CN106632695B - 一种pH敏感性多肽及其应用 - Google Patents
一种pH敏感性多肽及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106632695B CN106632695B CN201710085236.3A CN201710085236A CN106632695B CN 106632695 B CN106632695 B CN 106632695B CN 201710085236 A CN201710085236 A CN 201710085236A CN 106632695 B CN106632695 B CN 106632695B
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种pH敏感性多肽及其应用,该pH敏感性多肽是将一段净电荷可逆变化的肽链通过柔性肽链连接于细胞穿膜肽的一端而形成。该pH敏感性多肽能够选择性发挥其pH敏感性,在酸性环境部位恢复正电性实现高效细胞摄取。将该pH敏感性多肽连接于两亲性嵌段共聚物上合成pH敏感性多肽修饰的两亲性嵌段共聚物;然后采用薄膜分散法制备包含脂质载体材料和pH敏感性多肽修饰两亲性嵌段共聚物的脂质体,所得脂质体表现出易于与酸性微环境的部位(如肿瘤、炎症或感染部位、细胞内涵体或溶酶体内环境等)亲和的靶向性,对靶向治疗具有重要意义。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于药物制剂技术领域,具体涉及一种靶向酸性环境的pH敏感性多肽及其应用。
背景技术
细胞穿膜肽(cell-penetrating peptides,CPPs),是一类由不超过30个氨基酸残基组成的小分子多肽,具有很强的跨膜转运能力和生物相容性,根据氨基酸组成的不同,可分为阳离子CPPs和两亲性CPPs。尽管CPPs能够有效介导外源性生物大分子的入胞作用,但由于缺乏特异性限制了CPPs的体内应用。基于阳离子CPPs的电荷特性,近年来通过“先屏蔽再激活”的策略构建的环境敏感性细胞穿膜肽已经成为新的研究热点,尤其是针对生理或病理条件下人体中所存在的酸性微环境。
人体中,酸性微环境的部位主要包括肿瘤、炎症或感染部位、细胞内涵体或溶酶体等。其中,由于肿瘤细胞具有较强的增殖分化能力,肿瘤部位氧供不足,使得肿瘤组织细胞外微环境含有较多乳酸,其细胞外的pH值(6.5~6.8)普遍低于正常组织和血液的pH值(7.2~7.4)。因此,近年来,针对肿瘤微环境的以上特点,利用肿瘤组织这一特殊的微环境构建pH敏感型药物传递系统成为中外学者们的研究热点。
参考文献:
1.Vijay A.Sethuraman,You Han Bae.TAT peptide-based micelle system forpotential active targeting of anti-cancer agents to acidic solidtumors.Journal of Controlled Release 118(2007)216-224.
2.A.M.Hamilton,S.Aidoudi-Ahmed,S.Sharma,V.R.Kotamraju,P.J.Foster,K.N.Sugahara,E.Ruoslahti,B.K.Rutt.Nanoparticles coated with the tumor-penetrating peptide iRGD reduce experimental breast cancer metastasis in thebrain.J.Mol.Med.,93(2015).991-1001.
3.S.W.Chung,B.S.Lee,J.U.Choi,S.W.Kim,I.-S.Kim,S.Y.Kim,Y.Byun.Optimization of a stable linker involved DEVD peptide-doxorubicinconjugate that is activated upon radiation-induced caspase-3-mediatedapoptosis.J.Med.Chem.,58(2015).6435-6447.
4.Soon Sik Kwon,Sun Young Kim,Bong Ju Kong.Cell penetrating peptideconjugated liposomes as transdermal delivery system of Polygonum aviculareL.extract.International Journal ofPharmaceutics 483(2015)26-37.
5.Xiaoying Chen,Jennica Zaro,and Wei-Chiang Shen.Fusion ProteinLinkers:Property,Design and Functionality.Adv Drug Deliv Rev.2013Oct 15;65(10):1357-1369.
