点,从而减少了用于在患者内部定位和定向器械的自由度。外科医生的手围绕这个切口的运动相对于器械末端被颠倒并按比例扩大(“支点效应”),这降低了灵活性和敏感度并放大了外科医生手的颤动。另外,长且直的器械迫使外科医生以对于手、臂和身体来说不舒服的姿势工作,这在手术的几个小时期间可能是极其累人的。因此,由于腹腔镜仪器的这些缺陷,这些微创技术主要限于用在简单手术中,同时只有一小部分的外科医生能够将其用在复杂过程中。
为克服这些局限性,开发了手术机器人系统,以针对复杂微创手术提供更易于使用的方法。借助于计算机化的机器人接口,这些系统能够执行远程腹腔镜手术,其中,外科医生坐在控制台处操作两个主动操作器以通过几个小切口来执行手术。和腹腔镜手术类似,机器人方法也是微创的,从而就疼痛、失血量和恢复时间方面带来超越开腹手术的上述优点。另外,与开腹技术和腹腔镜技术相比,其还为外科医生提供更好的分工作用。然而,尽管技术上更简单,但机器人手术引起了若干不利方面。这些系统的主要缺点涉及包括复杂的机电一体化系统的现有机器人装置的极高复杂性,从而导致购置和维护的巨额费用,这对于全世界的大多数外科部门而言是负担不起的。这些系统的另一个缺点来自于以下事实:当前手术机器人都很大,从而争夺手术室环境内的宝贵空间并显著地增加了准备时间。因此进入患者受到影响,这与力反馈的普遍缺乏一起引发安全问题。
W09743942、W09825666和US2010011900公开了一种机器人遥控操作手术器械,其被设计成在患者体内复制外科医生的手部运动。借助于计算机化的机器人接口,其能够执行远程腹腔镜手术,其中,外科医生坐在控制台处操作两个控制杆以通过几个小切口来执行手术。然而,这个系统不具有自主权或人工智能,从而基本上是完全由外科医生控制的复杂工具。控制命令通过复杂的计算机控制的机电一体化系统在机器人主动件和机器人从动件之间传输,该机电一体化系统的生产和维护极为昂贵且对于医务人员而言难以使用。
WO2012049623描述了一种用于手术器械的机械操作器,其具有主-从构型且包括远端端部执行器的远程致动。然而,其中所描述的系统不提供能互换器械。
WO2013014621描述了一种用于远程操作的机械遥控操作装置,其包括主-从构型,所述主-从构型包括由运动学上等效的主动单元驱动的从动单元,使得从动单元的每个部分均模仿主动单元的每个对应部分的运动。虽然机械传动系统良好地适于该装置,但是当该装置正在操作时穿过轴向接头的缆线被扭曲,这会迫使缆线彼此摩擦。这随着时间的推移增加了缆线上的磨损,并增加了整个机械传动中的摩擦。
因此,本发明的目标是提供一种包括能互换远端器械的机械遥控操作装置。这个装置可被设计成用在手术环境中,使得能互换远端器械将是手术器械。然而,本领域的技术人员将认识到,也可将该装置部署在其中需要复杂的、远程操作的其它应用中,并且其中,能互换器械将对于不同操作任务是有用的。
本发明的另一目标是提供具有改进的传动系统的机械遥控操作系统。在这样的系统中,传动系统(且尤其接头)将被设计成使得缆线彼此不摩擦,因此减少了磨损。
发明内容
这些目标和其它优点通过一种用于远程操作的机械遥控操作装置实现,所述机械遥控操作装置被设计成在操作必须发生处的远端区域中自然地复制操作者的手部运动。机械遥控操作装置可包括构造成由主动单元驱动的从动单元,所述主动单元优选地在运动学上等效于从动单元。从动单元具有通过相应从动接头互相连接的多个从动连杆,且包括近端部分和在远端连接到从动接头中的一个(被称为接口从动接头)的远端部分(也被称为远端器械)。更具体地,从动单元的这个接口从动接头可具有同轴构型,其以下述方式连接从动单元的近端连杆和远端连杆,即使得这两个邻接连杆可相对于彼此围绕所述同轴接头的轴线轴向地旋转。主动单元包括通过相应主动接头互相连接的多个主动连杆以及对应的接口主动接头。
