CN104257600A - 新型有效的他喷他多剂型 - Google Patents
新型有效的他喷他多剂型 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN104257600A CN104257600A CN201410398429.0A CN201410398429A CN104257600A CN 104257600 A CN104257600 A CN 104257600A CN 201410398429 A CN201410398429 A CN 201410398429A CN 104257600 A CN104257600 A CN 104257600A
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- Prior art keywords
- tapentadol
- dosage form
- hours
- pain
- release
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Abstract
本发明提供了包含至少一种形式的他喷他多、含或不含第二止痛剂,以及至少一种阿片样拮抗剂的剂型,其中他喷他多以最佳或次佳的量存在,且所述拮抗剂存在的量可有效改善他喷他多的效力和或减少他喷他多的副作用。本发明进一步提供了通过向有此需要的患者施用包含至少一种形式的他喷他多、含或不含第二止痛剂,以及至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型治疗疼痛和与疼痛相关的病症的方法,其中他喷他多以最佳或次佳的量存在,且所述拮抗剂存在的量可有效改善他喷他多的效力或减少他喷他多的副作用。
Description
本申请是2009年10月29日提交的题为“新型有效的他喷他多剂型”的国家申请号为200980153825.4(PCT/US2009/005866)的发明专利申请的分案申请。
相关申请
本申请主张以下美国临时专利申请的优先权:2008年10月30日提交的61/197,625、2009年1月21日提交的61/205,312以及2009年6月15日提交的61/268,630,全部申请均在此引入作为参考。
技术领域
本发明涉及包含至少一种形式的他喷他多、含或不含第二止痛剂,以及至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的药物剂型,其中所述拮抗剂存在的量可有效改善他喷他多的效力和减少他喷他多的副作用。该剂型包括至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的速释和缓释的剂型,其中所述他喷他多具有最佳或次佳量。
背景技术
他喷他多(Tapentadol),3-(3-二甲氨基-1-乙基-2-甲基-丙基)-苯酚)是一种中枢作用止痛剂,其具有两种作用模式:mu-阿片样物质受体激动作用和去甲肾上腺素重摄取抑制。其双作用模式提供了与更有效的麻醉止痛剂如氢可酮、羟考酮和吗啡类似的止痛水平且具有更有耐受性副作用的特征。欧洲专利EP693,475、美国专利6,248,737和美国专利RE39,593首先披露和主张了他喷他多。他喷他多的速释药物组合物是美国食品药品管理局批准的新药申请号22-304的主题。
有多类止痛剂化合物被用于治疗急性和慢性疼痛。其中包括对乙酰氨基酚,NSAID如萘普生、美洛昔康等,CINODS如萘普西诺,OPIATES如吗啡、曲马多、他喷他多、羟考酮等,GABA类似物如普瑞巴林以及SNRI如度洛西汀等。
普瑞巴林,一种GABA类似物,是用于神经性疼痛的抗惊厥药,作为部分发作和全身性焦虑障碍的辅助疗法。普瑞巴林是加巴喷丁更有效的后代药物,它由Pfizer销售,商品名为总体而言,普瑞巴林减少了多种神经递质的释放,包括谷氨酸、去甲肾上腺素和P物质。加巴喷丁是与普瑞巴林类似的另一种GABA类似物,且最初被合成以模拟神经递质gamma-氨基丁酸(GABA)的化学结构,但被认为不在相同的脑受体上作用。它的确切作用机制尚未知,但它对神经性疼痛的治疗作用被认为涉及电压门控性N-型钙离子通道。它被认为结合中枢神经系统中的电压依赖性钙通道的α2δ亚基。
NSAID,非类固醇抗炎药物(NSAID),包括但不限于双氯芬酸、塞来考昔、二氟尼柳、依托度酸、非诺洛芬、布洛芬、吲哚美辛、酮洛芬和酮咯酸,并用于治疗疼痛。
5-羟色胺去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(SNRI)是一类在临床抑郁、焦虑障碍、强迫性神经失调、注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)和慢性神经性疼痛的治疗中使用的抗抑郁剂。它们作用于脑中已知对情绪非常重要的两种神经递质(即,5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素)。SNRI的范例包括文拉法辛、度洛西汀、米那普仑和去甲文拉法辛等。
