CN106525577B - Apparatus and method for testing dynamic mechanical properties of materials under tensile/shear composite loading - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for testing dynamic mechanical properties of materials under tensile/shear composite loading Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/02—Details
- G01N3/06—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means
- G01N3/068—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means with optical indicating or recording means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/02—Details
- G01N3/06—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means
- G01N3/066—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means with electrical indicating or recording means
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of device and methods of material dynamic mechanical performance under test stretching/shearing Combined Loading, including beater mechanism, impact bar, incident bar, transmission bar and strain signal acquisition device；Sample is installed in one end of the transmission bar, the other end installs a buffer, and the impact bar hits one end of incident bar, the other end impact specimen of incident bar in the impact undershoot of beater mechanism device；And the side of sample is equipped with image collecting device；Foil gauge is installed on the incident bar and transmission bar；The foil gauge is connected with capture card, and the capture card is connected with signal display apparatus.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to it is a kind of test stretching/shearing Combined Loading under material dynamic mechanical performance sample structure design and
Test method, especially a kind of test material high strain-rate deformation mechanics performance and capture material real-time deformation and failure behaviour
Technology.
Background technique
Loading speed and stress state are an important factor for influencing material deformation and failure behaviour.Material is made in dynamically load
With the lower mechanical behavior for occurring to be different under dead load, understands and reasonable control material is become with the dynamic mechanical for grasping material
Shape and failure realize that going after profits and advoiding disadvantages in engineer application is of great significance, such as explosion and shock, earthquake, engineering explosion, bullet
Body to armoring penetration, nuclear explosion and its protection, micrometeorite and sleet Sorbet to the high-speed impact of aircraft, High-speed machining, etc.
Angular extrusion deformation etc. all refers to the research of material dynamic mechanical performance.Material deformation and failure behaviour under composite stress state
There is significant difference compared under uniaxial stress state, the practical Service Environment of material (or part) is mostly composite stress state,
It is compound including stretching/shearing, compression/shearing is compound, bent/twisted is compound etc., but traditional material Mechanics Performance Testing is mainly sharp
It is uniaxially stretched with the realization of material mechanical performance testing machine, the device to test such as uniaxial compression and torsion obtain material deformation and fracture ginseng
Number, material static mechanical property parameters obtained cannot describe deformation of the material under composite stress state and dynamically load with
Failure behaviour.
Deformation process of the material in static (or quasi-static) load is slow, and strain rate range is 10-3/ s-1/s, utilizes power
It ordinary digital camera can be used when learning static (or quasi-static) deformational behavior of performance aircraft test material tracks it and deformed
Journey can determine the mechanics parameters such as material breaking strain by test sample elongation and the contraction percentage of area after material failure.But
For the material deformation and fracture behavioral study under high strain-rate composite stress state, on the one hand need to design reasonable sample knot
Structure and test device realize the high strain-rate combined stress load of material；On the other hand need to develop effective test method capture
MATERIALS ' DYNAMIC deformation and fracture process.This is exactly two key problems solved by the invention.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to overcome deficiency existing for above-mentioned existing material mechanical performance test device and test method,
A kind of sample structure design and test method for testing material dynamic mechanical performance under stretching/shearing Combined Loading, material are provided
Dynamic mechanical test device is based on split hopkinson press bar working principle and is built, and test strain rate is up to 104/s
More than, the material mechanical performance test sample of design can be realized the load of stretching/compressing combined stress, in tested specimen surface
It coats fluorescent powder (or fluorescent paint), tracks fluorescent powder (or fluorescent paint) particle of shooting specimen surface when test using high speed camera
Motion profile can capture the high strain-rate deformation and fracture behavior of tested sample by the movement of analysis of fluorescence particle.It should
Device and method can test the material mechanical performance under the load of Under High Strain rate and composite stress state, measuring accuracy and test
It is high-efficient, it is tested suitable for the dynamic mechanical of plastic material and fragile material.
To achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:
A kind of device for testing material dynamic mechanical performance under stretching/shearing Combined Loading, including beater mechanism, impact
Bar, incident bar, transmission bar and strain signal acquisition device；Sample, other end installation are installed in one end of the transmission bar
One buffer, the impact bar hit one end of incident bar, the other end of incident bar in the impact undershoot of beater mechanism device
Impact specimen；And the side of sample is equipped with image collecting device；Foil gauge is installed on the incident bar and transmission bar；
The foil gauge is connected with capture card, and the capture card is connected with signal display apparatus.