铰接式柄部连接到主动单元以用于操作机械遥控操作装置,且铰接式端部执行器连接到远端器械的远端极端。机械遥控操作装置进一步包括传动系统,其布置成将主动单元和从动单元的等效自由度(包括端部执行器的自由度)运动学上地连接到该柄部的自由度,使得当操作该机械遥控操作装置时所述端部执行器复制柄部的运动。
传动系统包括:(i)多个能旋转元件的至少一个布置,所述多个能旋转元件同轴地安装在一起并与从动单元的接口从动接头的轴线同轴,且布置成彼此独立地旋转;(ii)第一传动器件,其被集成到从动单元的近端部分中,并包括驱动缆线等等,所述驱动缆线等等被布置成致动所述至少一个布置中的能旋转元件中的每一个旋转;以及(iii)第二传动器件,其被集成到远端器械中并包括从动缆线等等,所述从动缆线等等被布置成通过多个能旋转元件的至少一个布置中的对应能旋转元件中的每一个的旋转被驱动。
根据本发明的传动系统被有利地构造成用于将从动单元的相应近端和远端部分的第一和第二传动器件能移除地联接在一起。在这个布置中,所述第二传动器件的每个从动缆线借助于额外元件被能移除地连接到多个能旋转元件的所述至少一个布置中的一个对应能旋转元件,以便提供用户友好的能互换且模块化工具/器械系统以供与机械遥控操作装置一起使用。
根据本发明的一个实施例,第二传动器件的每个从动缆线的区段能移除地连接到多个能旋转元件的至少一个布置中的一个对应能旋转元件。这些区段中的每个均在平面内沿路径被引导,所述平面基本上垂直于多个能旋转元件的至少一个布置中的能旋转元件能够绕其旋转的轴线。这个路径优选地沿圆形轨迹延伸,所述圆形轨迹的中心点与能旋转元件的轴线一致。
根据本发明的另一个实施例,所述第二传动器件的每个从动缆线均被锚定到配合接受器,所述配合接受器绕从动单元的接口从动接头的轴线被枢转地安装。多个能旋转元件的至少一个布置中的每个对应能旋转元件均包括互补的配合部分,所述互补的配合部分能移除地安装在对应的配合接受器内部。
根据本发明的进一步实施例,每个互补的配合部分均安装在连接到一个对应的能旋转元件的指示器(pointer)上。这些指示器能够绕接口从动接头的轴线旋转,并且可彼此有角度地偏置使得其运动的角振幅允许对端部执行器关节进行全范围致动。
根据本发明的进一步实施例,配合接受器和对应的配合部分被容纳在从动件壳体内部。所述从动件壳体包括抵靠彼此能移除地安装的两个互补的壳体部分。所述配合接受器安装在连接到从动单元的远端部分的一个互补的壳体部分内部,而所述互补的配合部分被安装在连接到从动单元的近端部分的另一个互补的壳体部分内部。
根据本发明的另一个实施例,传动系统包括多个能旋转元件的两个布置,其中,第一布置中的能旋转元件被同轴地安装在一起,以便每一个均能够绕从动单元的接口从动接头的轴线旋转,并且其中,第二布置中的能旋转元件被同轴地安装在一起以绕彼此旋转,并与主动单元的接口主动接头的轴线共线。在这个构型中,第一传动器件的每个驱动缆线均连接到从动单元的第一布置中的一个能旋转元件和主动单元的第二布置中的一个对应的能旋转元件,使得所述第二布置中的每个能旋转元件的旋转均使所述第一布置中的对应的能旋转元件旋转。
根据本发明的又另一个实施例,如上文定义的两个或多个遥控操作装置能够被设置成一起工作,从而使得用户能够执行双向手动操作。此外,能够将两个或多个遥控操作器安装在活动且铰接式站上,以便其能够容易在地上从一个地方移到另一个地方,且能够在3D空间中调整其工作位置和定向。
附图说明
