CN104398711A - 一种治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎的中药组合物及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎的中药组合物及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种用于治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎的中药组合物,它所含的活性成分由下列重量份原料药配比制备而成:蜜炙麻黄2~4份、桂枝2~4份、辛夷3~9份、苍耳子3~9份、五味子3~9份、乌梅3~9份、胆南星3~9份、徐长卿5~15份。本发明还公开了上述药物的制备方法和应用。本发明的中药组合物具有宣肺利窍,消风化痰之功效,临床研究证实对治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎具有显著疗效,不但可以改善过敏性鼻炎患儿的症状,而且可以在一定程度上改善患儿的特应性体质,是治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎的理想药物。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于中药领域,具体涉及一种以中药为原料制成的治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎的中药组合物及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
儿童,是一个具有特殊生理特点的群体,处在生长发育的阶段。机体各系统和各器官的功能尚未成熟,特别是幼儿,肝肾功能、中枢神经系统和内分泌系统的发育尚不健全,对许多药物的代谢、排泄和耐受性差,用药必须谨慎。有统计表明,国内市场90.0%的药物都没有儿童剂型,用于儿童常见疾病的专用药物很少,不能满足儿童医疗和保健事业的需要。
过敏性鼻炎是一种与遗传相关,由易感个体接触变应原后,免疫球蛋白介导的以发作性喷嚏、流涕和鼻塞为主要症状的鼻黏膜变态反应性炎症,常伴发湿疹、中耳炎、哮喘、腺样体肥大等疾病,世界卫生组织(WHO)已将本病列为21世纪重点研究和防治的疾病。过敏性鼻炎可发生于任何年龄,但以儿童和青春期好发,常年性发病,亦可季节性发病。有报道显示国内11个主要城市本病的发病率在8.0%~21.4%,儿童的发病率高达30.7%。随着生存环境和生活方式的改变,过敏性鼻炎患儿有逐年增多趋势。
现代医学认为过敏性鼻炎是人体对某些过敏原敏感性增高而出现的以鼻黏膜病变为主的变态反应,但其具体发病机制目前仍不明确。其相关因素和机制主要有以下几个方面:(1)基本免疫机制;(2)Th1/Th2失衡;(3)Th17/Treg失衡;(4)相关炎性介质的影响①IgE及其受体,②组胺,③嗜酸性粒细胞,④肥大细胞;(5)细胞因子的作用:IL-6,IL-12,IL-17等。目前控制过敏性鼻炎的症状,识别和避免接触过敏原是第一步。如花粉过敏者,在花粉播散季节减少外出,外出戴口罩;对动物皮屑、羽毛过敏者避免接触宠物、家禽等;避免进食可能引起本病的食物性变应原如牛乳、鱼虾、鸡蛋、水果等。但是,以上预防措施有时较难做到,尤其是对冷空气过敏者更是难以避免,单一的处理未必能使过敏原负荷显著减少,因而患儿的临床症状难以改善。