发明内容
解决的技术问题:本发明的目的是提供一种靶向于酸性微环境的pH敏感性多肽及其应用,该多肽表现出易于与肿瘤细胞亲和的靶向性,对肿瘤靶向治疗具有重要意义。
技术方案:一种pH敏感性多肽,包括净电荷可逆变化的肽链HX、柔性肽链Y和细胞穿膜肽CPP三部分,其结构为HX-Y-CPP或CPP-Y-HX。
进一步地,所述净电荷可逆变化的肽链HX由组氨酸H与谷氨酸E或天冬氨酸D的一种或两种组成。
进一步地,所述柔性肽链Y是由单一氨基酸或混合氨基酸组成。
进一步地,所述细胞穿膜肽CPP为含有正电性氨基酸的肽链。
上述pH敏感性多肽在纳米靶向递药系统中的应用。
一种纳米靶向脂质体递药系统,包括脂质载体材料和pH敏感性多肽修饰的两亲性嵌段共聚物。
进一步地,所述脂质载体和pH敏感性多肽修饰的两亲性嵌段共聚物的摩尔比例为99∶1-9∶1,优选为19∶1。
进一步地,所述脂质载体材料选自中性脂质载体材料、阳离子脂质载体材料或阴离子脂质载体材料。
进一步地,所述pH敏感性多肽修饰的两亲性嵌段共聚物是将pH敏感性多肽与两亲性嵌段共聚物的亲水段进行共价连接。
上述纳米靶向脂质体递药系统的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤1,采用共价连接合成pH敏感性多肽修饰的两亲性嵌段共聚物;
步骤2,制备包含脂质载体材料和pH敏感性多肽修饰的两亲性嵌段共聚物的脂质体。
有益效果:pH敏感性多肽修饰的脂质体可有效实现多肽携带载体进入细胞的穿透细胞膜的能力。并通过pH敏感性多肽的电荷可逆的转变,减少在非靶部位的吸收摄取,增加多种药物的主动靶向效果。
附图说明
图1为pH敏感性多肽的作用机制图;
图2为实施例1中HE-CPP修饰的脂质体在不同pH的PBS缓冲液里的Zeta电荷变化;
图3为检测例1中空白脂质体、CPP修饰的脂质体和HE-CPP修饰的的脂质体对Hela细胞增值的抑制效果;
图4为检测例2中CPP修饰的脂质体和HE-CPP修饰的的脂质体在2h和6h时不同pH条件下的细胞摄取。
具体实施方式
以下实施例进一步说明本发明的内容,但不应理解为对本发明的限制。在不背离本发明精神和实质的情况下,对本发明方法、步骤或条件所作的修改和替换,均属于本发明的范围。若未特别指明,实施例中所用的技术手段为本领域技术人员所熟知的常规手段。
细胞穿膜肽(cell-penetrating peptides,CPPs),也称为蛋白转导域(proteintransduction domains,PTDs)或膜转运蛋白(membrane transductionpeptides,MTPs),是一类由不多于30个氨基酸残基组成的小分子多肽,自从1988的HIV TAT发现以来,通过蛋白结构分析衍生,或通过构效关系研究合成不断地发现新的细胞穿膜肽,具有很强的跨膜转运能力,而且能够携带比其分子质量大100倍的外源性大分子(蛋白质或者载体等)进入细胞,是一系列具有高效介导入胞能力的短肽。
以其理化性质为基础,细胞穿膜肽可以简单的划分为三类:阳离子细胞穿膜肽、疏水性细胞穿膜肽和两亲性细胞穿膜肽。其中,阳离子细胞穿膜肽中的氨基酸残基主要由精氨酸和赖氨酸组成。两亲性细胞穿膜肽则主要由赖氨酸组成,序列中还分布有亲水或疏水性的其它氨基酸残基,其空间构象主要为α-螺旋结构。
然而,细胞穿膜肽的应用受到较大的局限性,一方面,细胞穿膜肽较强的正电性导致其在血液循环中极易与血浆蛋白或调理素结合后被网状内皮系统吞噬;另一方面,细胞穿膜肽作为一种非特异性的“功能分子”,能够非选择性地介导穿透进入所有细胞,这样的特点限制了细胞穿膜肽在全身系统给药中的应用。