根据参考附图对本发明的几个实施例进行的下述详细描述,将更好地理解本发明,在附图中:
- 图1示出根据本发明的机械遥控操作装置的透视图;
- 图2示出图1的机械遥控操作装置的传动系统的示意图;
- 图3示出图1的传动系统的示意图,所述传动系统包括第一、第二和第三传动器件;
- 图4、图5和图6示出用于将柄部的每个自由度均传输到端部执行器的传动系统的示意图;
- 图7示出能拆卸远端器械的透视图;
- 图8示出传动系统的第一布置中的从动件壳体的下部部分的透视图,所述下部部分包含配合接受器;
- 图9示出图8的从动件壳体的引导器件的透视图;
- 图10示出包含互补的配合部分的从动件壳体的上部部分,所述互补的配合部分被布置成能移除地安装在图8的对应配合接受器内部;
- 图11a、图11b和图11c示出远端部分的三个不同视图,所述远端部分与图1的机械遥控操作装置的从动单元的近端部分相联接;以及
- 图12示出示例性实施例,其包括安装在铰接式活动站上的两个相同的图1的机械遥控操作装置,即,用于手术治疗的机械遥控操作器。
具体实施方式
本文中描述了根据本发明的实施例所构建的机械遥控操作器,其可用于微创手术治疗或其它应用中,且大体见于图12中。这个操作器优选地包括两个相同的机械遥控操作装置,如(例如)图1中所示的,这两个机械遥控操作装置被安装在铰接式活动站110(图12)上并且被构造成独立于另一者被操作。如WO2013/014621中概念性地描述的,图1的每个机械遥控操作装置一方面包括具有通过运动学上等效的主动单元20驱动的从动单元10的主-从构型,且另一方面包括机械约束器件90,使得从动单元10的每个部分均模仿主动单元20的每个对应部分的运动且在该装置的操作期间不偏离如图3中所示的运动的远程中心(RCM)。然而,在本发明的其它实施例中,机械遥控操作装置可能不具有运动的远程中心(RCM)。考虑到两个机械遥控操作装置在结构和功能上相同,下文的描述将仅涉及如图1到图6中具体示出的一个机械遥控操作装置。
更具体地参考图3,从动单元10包括通过相应从动接头16、17、18、19互相连接的多个从动连杆11、12、13、14。铰接式端部执行器31被安装在从动连杆14的远端端部处,所述从动连杆14通过同轴接头19能旋转地连接到邻接连杆13,使得两个邻接连杆13、14能相对于彼此绕轴向接头19的轴线同轴地旋转。从动单元10的剩余从动接头16、17、18是所谓的枢轴接头类型,其连接两个邻接连杆(例如,枢轴接头17连接连杆12与连杆13)以便在垂直于所述枢轴接头的旋转轴线的平面内能相对于彼此有角度地致动。主动单元20包括与从动单元10相同的结构和运动学构型。更具体地,主动单元20包括通过相应主动接头26、27、28、29互相连接的对应多个主动连杆21、22、23、24。这些接头中的一个是同轴接头29,同时其它接头是枢轴接头26、27、28。铰接式柄部30被连接在主动单元20的主动连杆24的远端端部处,以用于操作该机械遥控操作装置。
当机械遥控操作装置处于图3的中立位置时,由操作者施加到柄部30的向上和向下运动使主动连杆24沿其穿过机械约束器件90的纵向轴线平移,而施加于柄部上的向前和向后运动使主动连杆24绕平行于每个枢轴接头的轴线的轴线旋转。这些运动中的每一种或其组合产生主动单元20的主动接头26、27、28、29的角位移,其中,每个主动接头的所述角位移通过机械传动导致从动单元10的对应从动接头16、17、18、19发生相同的角位移。主动单元20的每个枢轴接头26、27、28与从动单元10的对应枢轴接头16、17、18之间的运动学连接通过滑轮运送的缆线实现,所述缆线各自被布置成被锚定到两个对应的滑轮,所述滑轮围绕轴(其轴线与对应枢轴接头的轴线一致)能旋转地安装。