药物治疗是控制过敏性鼻炎最重要的治疗方法,能有效地控制症状,减少复发。过敏性鼻炎治疗药物最常见的包括(1)糖皮质激素:局部鼻用糖皮质类固醇是目前认为治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎的强效药物,能够有效的、从各方面减轻对变应原的炎症反应。目前临床常用的为第二代鼻用皮质类固醇激素,有二丙酸倍氯米松(伯克纳)、曲安奈德(毕诺)、布地奈德(雷诺考特)、丙酸氟替卡松(辅舒良)、糠酸莫米松(内舒拿)等。(2)抗组胺药:第二代H1抗组胺药是治疗本病的一线药物,常用的药物有西替利嗦(仙特明)、依巴斯丁(开思亭)、氯雷他定(开瑞坦)、特非拉丁(敏迪)、咪唑斯丁等。(3)白三烯调节剂:孟鲁司特、扎鲁司特、齐留通、普仑司特等。(4)色酮类药:色甘酸钠等。(5)抗胆碱药:异丙托溴铵等。(6)减充血剂:麻黄碱、伪麻黄碱、去氧肾上腺素、苯丙醇胺等。临床中根据病情选择用药种类及方法,或者联合用药和阶梯治疗,但药物的长期应用,可能会对患儿产生不良反应。市场急需一种安全有效治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎的药物。
发明内容
发明目的:针对儿童过敏性鼻炎的病因,提供一种能够有效治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎的中药组合物。
本发明的另一个目的在于提供一种治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎中药组合物的制备方法和应用。
技术方案:本发明的目的是通过如下的方案实现的:
一种治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎的中药组合物,它所含的活性成分由下列重量份原料药配比提取制备而成:蜜炙麻黄2~4份、桂枝2~4份、辛夷3~9份、苍耳子3~9份、五味子3~9份、乌梅3~9份、胆南星3~9份、徐长卿5~15份。
所述治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎的中药组合物,它所含的活性成分由下列重量份原料药配比提取制备而成:蜜炙麻黄3份、桂枝3份、辛夷6份、苍耳子6份、五味子6份、乌梅6份、胆南星6份、徐长卿10份。
所述治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎的中药组合物,制备方法步骤为:
(1)将所述份量的蜜炙麻黄、桂枝、辛夷、苍耳子、五味子和徐长卿加药材重量6~10倍重量的水,用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,挥发油另器存放,水蒸气蒸馏法提取后的水液另器贮存备用;上述6味中药经水蒸气蒸馏法提取后的药渣与乌梅、胆南星合并,加药材重量8~12倍重量的水加热提取1~2小时,滤过,再加药材重量6~10倍重量的水提取1~2小时,滤过,合并滤液及上述提取挥发油后的水液,浓缩至每毫升药液含2克药材,得浓缩液;
(2)在上述浓缩液中加95%乙醇至含醇量的体积比为50~70%,冷藏静置24~48小时,滤过,滤液回收乙醇至无醇味,浓缩成稠膏或浸膏,加入制备不同剂型的适宜辅料,用常规的制备方法制成口服液、糖浆剂、普通片剂、泡腾片、分散片、散剂、颗粒剂、硬胶囊、软胶囊、丸剂、栓剂、凝胶剂、贴剂、喷雾剂、气雾剂或注射剂。
所述治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎的中药组合物在制备治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎药物中的应用。