该药物作用于5-HT受体,通常被称为5-HT激动剂。该5HT1激动剂是已知的,并被用于治疗头痛,包括偏头痛。它们在1990年代第一次被引入市场。尽管能有效治疗单独的头痛,它们既不能预防也不能治愈。曲坦类包括舒马曲坦(Imitrex,Imigran)、利扎曲坦(Maxalt)、那拉曲坦(Amerge,Naramig)、佐米曲坦(Zomig)、依立曲坦(Relpax)、阿莫曲坦(Axert,Almogran)和夫罗曲普坦(Frova,Migard)。
环氧化酶-(COX)-抑制性一氧化氮供体或“CINOD”具有一氧化氮(NO)-释放基团,也称为No-NSAID。其包括但不限于,特别是萘普西诺。
质子泵抑制剂(″PPI″)是显著地长期减少胃酸生成的一组药物。PPI结构上通常为苯并咪唑和类苯并咪唑衍生物。主要的PPI包括临床上应用的质子泵抑制剂:奥美拉唑(商标名:Losec,Prilosec,Zegerid,ocid)、兰索拉唑(商标名:Prevacid,Zoton,Inhibitol)、艾美拉唑(商标名:Nexium)、泮托拉唑(FORMULA 15)(商标名:Protonix,Somac,Pantoloc,Pantozol,Zurcal,Pan)、雷贝拉唑(商标名:Rabecid,Aciphex,Pariet,Rabeloc.Dorafem:
尽管这些疼痛药物带来了众多益处,一个关注的领域涉及由这些药物引起的不良副作用的发生率。因此,尚需要开发包含他喷他多的药物剂型,使得该剂型具有更强的止痛作用,同时副作用尽可能小。因此,想要开发具有减少的这些药物剂量的剂型,从而减轻对患者的副作用而不损失疼痛缓解的程度。
拮抗剂的使用解决了潜在副作用问题,其滥用在本领域已知。阿片样物质拮抗剂是调节阿片样物质受体应答的实体。阿片样物质拮抗剂包括纳洛酮、纳曲酮、二丙诺啡、埃托芬、二氢埃托芬、nalinefene、环佐辛、莱瓦洛芬、其药学可接受的盐和其混合物。
例如,美国专利5,866,164描述了包含多个具有阿片样物质止痛剂的层且第二层包含该阿片样物质止痛剂的拮抗剂并同时影响推送功能(push function)的药剂系统。Crain等人的美国专利5,472,943描述了通过使用激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂增强双重作用阿片样物质激动剂的止痛效力的方法。美国专利6,277,384意图提供包含具有特定比例的阿片样物质激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂的组合的剂型,其在向成瘾人员施用时带来副作用。美国专利6,228,863描述了包含阿片样物质激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂的组合的剂型,从而在每种情况下两种化合物仅可从该剂型同时提取,这将需要额外的过程来分离它们。美国专利6,765,010的披露涉及用曲马多和阿片样物质拮抗剂来改善曲马多效力的组合物和方法。美国专利申请2005/0191244描述了包含阿片样物质激动剂、拮抗剂和胶凝剂或刺激剂的阿片样物质激动剂制剂,以预防阿片样物质激动剂的滥用。美国专利6,716,449描述了用于增强阿片样物质激动剂的止痛效力的控释阿片样物质激动剂和控释阿片样物质拮抗剂组合,美国专利7,332,142描述了包含阿片样物质激动剂、阿片样物质拮抗剂和刺激剂的药物组合物以减少滥用。Carroll等人的美国专利6,559,159描述了kappa受体拮抗剂治疗阿片样物质相关成瘾的用途。美国专利6,309,668描述了包含两层或更多层的口服施用片剂,在该片剂的单个层内包含一种或多种药物以及一种或多种胶凝剂。美国专利6,228,863教导了通过选择特定的阿片样物质激动剂和拮抗剂组合减少阿片样物质止痛剂口服剂型的可能滥用,其中两者的浓度相同,从而无法从激动剂容易地提取拮抗剂。美国专利6,277,384、6,375,957和6,475,494描述了包含具有一定比例的口服活性阿片样物质激动剂和口服活性阿片样物质拮抗剂的组合的口服剂型,其在口服施用时具有止痛效果,但对身体依赖性对象有害。
现有技术并未披露包含至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型,其中该他喷他多以最佳或次佳的量存在,且所述拮抗剂存在的量可有效改善他喷他多的效力和或减少他喷他多的副作用。类似地,本领域中并未报道治疗疼痛的方法,其通过向有需要的患者施用包含至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型,其中该他喷他多以最佳或次佳的量存在,且所述拮抗剂存在的量可有效改善他喷他多的效力和或减少他喷他多的副作用。类似地,现有技术并未披露包含至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型,其中该他喷他多以最佳或次佳的量存在,且所述拮抗剂存在的量可有效改善他喷他多的效力和或减少他喷他多的副作用,从而该剂型在口服施用至人类患者时提供有效疼痛缓解至少约12小时或至少约24小时。