从动单元10的每个枢轴接头16、17、18与主动单元20的对应枢轴接头26、27、28之间的运动学连接在上述PCT申请(WO2013/014621)中被更详细地描述。在这个构型中,由从动单元10的多个从动连杆11、12、13、14和相应从动接头16、17、18、19形成的链的运动学模型与由主动单元20的多个主动连杆21、22、23、24和相应主动接头26、27、28、29形成的链的运动学模型相同。
如图2中示意示出的,柄部30被构造成通过传动系统致动端部执行器31的三个自由度,所述传动系统适于将柄部30的三个滑轮30a、30b、30c与端部执行器31的三个对应滑轮31a、31b、31c运动学上地相连接。以此方式,当正在操作该遥控操作手术装置时,柄部30的每个滑轮的角位移由端部执行器31的对应滑轮复制。端部执行器31被构造成使得两个滑轮31b、31c在一个方向上的反向旋转使钳夹32a、32b在相对方向上旋转远离彼此以打开所述钳夹的夹子,同时两个滑轮31b、31c在另一个方向上的反向旋转使钳夹32a、32b在相对方向上旋转朝向彼此以闭合夹子并维持钳夹的夹持力。钳夹32a、32b的工作末端具有用于夹持的表面,且可用于(例如)镊子或烧灼应用中。替代地,当钳夹32a、32b的末端是作为剪刀进行协同切割的刀片时,闭合钳夹的“夹持”可以是切割动作。夹持因此能够取决于端部执行器31的性质来执行不同功能。这个端部执行器进一步被构造成当滑轮31a由根据本发明的缆线驱动系统致动时绕其滑轮31a的轴线枢转。
仍参考图2,根据这个优选实施例的传动系统包括:三个能旋转元件41a、41b、41c的第一布置40,所述能旋转元件41a、41b、41c绕从动单元的接口从动接头的轴线19a同轴地安装在一起;以及三个能旋转元件51a、51b、51c的第二布置50,所述能旋转元件51a、51b、51c绕主动单元的接口主动接头的轴线29a同轴地安装在一起。能旋转元件41d包括致动从动单元10的接口从动接头19的从动滑轮,所述从动滑轮刚性地附接到从动连杆14。能旋转元件51d包括致动主动单元20的接口主动接头29的驱动滑轮,所述驱动滑轮刚性地附接到主动连杆24。第一布置40中的能旋转元件41a、41b、41c被部分地容纳在从动件壳体40'内部,同时第二布置50中的能旋转元件51a、51b、51c被部分地容纳在主动件壳体50'内部。如图1中所示,从动件壳体40'和主动件壳体50'分别连接到从动单元10的远端连杆14和主动单元20的对应主动连杆24。从动件壳体40'进一步连接到能旋转元件41d,而主动件壳体50'进一步连接到对应能旋转元件51d。
如图2中所示的传动系统进一步包括第一传动器件,所述第一传动器件具有三个缆线62a、62b、62c或类似结构,所述缆线各自布置成将第二布置中的一个能旋转元件51a、51b、51c与第一布置40中的一个对应能旋转元件41a、41b、41c连接,使得第二布置50中的每个能旋转元件51a、51b、51c的旋转致动对应的缆线,这继而使第一布置40中的等效能旋转元件41a、41b、41c旋转。
现参考图4到图6,传动系统包括第二传动器件,所述第二传动器件具有三个从动缆线63a、63b、63c或类似结构,所述缆线各自布置成被锚定在端部执行器31的对应滑轮31a、31b、31c上,以使得这些滑轮能够绕其相应枢轴连接发生角位移。这些从动缆线轴向地延伸穿过从动连杆14,以能移除地锚定到从动单元10的第一布置40中的对应能旋转元件41a、41b、41c。随后将详细描述每个从动缆线到对应能旋转元件的能移除连接。