为使上述剂型能够实现,需在制备这些剂型时加入药学可接受的辅料,例如:甜味剂、矫味剂、防腐剂、填充剂、崩解剂、润滑剂、助悬剂、粘合剂、基质等。甜味剂包括:糖精钠、阿斯帕坦、蔗糖、甜蜜素、甘草次酸等;矫味剂包括:甜味剂及各种香精;防腐剂包括:尼泊金类、苯甲酸、苯甲酸钠、山梨酸及其盐类、苯扎澳按、醋酸氯乙定、按叶油等;填充剂包括:淀粉、预胶化淀粉、乳糖、甘露醇、甲壳素、微晶纤维素、蔗糖等;崩解剂包括:淀粉、预胶化淀粉、微晶纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、低取代羟丙纤维素、交联羧甲基纤维素钠等;润滑剂包括:硬脂酸镁、十二烷基硫酸钠、滑石粉、二氧化硅等;助悬剂包括:聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、微晶纤维素、蔗糖、琼脂、羟丙基甲基纤维素等;粘合剂包括:淀粉浆、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、羟丙基甲基纤维素等;基质包括:PEG6000、PEG4000、聚丙烯酸钠、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、明胶、羧甲基纤维素钠、甘油、白陶土、氮酮、丙二醇、虫蜡、水等。
有益效果:
1、本发明的中药组合物经临床应用,对于儿童过敏性鼻炎有着良好的疗效,痊愈显效率达61.9%,总有效率92.8%,临床观察未发现毒副作用,体现了中医药辨证治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎的特色和优势。因此,本发明还提供了上述药物组合物的用途,即上述治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎的中药组合物在制备治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎药物中的应用。
2、过敏性鼻炎属于中医“鼻鼽”范畴,古医籍中又称作“鼽嚏”、“鼽窒”等。《素问玄机原病式·六气为病》谓:“鼽者,鼻出清涕也......嚏者,鼻中因痒,而气喷作于声也。”中医药对治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎的文献报道多从寒热及脏腑虚损等立论。本发明人根据过敏性鼻炎的发病特点,提出可从伏风内蕴、肺窍不利认识。《素问·风论》曰:“风者,百病之始也。”风邪为六淫之首,此属外风。小儿脏腑娇嫩,形气未充,藩篱疏薄,最易感触风邪。中医学中的外风还包括各种致敏因素,如接触异味、异物等。外风致病,首先犯肺,鼻为肺之外窍,常先受病,故常见鼻塞流涕、喷嚏、鼻痒等症。关于内风,本发明人认为:儿科凡反复发病不已者,要从其先天禀赋寻求病因,若是禀赋有异,或气虚、或阴虚体质,均能形成外风易于留着不祛而成伏风,此属“内风”范畴,又有易于为外风引动发病的特点。过敏性鼻炎属于反复发作难愈的疾病,部分患儿可询及直系亲属过敏性疾病史,这些均可作为患儿体禀有异,内风蕴伏的依据。治疗上以消风法为主论治本病以达到整体调整、标本兼治的目的。经过了大量临床验证,取得了良好的效果,从而完成了本发明药物的发明。
3、本发明方中蜜炙麻黄、桂枝相配为君,宣肺开郁利窍;臣以辛夷、苍耳子消风宣窍;佐以乌梅、五味子味酸收敛肺气;胆南星、徐长卿消风化痰,合用为使。全方具有宣肺利窍、消风化痰之功效,用于儿童过敏性鼻炎风束肺窍证,症见:鼻塞鼻痒,鼻流清涕,喷嚏频作,甚则眼、耳、咽均作痒不适,恶风畏寒,舌质淡,舌苔薄白等。
具体实施方式
以下通过实施例形式,对本发明的上述内容再作进一步的详细说明,但不应将此理解为本发明上述主题的范围仅限于以下的实例,凡基于本发明上述内容所实现的技术均属于本发明的范围。
实施例1:本发明药物的颗粒剂制备方法,其步骤如下:
(1)按下述中药的重量称取原料药(为炮制后的中药饮片):蜜炙麻黄3g、桂枝3g、辛夷6g、苍耳子6g、五味子6g、乌梅6g、胆南星6g、徐长卿10g。
(2)将蜜炙麻黄、桂枝、辛夷、苍耳子、五味子和徐长卿加药材重量10倍重量的水提取挥发油,用环糊精包裹成挥发油包合物备用,水液另器贮存备用;药渣与乌梅、胆南星合并后加药材12倍重量水加热提取1.5小时,滤过,再药材8倍重量水提取1小时,滤过,合并滤液及上述水液,浓缩至每毫升药液含2克药材,得浓缩液;