本发明基于对肽链长度、氨基酸组成及序列、氨基酸侧链pKa、重组多肽等电点、不同pH条件下重组多肽净电荷、多肽序列与其二级结构的相关性等多种因素的考虑,构建了一种pH敏感性多肽。包括净电荷可逆变化的肽链HX、柔性肽链Y和细胞穿膜肽CPP三部分,其结构为HX-Y-CPP,其中,1)净电荷可逆变化的肽链HX是由组氨酸H与谷氨酸E或天冬氨酸D的一种或两种组成,优选谷氨酸E;HX序列可以为组氨酸和负电性氨基酸的任意组合和排列,优选组氨酸和负电性氨基酸等比例的重复序列,即(HX)a;HX序列中含有负电性氨基酸的数量应不少于细胞穿膜肽中正电性氨基酸的数量,且不大于细胞穿膜肽中正电性氨基酸的数量的3倍;2)柔性肽链Y由单一氨基酸或混合氨基酸组成;3)细胞穿膜肽CPP为含有正电性氨基酸的多肽链段。
如图1所示,HX-Y-CPP中,HX为净电荷可逆变化的肽链,X为带负电的氨基酸,H在正常生理pH条件下不带电,在酸性pH条件下带正电;CPP为含有正电性氨基酸残基的多肽链段;Y为柔性连接将HX与CPP相连,使HX和CPP能够通过静电作用相互吸附。在正常生理pH条件下,即pH=7.4时,CPP所带正电被HX所带负电荷吸附而呈“发卡结构”,HX-Y-CPP净电荷为零或负,表现为非激活状态;在酸性条件下,即pH≤6.5时,H被质子化干扰HX与CPP静电结合的稳定性,且HX-Y-CPP净电荷变为正或零,导致HX与CPP分离使CPP发挥穿膜作用。而在肿瘤部位被特异性激活而未被肿瘤细胞及时摄取,重新进入血液循环后依然表现为非激活状态,此为可逆活化,有效保证了药物递送系统的特异性和安全性。
作为上述的这些细胞穿膜肽CPP,只要能够发挥其介导载体实现高效跨细胞膜转运能力的目的即可,没有特别限定,可以举出:核转录激活子Tat蛋白,Tat-(47-57)(YGRKKRRQRRR),HIV-1Rev-(34-50)(TRQARRNRRRRWRERQR),果蝇触角控制基因蛋白,Antp(43-58)(RQIKIYFQNRRMKWKK),FHV外壳蛋白(35-49)(RRRRNRTRRNRRRVR),小分子寡聚精氨酸[(R)n],小分子寡聚赖氨酸[(K)n],MAP(KLALKLALKALKAALKLA)及其类似物,transportan等。
作为上述的柔性肽链Y,只要能够发挥其桥接HX与CPP且不影响HX与CPP相互作用的目的即可,没有特别限定,可以举出:(GGGGS)n、KESGSVSSEQLAQFRSLD、EGKSSGSGSESKST、(G)n、GSAGSAAGSGEF等。
本发明的另外一个目的是提供了一种包含pH敏感性多肽的纳米靶向递药系统,可以为脂质体、胶束、固体脂质纳米粒、聚合物纳米粒、多肽-药物偶联纳米载体等。VijayA.Sethuraman等制备TAT修饰的PEG-PLA胶束载体,并通过PSD(甲基丙烯酰磺胺二甲氧嘧啶)-b-PEG中的PSD在中性环境下的负电荷与TAT电荷中和,但在酸性环境(6.5-6.0)下不显电性使得TAT发挥穿膜效果。pH敏感性多肽修饰的胶束在pH6.0的细胞摄取量相较pH7.4显著增加,实现主动靶向作用。A.M.Hamilton等将iRGD修饰在纳米粒上,表明修饰了iRGD的包载阿霉素的纳米粒相比水溶性的iRGD能够增加其防止肿瘤转移的效果。S.W.Chung等将阿霉素与四肽DEVD偶联,可减少阿霉素在体内的毒性,并通过筛选不同的敏感性连接键实现肿瘤细胞内部敏感释药发挥作用。
上述递药系统可以递送抗癌药物和抗生素等药物,可选自烷化剂、抗生素、植物生物碱、铂类化合物等,具体药物如紫杉醇、多西他赛、奥沙利铂、阿霉素、吉西他滨、放线菌素D等。
具体的,本发明提供了一种纳米靶向脂质体递药系统,包括脂质载体材料和pH敏感性多肽修饰的两亲性嵌段共聚物。其制备方法是先采用共价反应合成pH敏感性多肽修饰的两亲性嵌段共聚物;再制备包含脂质载体材料和pH敏感性多肽修饰的两亲性嵌段共聚物的脂质体。
上述步骤中的多肽与嵌段共聚物共价连接的反应可以为迈克尔加成反应、双键加成反应,酯化反应、酰胺化反应和巯基-巯基反应等。Soon Sik Kwon等通过硫醇-马来酰亚胺迈克尔加成反应将CPP共价连接于DOPC上,过量的半胱氨酸饱和剩余的马来酰亚胺基团,成功将CPP修饰于脂质体上发挥其作用。也有研究将多肽羧基与PEG端-OH酯化反应,将多肽端的氨基与PEG端羧基酰胺化反应接至载体上。