传动系统进一步包括第三传动器件,所述第三传动器件具有三个缆线61a、61b、61c或类似结构,所述缆线各自布置成被锚定在柄部30的对应滑轮30a、30b、30c上,以便通过这些滑轮绕其相应的枢轴连接发生的角位移被驱动,所述角位移通过致动柄部30产生。这些缆线61a、61b、61c中的每个均沿主动连杆24轴向地延伸以被锚定到主动单元20的第二布置50中的对应能旋转元件51a、51b、51c。图2部分地更详细示出了如何实现这种类型的连接。每个缆线61a、61b、61c(仅缆线61a和61c可见)在平面内且沿基本上圆形路径被部分地引导,所述平面优选地垂直于主动单元20的轴向接头29的轴线,且所述圆形路径穿过小于120度的角度(在当前实施例上)。每个缆线的区段75a、75c(75b在图2中不可见)均被附接到对应的指示器76a、76b、76c,其中,这些指示器与相应能旋转元件51a、51b、51c共同同轴地安装,并彼此叠置且有角度地偏置。
根据传动系统的构型,在机械遥控操作装置的操作期间,柄部30的每个滑轮30a、30b、30c绕其相应枢轴连接发生的角位移驱动第三传动器件的对应缆线61a、61b、61c,这导致第二布置50中的对应能旋转元件51a、51b、51c绕主动单元20的接口从动接头29的轴线发生角位移。这些能旋转元件51a、51b、51c中的每一个的旋转均驱动第一传动器件的对应缆线62a、62b、62c,这导致第一布置40中的等效能旋转元件41a、41b、41c绕从动单元10的接口从动接头19的轴线发生角位移。这些能旋转元件41a、41b、41c中的每一个的旋转继而导致端部执行器31的对应滑轮31a、31b、31c借助于第二传动器件的对应从动缆线63a、63b、63c发生角位移。相应的从动单元10和主动单元20的剩余两个能旋转元件41d、51d借助于缆线62d连接在一起,使得主动连杆24的轴向旋转使对应的从动连杆14绕其纵向轴线旋转。
由于这个具体构型,传动系统得以有利地被布置成在主动连杆24和对应从动连杆14同轴地旋转时避免缆线扭曲。由于长期使用机械遥控操作装置产生的缆线的磨损因此得以显著减少。
现参考图8、图9和图10,根据本发明的传动系统包括联接/解除联接机械装置,以用于将第二传动器件的每个从动缆线63a、63b、63c与第一传动器件的对应缆线62a、62b、62c能移除地相连接,以便向机械遥控操作装置提供用户友好的能互换且模块化工具系统。为此,优选地借助于螺钉使从动件壳体40'的下部部分40a和上被部分40b抵靠彼此能移除地被固定,以允许用户使从动单元10的远端部分10a(图7)与近端部分10b在结构上断开连接,如图1中具体示出的。
参考图9,传动系统的联接/解除联接装置包括在从动件壳体的下部部分40a内的引导器件73a、73b、73c。这些引导器件73a、73b、73c中的每个均优选地呈一系列滚子的形式,所述滚子被布置成在平面内且沿穿过某个角范围的基本上圆形路径引导第二传动器件的每个缆线63a、63b、63c的区段74a、74b、74c,所述平面基本上垂直于从动单元10的接口从动接头19的轴线。在同一发明的其它实施例中,代替由一系列滚字组成,引导器件可包括非移动元件或表面,以便在其路径内引导第二传动器件的每个缆线63a、63b、63c的区段74a、74b、74c。这些缆线中的每一个的每个区段74a、74b、74c均被锚定到配合接受器81a、81b、81c,所述配合接受器绕从动单元10的所述接口从动接头19的轴线19a被枢转地安装,如图8中所示。如图10中能够看到的,互补的配合部分82a、82b、82c(优选地呈连接销的形式)被安装在相应支撑件83a、83b、83c上,所述支撑件与第一布置中的相应能旋转元件共同同轴地布置。这些支撑件83a、83b、83c(其优选地呈指示器的形式)彼此叠置且有角度地偏置。每个连接销82a、82b、82c均适于被能移除地安装在对应的配合接受器81a、81b、81c内部,如图11c中具体示出的。