类似地,现有技术既未披露包含至少一种形式的他喷他多、至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂以及治疗有效量的第二止痛剂的剂型,其中所述拮抗剂存在的量可有效改善他喷他多的效力和或减少他喷他多的副作用,也未披露通过向有此需要的患者施用一种剂型治疗疼痛和与疼痛相关的病症的方法,该剂型包含至少一种形式的他喷他多(其中该他喷他多以最佳或次佳的量存在)、至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂和治疗有效量的第二药物,其中所述拮抗剂存在的量可有效改善他喷他多的效力和或减少他喷他多的副作用。该第二止痛剂选自NSAID、对乙酰氨基酚、GABA类似物、5-羟色胺去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(SNRI)、环氧化酶-(COX)-抑制一氧化氮供体、HT激动剂和质子泵抑制剂、曲马多、氢吗啡酮、faxeladol、阿索马多、羟考酮、氢可酮、芬太尼、吗啡、其药学可接受的盐及其混合物。
发明内容
本发明的目标在于提供包含至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种拮抗剂的剂型以及提高他喷他多在人体的效力和/或使其不利影响最小化的方法。本发明的组合物和方法包括至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的速释和缓释的剂型,其中所述他喷他多具有最佳或次佳量。该种剂型包括包含至少一种形式的他喷他多、至少一种阿片样物质激动剂和治疗有效量的第二止痛剂的剂型,其中所述拮抗剂可改善他喷他多的效力和或减少他喷他多的副作用。
本发明的一个目标是提供包含至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型,其中该他喷他多以最佳或次佳的量存在,且所述拮抗剂存在的量可有效改善他喷他多的效力和或减少他喷他多的副作用。
本发明的一个目标是提供通过施用包含至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型治疗疼痛的方法,其中该他喷他多以最佳或次佳的量存在,且所述拮抗剂存在的量可有效改善他喷他多的效力和或减少他喷他多的副作用。
本发明的一个目标在于提供包含至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型,其中所述剂型在施用至人类患者时提供至少约12小时的有效疼痛缓解。
本发明的一个目标在于提供通过施用包含至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型治疗疼痛的方法,其中所述剂型在施用至人类患者时提供至少12小时的有效疼痛缓解。
本发明的一个目标在于提供包含至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型,其中所述剂型在施用至人类患者时提供约24小时的有效疼痛缓解。
本发明的一个目标在于提供通过施用包含至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型治疗疼痛的方法,其中所述剂型在施用至人类患者时提供约24小时的有效疼痛缓解。
更进一步,本发明提供了通过向人类患者施用至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂改善该至少一种形式的他喷他多对人类对象的效力的方法,该至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂可有效改善该至少一种形式的他喷他多的效力,其中所述他喷他多以最佳或次佳量存在。优选的阿片样物质拮抗剂包括纳曲酮、纳洛酮或纳美芬。可在维持至少一种形式的他喷他多的效力的同时使一种或多种副作用最小化,而无需提高或降低他喷他多的累积每日剂量。
本发明的另一个目标是提供通过向人类对象施用至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂来使与向人类对象施用至少一种形式的他喷他多相关的不利副作用最小化的方法,其中所述他喷他多以最佳或次佳量存在,且所述拮抗剂的量可使不利副作用有效最小化。不利副作用包括,但不限于,恶心、呕吐、头晕、头痛、瞌睡或搔痒。
本发明进一步提供了通过向人类对象施用至少一种形式的他喷他多、第二止痛剂、至少一种有效改善他喷他多的效力的阿片样物质拮抗剂治疗人类对象疼痛的方法,以及通过向人类对象施用至少一种形式的他喷他多、第二止痛剂、至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂,用至少一种形式的他喷他多治疗疼痛和使人类对象中他喷他多的不利副作用最小化的方法,其中所述他喷他多以最佳或次佳量存在,且所述拮抗剂的量可使不利副作用有效最小化。