(3)在上述浓缩液中加95%乙醇至含醇量70%,冷藏静置48小时,滤过,滤液回收乙醇至无醇味,浓缩成稠浸膏,干燥,加入糊精,混匀,制粒,干燥,加入挥发油包合物,混匀,包装,即制成颗粒剂。
实施例2:本发明药物的口服液或糖浆剂制备方法,其步骤如下:
(1)按下述中药的重量称取原料药(为炮制后的中药饮片):蜜炙麻黄3g、桂枝3g、辛夷3g、苍耳子6g、五味子6g、乌梅6g、胆南星6g、徐长卿6g。
(2)将蜜炙麻黄、桂枝、辛夷、苍耳子、五味子和徐长卿加药材重量10倍重量的水提取挥发油,另器存放,水液另器贮存备用;药渣与乌梅、胆南星合并后加药材12倍重量水加热提取1.5小时,滤过,再加药材8倍重量水提取1小时,滤过,合并滤液及上述水液,浓缩至每毫升药液含2克药材,得浓缩液;
(3)在上述浓缩液中加95%乙醇至含醇量70%,冷藏静置48小时,滤过,滤液回收乙醇至无醇味,加入挥发油及适量蒸馏水调至一定浓度(药材∶药液为1∶1),加苯甲酸钠少许,矫味剂适量,搅匀,滤过,灌封,灭菌,分装(10mL/支),即制成口服液或糖浆剂。
实施例3:本发明药物的微丸剂制备方法,其步骤如下:
(1)按下述中药的重量称取原料药(为炮制后的中药饮片):蜜炙麻黄2g、桂枝4g、辛夷6g、苍耳子3g、五味子3g、乌梅9g、胆南星9g、徐长卿12g。
(2)将蜜炙麻黄、桂枝、辛夷、苍耳子、五味子和徐长卿加药材重量10倍重量的水提取挥发油,用环糊精包裹成挥发油包合物备用,水液另器贮存备用;药渣与乌梅、胆南星合并后加药材12倍重量水加热提取1.5小时,滤过,再加药材8倍重量水提取1小时,滤过,合并滤液及上述水液,浓缩至每毫升药液含2克药材,得浓缩液;
(3)在上述浓缩液中加95%乙醇至含醇量70%,冷藏静置48小时,滤过,滤液回收乙醇至无醇味,浓缩成稠浸膏,干燥,加入挥发油包合物,混匀,加适量微晶纤维素等辅料,采用挤出滚圆或包衣造丸等技术制备微丸,干燥,即制成微丸剂。
实施例4:本发明药物的片剂、泡腾片、分散片制备方法,其步骤如下:
(1)按下述中药的重量称取原料药(为炮制后的中药饮片):蜜炙麻黄2g、桂枝2g、辛夷3g、苍耳子3g、五味子3g、乌梅3g、胆南星3g、徐长卿5g。
(2)将蜜炙麻黄、桂枝、辛夷、苍耳子、五味子和徐长卿加药材重量10倍重量的水提取挥发油,用环糊精包裹成挥发油包合物备用,水液另器贮存备用;药渣与乌梅、胆南星合并后加药材12倍重量水加热提取1.5小时,滤过,再加药材8倍重量水提取1小时,滤过,合并滤液及上述水液,浓缩至每毫升药液含2克药材,得浓缩液;
(3)在上述浓缩液中加95%乙醇至含醇量70%,冷藏静置48小时,滤过,滤液回收乙醇至无醇味,浓缩成稠浸膏,干燥,加入环糊精包合物、淀粉等,混匀,制粒,压片,制成口服片剂;或加入枸橼酸和碳酸氢钠压片,制成泡腾片;或加羧甲基纤维素钠等辅料制成分散片。
实施例5:本发明药物的硬胶囊、软胶囊制备方法,其步骤如下:
(1)按下述单方药味的重量称取一定倍数的原料药(为炮制后的中药饮片):蜜炙麻黄3g、桂枝3g、辛夷9g、苍耳子6g、五味子9g、乌梅9g、胆南星6g、徐长卿10g。
(2)将数倍单方重量的药味蜜炙麻黄、桂枝、辛夷、苍耳子、五味子和徐长卿加药材重量10倍重量的水提取挥发油,用环糊精包裹成挥发油包合物备用,水液另器贮存备用;药渣与乌梅、胆南星合并后加药材12倍重量水加热提取1.5小时,滤过,再加药材8倍重量水提取1小时,滤过,合并滤液及上述水液,浓缩至每毫升药液含2克药材,得浓缩液;
(3)在上述浓缩液中加95%乙醇至含醇量70%,冷藏静置48小时,滤过,滤液回收乙醇至无醇味,浓缩成稠浸膏,干燥,加入环糊精包合物、淀粉等,混匀,制粒,充填胶囊,制成硬胶囊剂;或取上述干燥浸膏粉,加入上述挥发油和适量植物油或聚乙二醇制成混悬液,充填软胶囊,制成软胶囊剂。
实施例6:临床试验研究
1资料与方法