Further, the beater mechanism includes a gun tube and the air charging system for gun tube inflation, the gun tube
One end be inserted into impact bar, the other end connects air charging system, and the air charging system is that gun tube is inflated, and then promotion impact bar
Impact incident bar.
Further, the incident bar end that is hit is equipped with waveform shaper, and the waveform shaper uses diameter
Less than the scale copper or flake aluminum of leverage diameter.
Further, the buffer is for absorbing rod piece impact energy, generally by flexible material such as rubber, cork block
Deng composition.
Further, the image collecting device includes high speed camera and light source, wherein the highest sampling of high speed camera
Frequency is not less than 100000Hz, and the image resolution ratio shot when sampling frequency reaches 100000Hz is not less than 256x256 pixel.
Further, the sample is the structure that an appearance profile is T-shape, in the T-shape structure
Horizontal structure part is equipped with cavity, and the side opposite with image collecting device is coated with fluorescent powder or fluorescent paint.
The structure sample of T-shape is mounted between incident bar and transmission bar after rotating to the left 90 degree；And with incident bar and thoroughly
Penetrate the sample both ends surface roughness R that bar is in contactaNeed to be less than 0.8 μm, the depth of parallelism of sample both ends of the surface need to be less than 0.01mm；
The sample completes sample processing by processing technologys such as electric-spark drilling, wire cutting, grinding-polishings, is tried by changing
The relative size of the vertical portion of sample central cavity and T-shape structure is, it can be achieved that under different stretch, compression combined stress state
Material dynamic mechanical performance test.
Further, filled with high pressure nitrogen in the air charging system, high pressure nitrogen air pressure range is 0-3MPa, in high pressure
Pressure fine tuning structure and steerable system are equipped at nitrogen outlet with control pressure size.
Further, the gun tube internal diameter and impact bar, incident bar, transmission bar outer diameter are 20mm, and described are rushed
The material for hitting bar, incident bar and transmission bar is the high-intensitive martensitic stain less steel 17-4PH that hardens.
Material proposed by the present invention stretches/shears test dynamic mechanical method under Combined Loading, comprising the following steps:
(1) test device main body is built, that is, builds beater mechanism, impact bar, incident bar and transmission bar, guarantees shock machine
Verticality and leverage between structure, impact bar, the concentricity of incident bar and transmission bar, faces parallel, rod end surface and rod axis
Surface roughness is in the range of setting value；
(2) strain signal acquisition device is built, two resistance are respectively symmetrically pasted at position among incident bar and transmission bar
Value and the identical foil gauge of sensitivity coefficient are simultaneously attached using thin wire, then by capture card and data presentation device with answer
Become piece to be connected；
(3) before testing sample, " impact missing " test is carried out to the test device main body built, guarantees strain letter
Number acquisition accuracy；
(4) processing sample is tested surface coating fluorescent powder or fluorescent paint in sample with chasing after for image collecting device
Track observation；
(5) image collecting device, including high speed camera and light source are built, light source needs face sample to be tested surface to mention
High camera shooting quality.
Be pasted on incident bar and transmission bar two foil gauges are separately connected into after half-bridge and are adopted in the step (2)
Truck and oscillograph are attached.
Gun tube and leverage size in the step (1) be it is variable, under same pressure, the smaller diameter rods of equal length
System can get higher impact velocity, to keep the rate of deformation of sample higher, can test the sample power under more high strain-rate
Learn the parameters such as performance and breaking strain.
To keep strain signal acquisition device structure simple, will be pasted on incident bar and transmission bar in the step (2)
Two foil gauges are attached after being separately connected into half-bridge with capture card and oscillograph.