在本发明的一个实施例中,是将pH敏感性细胞穿膜肽通过PEG链连接于脂质载体材料上,具体的,将pH敏感性多肽通过半胱氨酸和Mal-PEG-DSPE上的马来酰亚胺基团连接修饰在脂质载体材料的外壳上,修饰pH敏感的在肿瘤酸性条件下可实现电荷逆转的多肽后,使得脂质体递药系统表现出易于被肿瘤细胞摄取的靶向性。
首先,采用迈克尔加成反应合成HX-Y-CPP,本发明实施例中使用CR6G5(HE)10(以下简称为HE-CPP)修饰的HE-CPP-PEG-DSPE,其中,C为半胱氨酸,连接在HE末端,提供巯基。HE-CPP和Mal-PEG-DSPE的摩尔比例范围为1.1∶1-1.4∶1,优选1.25∶1;采用的溶剂可以是二氯甲烷或四氢呋喃,优选四氢呋喃;用三乙胺调pH至6.5-7.2,优选7.0;反应温度范围为25-40℃,优选37℃;反应时间为18-48小时,优选24小时。反应结束后,使用旋转蒸发法除去有机溶剂,加入5-40mL蒸馏水水化,后冷冻干燥保存。
采用薄膜分散法制备载药脂质体,称取天然磷脂、胆固醇、药物、HE-CPP-PEG-DSPE均匀混合后加入有机溶剂溶解,置旋转蒸发仪上去除有机溶剂成膜,加入水溶液水化后,采用探头超声、高速剪切机或挤出器制备出脂质体,溶剂为三氯甲烷和甲醇的混合溶剂,超声功率为10-30%,优选20%;药物和脂质的质量比范围为1∶10-1∶20,优选1∶15;DSPE-PEG-HE-CPP占磷脂的总摩尔比例为1%-10%,优选为5%。
本发明以多种疏水性小分子抗癌药物(如紫杉醇、多西紫杉醇等)其中一种为模型,按照上述方法制备载药脂质体,载药量为60%至90%。
以下实施例所采用的HE-CPP由合肥国肽生物科技有限公司合成提供。
实施例1
HE-CPP-PEG-DSPE的合成
称取5.6mg Mal-PEG-DSPE(梵硕生物科技有限公司,B06012)于1.5mL EP管中,加入1mL DMF溶解后,加入9mg HE-CPP溶解震荡使其均匀分散,用三乙胺调pH至7.0。反应管中冲氮气保护密封,于37℃振摇反应24h。于旋转蒸发仪上蒸掉有机溶剂DMF,置于干燥器中抽真空4个小时,加入水溶液1.5mL水化后冻干保存。
反应前和反应后产物分别配置等摩尔浓度,取96孔板,每孔加入100μL样品,再加入1mM的DTNB溶液100μL,酶标仪450nm检测,通过Ellman test检测巯基的反应残留量计算反应效率,其中HE-CPP-PEG-DSPE得率为55.04%。
HE-CPP修饰的脂质体的制备
称取120mg SPC(aladdin,G1517069)、20mg CH(胆固醇,上海艾韦特医药科技有限公司,B40333)、10.46mg HE-CPP-PEG-DSPE完全溶解于氯仿中,转移至250mL茄形瓶中,40℃下旋转蒸发掉氯仿,铺成均匀的单分子层膜,放在干燥器中抽真空过夜。加入蒸馏水5mL水化脂质单分子层膜,振摇使其成为初级脂质体,探头超声5min,200W,将制得的蓝色乳光溶液过0.22μm滤膜,得到粒径均一的HE-CPP修饰的脂质体,即HE-CPP-L。用玛尔文粒径测定仪,采用动态光散射法技术测定样品粒径,使用ZetaSize3000HS软件对结果进行处理,测得HE-CPP-L的粒径为120.1nm。
HE-CPP-L的电位变化分别配置pH为6.0、6.5、7.0、7.5的磷酸盐缓冲液,将制备得到的HE-CPP-L分别取500μL加入至3mL的缓冲液中,混合均匀并稳定后测定电位,结果如图2,HE-CPP修饰的脂质体在pH6.4-6.8范围内实现电荷逆转,由pH为7.4时负电荷转变为正电荷从而证明其体外pH敏感性。
实施例2
CPP-PEG-DSPE的合成
称取5.6mg Mal-PEG-DSPE于1.5mL EP管中,加入1mL DMF溶解后,加入2.5mg R6溶解混匀,其余操作同实施例1。
采用实施例1的方法检测合成得率,CPP-PEG-DSPE得率为89.62%。