1.1一般资料
本研究的临床观察对象来自2012年10月至2013年12月江苏省中医院儿科门诊及耳鼻喉科门诊患儿共155例,另外录入同期83例口服开瑞坦片剂的患儿作为对照组,共观察临床病例238例,剔除、脱落病例23例(试验组15例、对照组8例),完成病例数215例,其中试验组139例、对照组76例。两组比较,性别、年龄、身高、体重、家族史、并发症、病程及病情等基线差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
两组一般情况基线比较(例,%)
1.2病例选择
参考“中华医学会耳鼻咽喉头颈外科学分会”于2010年修订的《儿童过敏性鼻炎诊断和治疗的专家共识》中所定标准执行。(1)病史:可有个人和/或家族过敏性疾病史,如皮肤过敏、过敏性哮喘等;(2)症状:清水样涕、鼻痒、鼻塞、喷嚏等症状出现2项以上(含2项),每天症状持续或累计在1小时以上,可伴有眼痒、结膜充血等眼部症状。症状严重的患儿可有所谓的“变应性敬礼”动作,即为减轻鼻痒和使鼻腔通畅而用手掌或手指向上揉鼻;(3)体征:常见鼻粘膜苍白、水肿,鼻腔水样分泌物。症状严重的患儿可出现:①变应性黑眼圈:由于下眼睑肿胀而出现的下睑暗影;②变应性皱纹:由于经常向上揉搓鼻尖而在鼻部皮肤表面出现横行皱纹;(4)皮肤点刺试验(skin prick test,SPT):在停用抗组胺药物至少7天后进行。使用标准化变应原试剂,在前臂掌侧皮肤点刺,20分钟后观察结果。每次试验均应进行阳性和阴性对照,阳性对照采用组胺,阴性对照采用变应原溶媒。按相应的标准化变应原试剂说明书判定结果;具有上述临床表现(症状、体征),并同时具备皮肤点刺试验或血清特异性IgE检测2项中任何一项的阳性结果,方能确诊儿童过敏性鼻炎。
病例排除标准:
(1)因上呼吸道感染、鼻息肉等出现类似过敏性鼻炎症状者。(2)合并急慢性鼻窦炎、严重鼻息肉、鼻中隔偏曲明显及睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的患儿需手术治疗者,及其可能影响疗效或安全性判断者,如哮喘发作者等。(3)本次发病1周内接受过鼻病相关药物治疗和手术者。(4)有严重的心、肝、肾、肺疾病或先天性疾病。(5)根据研究者的判断,具有降低入组可能性或使入组复杂化的情况,如治疗地点离开原发地点和环境经常变动及易造成失访的情况者。(6)正在接受脱敏治疗者,及对本药成分过敏者。
1.3治疗方案
试验组:采用上述实施例1方法制备成颗粒剂,相当于药材(蜜炙麻黄3份、桂枝3份、辛夷6份、苍耳子6份、五味子6份、乌梅6份、胆南星6份、徐长卿10份)制备成颗粒剂30g,一日三次,每次10g。对照组:采用氯雷他定片口服。氯雷他定片是临床常用抗过敏药物,为目前治疗过敏性鼻炎的常用药,符合公认有效、可比原则。服法:口服,体重≤30kg,每次5mg,体重>30kg,每次10mg,均每日1次。两组疗程均为3月。
1.4疗效与安全性评定标准
(1)症状体征评分标准
症状体征量化评分标准
(2)病情分类标准
根据症状持续时间分为间歇性过敏性鼻炎和持续性过敏性鼻炎两类:
间歇性:症状表现<4天/周,或<连续4周;
持续性:症状表现≥4天/周,且≥连续4周。
(3)病情程度分级标准
依据症状的严重程度和对生活质量的影响分为轻度和中-重度:
轻度:症状较轻,对学习、文体活动和睡眠无明显影响;
中-重度:症状明显,对学习、文体活动和睡眠造成影响。
(4)疗效判定方法和标准
参照“中华医学会耳鼻咽喉科分会”于2010年修订的《过敏性鼻炎的诊治原则和推荐方案》。疗效指数(主症减分率)=(治疗前总分-治疗后总分)/治疗前总分×100%,以改善的百分率表示。
显效:服药后,症状和体征明显改善(疗效指数≥66%)
有效:服药后,症状和体征有改善(疗效指数26%~65%)
无效:服药后,症状和体征无明显改善甚至加重者(疗效指数≤25%)