The device and method of material dynamic mechanical performance, can be realized under test stretching/shearing Combined Loading of the invention
104The test of the material mechanical performance and fracture behaviour of/s or more Under High Strain rate shoots coating fluorescent powder using high speed camera
The material that the sample of (or fluorescent paint) is tested surface when can load with real-time testing Large strain deforms and failure procedure, is based on dividing
Simple from the test device structure that formula Hopkinson pressure bar working principle is built, at low cost, measuring accuracy is high, is tested material
Type is extensive, and designed sample structure can be realized the survey of the material dynamic mechanical performance under stretching, compression combined stress state
Examination.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the device and method schematic diagram of material dynamic mechanical performance under present invention test stretching/shearing Combined Loading；
Fig. 2 is the specimen surface deformation process schematic diagram of high speed camera of the present invention shooting coating fluorescent powder (or fluorescent paint)；
Fig. 3 is that the present invention realizes stretching/shearing Combined Loading special construction sample cross figure；
Fig. 4 is the partial enlarged view of Fig. 3；
Fig. 5 is the sample deformation process loading force curve graph changed with the load time；
Fig. 6 is the strain value change curve of sample when changing with shooting time；
In figure: 1, high pressure nitrogen, 2, gun tube, 3, impact bar, 4, waveform shaper, 5, incident bar, 6, foil gauge, 7, examination
Sample, 8, foil gauge, 9, transmission bar, 10, buffer, 11, high speed camera, 12, light source, 13, capture card, 14, oscillograph.
Specific embodiment
The present invention is further elaborated with reference to the accompanying drawing.
As shown in Figure 1, the apparatus main body base for testing material dynamic mechanical performance under stretching/shearing Combined Loading of the invention
It is built in Hopkinson pressure bar working principle, overall structure includes high pressure nitrogen 1, gun tube 2, impact bar 3, waveform shaper 4, enters
Penetrate bar 5, foil gauge 6, sample 7, foil gauge 8, transmission bar 9, buffer 10, high speed camera 11, light source 12, capture card 13 and oscillography
Device 14 etc..
Sample 7 is installed in one end of transmission bar 9, the other end installs a buffer 1, and the impact bar 3 is in elevated pressure nitrogen
The impact undershoot of gas 1 hits one end of incident bar 5, the other end impact specimen 7 of incident bar 5；And the side of sample 7 is equipped with high speed
Camera 11 and light source 12；Foil gauge 8 is installed on the incident bar 5 and transmission bar 9；The foil gauge 8 and capture card
13 are connected, and the capture card 13 is connected with oscillograph 14.
It can control rate of deformation (the i.e. sample of sample 7 by the pressure of adjusting high pressure nitrogen 1 or the length of impact bar 3
Strain rate when deformation), sample needs guarantee coaxial with incident bar 5 and transmission bar 9 during installation, and waveform shaper 4 makes stress arteries and veins
The rising edge of punching tends towards stability, and is conducive to capture stress variation characteristic when sample deformation.Strain on incident bar and transmission bar
Piece 6 and 8 is pasted on two bar middle positions, to guarantee that transmitted wave is consistent with the test moment of transmitted wave.It is right using high speed camera 11
When the tested surface of sample is shot, light filling is carried out using intense light source 12, to improve exposure intensity when high speed camera shooting,
Guarantee photograph taking quality.Buffer 10 is for stopping transmission bar 9 to make its stop motion.
As shown in Fig. 2, sample, which is tested surface, is coated with fluorescent powder (or fluorescent paint), using movable support 13 by light source 12
It is installed on 11 top of high speed camera, can change the direction of illumination of light source, test material dynamic mechanical by adjusting movable support
High speed camera camera lens face sample is tested surface when performance, while adjusting light source active bracket makes light source be irradiated in sample quilt
Test surfaces.
It is illustrated in figure 3 the present invention and realizes stretching/shearing Combined Loading special shape sample structure figure and partial enlargement
Figure, designed sample thickness are 10mm, and other apparent sizes are illustrated in figure 3 a T-shape structure, the whole three-dimensional knot of sample
Structure is as shown in Figure 2.During installation, the structure sample of T-shape is mounted between incident bar and transmission bar after rotating to the left 90 degree；
Sample processing is completed by processing technologys such as electric-spark drilling, wire cutting, grinding-polishings, with test device leverage phase
The sample both ends of the surface roughness Ra of contact need to be less than 0.8 μm, and the depth of parallelism of sample both ends of the surface need to be less than 0.01mm, and sample is tested
Surface coats fluorescent powder (or fluorescent paint) with the tracing study for high-speed capture system.It is empty by changing sample middle part in Fig. 3
The relative size of chamber and lower end is, it can be achieved that material dynamic mechanical performance test under different stretch, compression combined stress state.