根据传动系统,Rs/Rm(图2)的比等于Ds/Dm的比,其中:
i) Rs是从动单元10的接口从动接头19的轴线与第二传动器件的一个从动缆线63a、63b、63c的一个被锚定区段73a、73b、73c之间的径向距离;
ii) Rm是主动单元20的接口从动接头29的轴线与第三传动器件的一个缆线61a、61b、61c的一个被锚定区段之间的径向距离;
iii) Ds是端部执行器31的一个对应滑轮31、31b、31c的直径;以及
iv) Dm是柄部30的一个对应滑轮30a、30b、30c的直径。
根据本发明的机械遥控操作装置的构型使操作者能够容易移除远端部分10a(包括位于其远端端部处的端部执行器31)并且用包括任何类型的端部执行器(诸如,剪刀、解剖刀、切刀、针托或任何其它手术附件)的另一远端部分代替移除的远端部分10a。
虽然如这个优选实施例中所公开的传动系统包括缆线,但其具体构型并不限于这个实施例。例如,本发明也可涵盖其它柔性和非柔性驱动元件(诸如,棒、连杆机构等等),其可被布置成实现本文中所陈述的相同功能。
此外,虽然根据优选实施例的机械遥控操作装置的传动系统包括第一、第二和第三传动器件,其各自包括三条缆线以在操作柄部时致动端部执行器的三个自由度,但本发明的范围也涵盖仅具有第一和第二传动器件的构型,使得其相应缆线仅绕行从动单元的接头19以允许将从动单元10的远端部分10a从近端部分10b拆下。也可设想超过三个传动器件(各自包括不同组的缆线),以涵盖主动单元和从动单元各自包括几个同轴接头的实施例。
虽然本发明已参考其具体实施例被具体示出和描述,但本领域的技术人员将理解的是,在不脱离如由所附权利要求限定的本发明的精神和范围的情况下,可在形式和细节方面对所示实施例做出各种改变。例如,本发明的范围包括下述构型,其中,至少第一和第三传动器件包括用于将柄部的N个自由度传输到端部执行器的N条缆线,其中,N能够为例如2、4或5。另外,根据本文中描述的实施例所公开的传动系统能够适于任何遥控操作装置,其不必然包括运动学上等效的主-从构型。

Claims (16)

1.一种机械遥控操作装置,其包括:
- 放置在所述装置的近端部分中的柄部,所述柄部具有通过相应柄部接头互相连接的多个柄部连杆;
- 放置在所述装置的远端部分中的端部执行器,所述端部执行器具有通过相应端部执行器接头互相连接的多个端部执行器连杆;
- 传动系统,所述传动系统被布置成将所述端部执行器运动学上地连接到所述柄部,使得所述端部执行器的运动对应于所述柄部的运动,所述传动系统包括:
- 多个能旋转元件的至少一个布置,所述多个能旋转元件绕单个轴线被同轴地安装在一起并被布置成彼此独立地旋转;
- 第一传动器件,所述第一传动器件包括驱动元件,所述驱动元件被布置成基于所述柄部的运动致动所述多个能旋转元件的旋转;以及
- 第二传动器件,所述第二传动器件包括从动元件,所述从动元件被布置成通过所述多个能旋转元件的旋转被驱动,从而导致所述端部执行器连杆发生运动,
其中,所述传动系统被构造成用于将所述第一和第二传动器件能移除地联接在一起,其中,每个从动元件均被能移除地联接到一个对应能旋转元件。