(5)安全性评价标准
1级:安全,无任何不良反应。
2级:比较安全,如有不良反应,不需做任何处理可继续给药。
3级:有安全性问题,有中等程度的不良反应,做处理后可继续给药。
4级:因不良反应停药。
1.5统计学处理
采用SPSS17.0统计软件进行数据处理。计数资料用例数表示,采用χ2检验;计量指标用均数±标准差()表示,先做方差齐性分析,方差相齐时,用t检验,方差不齐时,采用t’检验;等级资料用Wilcoxon秩和检验。以双侧检验P≤0.05为差异有统计学意义的标准。
2结果
2.1疗效比较
对两组病例治疗3月后的总疗效进行评价,由统计结果可知,试验组139例患儿治疗后有86例显效(61.9%)、43例进步(30.9%)、10例无效(7.2%),总有效率为92.8%;对照组分别为37(48.7%)、26(34.2%)、13(17.1%),总有效率为82.9%。经统计学处理,两组疗效的比较有显著性差异,P<0.05,试验组优于对照组。
两组疗效比较(例,%)
2.2安全性评价
在临床治疗过程中,试验组有2例患儿服中药过程中出现恶心、呕吐现象,改变喂药方法后有改善,停药后症状消失;对照组有5例患儿服药期间出现精神欠振,嗜睡表现,停药后症状消失。其余患儿均未观察到有其他明显的不良反应。
3结论
本研究采用本发明药物治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎,临床疗效优于西药常用药氯雷他定,证实本发明药物对儿童过敏性鼻炎疗效显著,且使用安全。
Claims (4)
1.一种治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎的中药组合物,其特征在于,它所含的活性成分由下列重量份原料药配比提取制备而成:蜜炙麻黄2~4份、桂枝2~4份、辛夷3~9份、苍耳子3~9份、五味子3~9份、乌梅3~9份、胆南星3~9份、徐长卿5~15份。
2.如权利要求1所述治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎的中药组合物,其特征在于,它所含的活性成分由下列重量份原料药配比提取制备而成:蜜炙麻黄3份、桂枝3份、辛夷6份、苍耳子6份、五味子6份、乌梅6份、胆南星6份、徐长卿10份。
3.如权利要求1所述治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎的中药组合物,其特征在于,制备方法步骤为:
(1)将所述份量的蜜炙麻黄、桂枝、辛夷、苍耳子、五味子和徐长卿加药材重量6~10倍重量的水,用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,挥发油另器存放,水蒸气蒸馏法提取后的水液另器贮存备用;上述6味中药经水蒸气蒸馏法提取后的药渣与乌梅、胆南星合并,加药材重量8~12倍重量的水加热提取1~2小时,滤过,再加药材重量6~10倍重量的水提取1~2小时,滤过,合并滤液及上述提取挥发油后的水液,浓缩至每毫升药液含2克药材,得浓缩液;
(2)在上述浓缩液中加95%乙醇至含醇量的体积比为50~70%,冷藏静置24~48小时,滤过,滤液回收乙醇至无醇味,浓缩成稠膏或浸膏,加入制备不同剂型的适宜辅料,用常规的制备方法制成口服液、糖浆剂、普通片剂、泡腾片、分散片、散剂、颗粒剂、硬胶囊、软胶囊、丸剂、栓剂、凝胶剂、贴剂、喷雾剂、气雾剂或注射剂。
4.如权利要求1所述治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎的中药组合物在制备治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎药物中的应用。
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