Specific test method is as follows:
(1) test device based on split hopkinson press bar working principle is built, is guaranteed in test device main body
Within 0.01mm, the verticality between the leverage both ends of the surface depth of parallelism and rod end surface and rod axis is equal for gun tube and leverage concentricity
Less than 0.01mm, leverage surface roughness Ra is less than 0.8 μm；
(2) strain signal acquisition device is built, Wheatstone bridge working principle is based on, in incident bar and transmission bar middle part
Position is respectively symmetrically pasted two resistance values and the identical foil gauge of sensitivity coefficient and is attached using thin wire, then will adopt
Truck and oscillograph are attached with test device main body；
(3) before testing sample, " impact missing " test is carried out to the test device main body built, guarantees strain letter
Number acquisition accuracy；
(4) designed stretching according to Fig.3 ,/shearing Combined Loading sample structure, is cut by electric-spark drilling, line
Cut, the processing technologys such as grinding-polishing complete sample processing, guarantee the specimen surface roughness being in contact with leverage in test device
RaLess than 0.8 μm, the sample both ends of the surface depth of parallelism is less than 0.01mm, is then tested surface coating fluorescent powder (or fluorescence in sample
Paint) with the tracing study for high-speed capture system；
(5) high-speed capture system and device, including high speed camera and light source are built, light source needs face sample to be tested surface
To improve camera shooting quality.
After the completion of sample testing, by the stress wave signal in analysis incident bar and transmission bar, (specific analytical method can
The works " Hopkinson bar experimental technique " such as reference Lu Fangyun, Beijing: Science Press, 2013), obtain tested sample and become
Stress variation characteristic when shape and fracture；When the sample deformation process acquisition material deformation and fracture shot using high speed camera
Crack propagation path and material breaking strain etc..
Compared with existing material mechanical performance test method, the beneficial effect comprise that
High strain-rate loading material mechanical performance test: the present invention may be implemented strain rate and be up to 104The material of/s or more
Dynamic mechanical test, flow stress changing rule, the load of material high strain-rate when obtaining the load of material high strain-rate lose
Data or the information such as crack propagation path, MATERIALS ' DYNAMIC breaking strain when effect.
Material deformational behavior is tested under stretching/shearing Combined Loading: the present invention can be achieved under stretching/shearing Combined Loading
Material deformation and fracture performance testing is the important extension to current standard material Mechanics Performance Testing.
The real-time measurement and non-cpntact measurement of material deformational behavior: can be with capture material high strain-rate deformation and fracture process
The deflection and stress value of middle any time realizes the real-time non-cpntact measurement of material deformation and fracture behavior.
Embodiment:
Referring to Fig.1, the test device that material stretched/sheared dynamic mechanical under Combined Loading is built into completion, and will
Sample is placed between incident bar and transmission bar, and the sample material selected is 45# steel.Referring to Figures 1 and 2, by high speed camera and light
Source is installed on operating position.1MPa is set by high pressure nitrogen pressure when test, shock pole length is 100mm, high speed camera
Sample frequency is set as 100000Hz.After the completion of test, the strain signal on incident bar and transmission bar is handled, is obtained such as
Force curve is loaded with the sample deformation process of load time variation shown in Fig. 5, by calculating sample loading force and sample deformation area
Stress intensity when sample deformation can be obtained in the ratio of domain cross-sectional area.
The sample dynamic deformation image of high speed camera acquisition is handled, acquisition changes with shooting time as shown in Figure 6
When sample strain value, obtain breaking strain of the sample under tested loading environment be 21.5%.
Above-mentioned, although the foregoing specific embodiments of the present invention is described with reference to the accompanying drawings, not protects model to the present invention
The limitation enclosed, those skilled in the art should understand that, based on the technical solutions of the present invention, those skilled in the art are not
Need to make the creative labor the various modifications or changes that can be made still within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. the device of material dynamic mechanical performance under a kind of test stretching/shearing Combined Loading, which is characterized in that including shock machine
Structure, impact bar, incident bar, transmission bar and strain signal acquisition device；Sample is installed in one end of the transmission bar, it is another
One buffer of end installation, the impact bar hit one end of incident bar in the impact undershoot of beater mechanism device, incident bar
Other end impact specimen；And the side of sample is equipped with image collecting device；It is equipped on the incident bar and transmission bar
Foil gauge；The foil gauge is connected with capture card, and the capture card is connected with signal display apparatus；
The beater mechanism includes a gun tube and the air charging system for gun tube inflation, and one end of the gun tube is sleeved on punching
It hitting on bar, the other end connects air charging system, and the air charging system is gun tube inflation, and then impact bar is pushed to impact incident bar,
Filled with high pressure nitrogen in the air charging system；
The incident bar end that is hit is equipped with waveform shaper；
The sample includes sample central cavity and lower end, and the central cavity and lower end relative size are changeable；
The specimen surface coating fluorescent powder or fluorescent paint.