CPP修饰的脂质体的制备
称取120mg SPC,20mg CH,10.46mg CPP-PEG-DSPE完全溶解于氯仿中,转移至250mL茄形瓶中,40℃下旋转蒸发掉氯仿,铺成均匀的单分子层膜,放在干燥器中抽真空过夜。加入蒸馏水5mL水化脂质单分子层膜,振摇使其成为初级脂质体,探头超声5min,200W,将制得的蓝色乳光溶液过0.22μm滤膜,得到粒径均一的CPP修饰的脂质体,即CPP-L。用马尔文粒径测定仪,采用动态光散射法技术测定样品粒径,使用ZetaSize 3000HS软件对结果进行处理,测得CPP-L的粒径为123.7nm。
检测例1
空白载体的细胞毒性试验
空白脂质体的细胞毒性采用MTT法评价。取96孔板,收集对数期Hela细胞,调整细胞悬液的浓度,每孔加入200μL,使每孔细胞数为6000个左右,放入培养箱培养。培养24h后取出板,弃去旧培养基。用7.4的空白培养基配制系列浓度的普通脂质体溶液,CPP-L溶液,HE-CPP-L溶液,每孔加入200μL的载体溶液,于5%CO2,37℃孵育24h后,每孔加入0.5mg/mL的MTT溶液200μL,继续培养4h,终止培养,小心吸去孔内培养液。每孔加入DMSO 150μL,低速振荡10min,使结晶物充分溶解。在酶联免疫检测仪490nm处测量各孔的吸光值。同时设置对照孔(细胞、培养基、培养液、MTT、DMSO)、空白组(培养基、培养液、MTT、DMSO)。
如图3所示,结果表明修饰过多肽的脂质体相较未修饰的脂质体毒性减小。
Cell inhibition percent(%)=(1-Asample/Acontrol)×100%
Cell viability(%)=100-Cell inhibition percent
其中,Asample是与脂质体作用的细胞样品孔的吸收,Acontrol是不与脂质体作用的细胞样品孔的吸收。
检测例2
HE-CPP-L和CPP-L对Hela细胞在不同时间、不同pH的摄取
转染前一天,将4-5*104/孔Hela细胞接种于6孔板,置于37℃细胞培养箱中孵育。1g~24h后于光学显微镜下观察细胞生长状态,当细胞汇合至60%~70%时,置于超净工作台中操作。吸去培养基,用PBS(pH7.4)洗3次,按照给药浓度香豆素为200ng/mL,分别将载香豆素的空白脂质体和HE-CPP-L,CPP-L用不同pH(7.4,6.0)的培养基稀释,加入六孔板中,每孔2mL,置于37℃细胞培养箱中转染2h和6h后,取出六孔板,用PBS洗涤五次,加入500μl胰酶消化后,加入1mL培养基终止消化,离心后弃掉上次培养基,加入PBS 500μL重悬,使其混合均匀后用流式细胞仪进行测定分析(Ex=488nm;Em=530nm),计算平均荧光强度。结果见图4,在2h和6h的摄取结果显示,Liposome-HE-CPP在pH6.5和pH7.4条件下摄取具有显著性差异,pH7.4条件下,HE可有效掩蔽CPP的穿膜效果,而在6.5的pH下可实现弹出CPP,增加在酸性环境下细胞的摄取。
Claims (1)
1.一种纳米靶向脂质体递药系统,其特征在于:包括脂质载体材料和pH敏感性多肽修饰的两亲性嵌段共聚物;
所述pH敏感性多肽修饰的两亲性嵌段共聚物为HE-CPP-PEG-DSPE,其中HE-CPP为R6G5(HE)10C,C为半胱氨酸,连接在HE末端;
该递药系统采用薄膜分散法制备得到,具体是称取天然磷脂、胆固醇、药物、HE-CPP-PEG-DSPE均匀混合后加入有机溶剂溶解,置旋转蒸发仪上去除有机溶剂成膜,加入水溶液水化后,采用探头超声、高速剪切机或挤出器制备出脂质体,溶剂为三氯甲烷和甲醇的混合溶剂,超声功率为10-30%,药物和脂质的质量比范围为1∶10-1∶20,HE-CPP-PEG-DSPE占磷脂的总摩尔比例为1%-10%。
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