2.根据权利要求1所述的机械遥控操作装置,其中,所述第二传动器件的每个从动元件的区段均被能移除地连接到所述至少一个布置中的一个对应能旋转元件,其中,每个区段均在平面内沿路径被引导,所述平面基本上垂直于所述至少一个布置中的所述对应能旋转元件绕其旋转的轴线。
3.根据权利要求2所述的机械遥控操作装置,其中,所述路径沿圆形轨迹延伸,所述轨迹的中心点与所述多个能旋转元件能够绕其旋转的轴线一致。
4.根据权利要求1、2或3中的任一项所述的机械遥控操作装置,其中,所述多个能旋转元件能够绕其旋转的所述轴线与所述机械遥控操作装置的接头的轴线一致。
5.根据权利要求1、2、3或4中的任一项所述的机械遥控操作装置,其中,所述第二传动器件的每个从动元件均被锚定到配合接受器,所述配合接受器绕所述多个能旋转元件能够围绕其旋转的所述轴线被枢转地安装,其中,所述至少一个布置中的每个对应能旋转元件均包括互补的配合部分,所述互补的配合部分能够被能移除地安装在所述对应的配合接受器内部。
6.根据权利要求5所述的机械遥控操作装置,其中,每个互补的配合部分均被安装在连接到对应能旋转元件的多个支撑件中的一个上。
7.根据权利要求6所述的机械遥控操作装置,其中,所述配合接受器和对应配合部分被容纳在第一壳体内部,所述第一壳体包括抵靠彼此能移除地安装的两个或多个互补的壳体部分。
8.根据权利要求7所述的机械遥控操作装置,其中,所述配合接受器被安装在所述互补的壳体部分中的一个内部,并且其中,所述互补的配合部分被安装在另一个互补的壳体部分内部。
9.根据权利要求1到8中的任一项所述的机械遥控操作装置,其中,所述传动系统包括各自具有多个能旋转元件的两个布置,其中,所述第一布置中的能旋转元件被同轴地安装在一起以绕第一旋转轴线旋转,并且其中,所述第二布置中的能旋转元件被同轴地安装在一起以绕第二旋转轴线旋转。
10.根据权利要求9所述的机械遥控操作装置,其中,所述第一传动器件的每个驱动元件均被连接到所述第一布置中的一个能旋转元件和所述第二布置中的一个对应能旋转元件,使得所述第二布置中的每个能旋转元件的旋转使所述第一布置中的所述对应能旋转元件旋转。
11.根据权利要求9或10中的任一项所述的机械遥控操作装置,其中,所述第二布置中的所述多个能旋转元件能够绕其旋转的所述轴线与所述机械遥控操作装置的接头的所述轴线一致。
12.根据权利要求9、10或11中的任一项所述的机械遥控操作装置,其中,所述传动系统进一步包括第三传动器件,所述第三传动器件包括多个传动元件,所述多个传动元件各自被运动学上地连接到所述柄部的能致动元件,并且所述多个传动元件各自被布置成在致动所述柄部的所述对应能致动元件时致动所述第二布置中的一个能旋转元件的旋转。
13.根据权利要求12所述的机械遥控操作装置,其中,所述第三传动器件的每个传动元件的区段均被锚定到所述第二布置中的对应能旋转元件。
14.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的机械遥控操作装置,其中,所述机械遥控操作装置具有主-从构型,所述主-从构型包括:从动单元,所述从动单元具有通过相应从动接头互相连接的多个从动连杆;以及主动单元,所述主动单元具有通过相应主动接头互相连接的多个主动连杆。
15.根据权利要求14所述的机械遥控操作装置,其中,由所述从动单元的所述多个从动连杆和相应从动接头形成的链的运动学模型与由所述主动单元的所述多个主动连杆和相应主动接头形成的链的运动学模型相同。
16.一种用于微创手术的机械操作器,其包括安装在站上的至少两个机械遥控操作装置,其中,每个机械遥控操作装置根据前述权利要求中的任一项被限定。
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