2. testing the device of material dynamic mechanical performance under stretching/shearing Combined Loading as described in claim 1, feature exists
In the waveform shaper is less than the scale copper or flake aluminum of leverage diameter using diameter.
3. testing the device of material dynamic mechanical performance under stretching/shearing Combined Loading as described in claim 1, feature exists
In the sample is the structure that an appearance profile is T-shape, and the horizontal structure part in the T-shape structure is set
There is cavity, and the side opposite with image collecting device is coated with fluorescent powder or fluorescent paint.
4. testing the device of material dynamic mechanical performance under stretching/shearing Combined Loading as claimed in claim 3, feature exists
In the structure sample of T-shape is mounted between incident bar and transmission bar after rotating to the left 90 degree；And with incident bar and transmission bar phase
The sample both ends of the surface roughness Ra of contact need to be less than 0.8 μm, and the depth of parallelism of sample both ends of the surface need to be less than 0.01mm.
5. testing the device of material dynamic mechanical performance under stretching/shearing Combined Loading as claimed in claim 3, feature exists
In the image collecting device includes high speed camera and light source, and wherein the highest sample frequency of high speed camera is not less than
100000Hz, the image resolution ratio shot when sampling frequency reaches 100000Hz is not less than 256 × 256 pixels.
6. testing the device of material dynamic mechanical performance under stretching/shearing Combined Loading as claimed in claim 3, feature exists
In, the high pressure nitrogen air pressure range be 0-3MPa, high pressure nitrogen exit be equipped with pressure fine tuning structure and steerable system with
Control pressure size.
7. testing the device of material dynamic mechanical performance under stretching/shearing Combined Loading as claimed in claim 3, feature exists
In, the gun tube internal diameter and impact bar, incident bar, transmission bar outer diameter be 20mm, and the impact bar, incident bar and thoroughly
The material for penetrating bar is the high-intensitive martensitic stain less steel 17-4PH that hardens.
8. a kind of carry out testing dynamic mechanical under material stretching/shearing Combined Loading using any described device of claim 1-7
The method of performance, which comprises the following steps:
(1) test device main body is built, that is, builds beater mechanism, impact bar, incident bar and transmission bar, guarantees beater mechanism, punching
It hits verticality between concentricity, faces parallel, rod end surface and the rod axis of bar, incident bar and transmission bar and leverage end face is thick
Rugosity is in the range of setting value；
(2) build strain signal acquisition device, among incident bar and transmission bar position respectively symmetrically paste two resistance values and
The identical foil gauge of sensitivity coefficient is simultaneously attached using thin wire, then by capture card and data presentation device and foil gauge
It is connected；
(3) before testing sample, " impact missing " test is carried out to the test device main body built, guarantees that strain signal is adopted
The accuracy of collection；
(4) processing sample is tested surface coating fluorescent powder or fluorescent paint in sample to see for the tracking of image collecting device
It examines；
(5) image collecting device, including high speed camera and light source are built, light source needs face sample to be tested surface to improve phase
Machine shooting quality.
9. material as claimed in claim 8 stretches/shear the method for testing dynamic mechanical under Combined Loading, feature exists
In be pasted on incident bar and transmission bar two foil gauges are separately connected into after half-bridge and capture card in the step (2)
It is attached with oscillograph.
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| CN108267366B (en) * | 2018-01-18 | 2021-05-07 | 西北工业大学 | Medium strain rate tension and compression bar loading experimental method |
| CN108204918A (en) * | 2018-02-01 | 2018-06-26 | 东南大学 | A kind of composite material dynamic shear test method |
| CN108344649B (en) * | 2018-02-07 | 2020-11-20 | 西北工业大学 | A dynamic biaxial biaxial tensile loading device and experimental method |
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