本发明的一个目标是提供包含至少一种形式的他喷他多、至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂和第二止痛剂的剂型,其中所述他喷他多以最佳或次佳的量存在,且所述拮抗剂可改善他喷他多的效力和或减少他喷他多的副作用。
本发明的一个目标是提供通过施用包含至少一种形式的他喷他多、至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂和第二止痛剂的剂型治疗疼痛的方法,其中所述他喷他多以最佳或次佳的量存在,且所述拮抗剂可改善他喷他多的效力和或减少他喷他多的副作用。
本发明的一个目标在于提供包含至少一种形式的他喷他多、至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂和第二止痛剂的剂型,其中所述剂型在施用至人类患者时提供至少约12小时的有效疼痛缓解。
本发明的一个目标在于提供通过施用包含至少一种形式的他喷他多、至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂和第二止痛剂的剂型治疗疼痛的方法,其中所述剂型在施用至人类患者时提供至少12小时的有效疼痛缓解。
本发明的一个目标在于提供包含至少一种形式的他喷他多、至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂和第二止痛剂的剂型,其中所述剂型在施用至人类患者时提供约24小时的有效疼痛缓解。
本发明的一个目标在于提供通过施用包含至少一种形式的他喷他多、至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂和第二止痛剂的剂型治疗疼痛的方法,其中所述剂型在施用至人类患者时提供约24小时的有效疼痛缓解。
更进一步,本发明提供了通过向人类患者施用包含至少一种形式的他喷他多、至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂和第二止痛剂的剂型改善该至少一种形式的他喷他多对人类对象的效力的方法,其中所述他喷他多以最佳或次佳量存在。优选的阿片样物质拮抗剂包括纳曲酮、纳洛酮或纳美芬。可在维持至少一种形式的他喷他多的效力的同时使一种或多种副作用最小化,而无需提高或降低他喷他多的累积每日剂量。
本发明的另一个目标是提供通过向人类对象施用包含至少一种形式的他喷他多、至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂和第二止痛剂的剂型来使与向人类对象施用至少一种形式的他喷他多相关的不利副作用最小化的方法,其中所述他喷他多以最佳或次佳量存在,且所述拮抗剂的量可使不利副作用有效最小化。不利副作用包括,但不限于,恶心、呕吐、头晕、头痛、瞌睡或搔痒。
本发明的另一个目标是提供包含至少一种形式的他喷他多、至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂和第二止痛剂的剂型,其中该剂型在口服施用时导致了不良事件特征,该不良事件特征优于施用不含阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型时所导致的不良事件特征。
本发明更进一步提供了联合阿片样物质拮抗剂和至少一种额外的药物增强他喷他多的止痛剂效力和/或使其副作用(特别是对人类的不利副作用)最小化的剂型和方法,其中该活性剂之一呈缓释形式。他喷他多对人的主要不利副作用包括头晕、恶心、便秘、头痛、瞌睡、呕吐、搔痒、CNS刺激、癫痫发作、乏力、消化不良、腹泻、口干和/或发汗。
在某些优选实施方式中,该第二药物选自NSAID、对乙酰氨基酚、GABA类似物、5-羟色胺去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(SNRI)、环氧化酶-(COX)-抑制一氧化氮供体、HT激动剂和质子泵抑制剂、曲马多、氢吗啡酮、faxeladol、阿索马多、羟考酮、氢可酮、芬太尼、吗啡、其药学可接受的盐及其混合物。在某些优选实施方式中,该阿片样物质拮抗剂选自纳曲酮、纳洛酮、纳美芬、其药学可接受的盐或其组合。
在本发明的某些实施方式中,该剂型包含至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂,其中该剂型是经皮肤传递系统、口腔黏膜传递系统、适于鼻内施用的剂型、口腔传递系统、可注射剂型以及固体口服剂型。
在本发明的另一实施方式中,该剂型包括但不限于颗粒、球体、丸剂、多微粒、气雾剂、胶囊、贴剂、片剂、囊剂、控释悬浮液、或者结合了该种颗粒、球体、丸剂或多微粒的任意其它合适的剂型。
附图说明
本发明通过下列附图进行阐述。所示附图仅为阐述目的,而不限制本发明的范围。
图1表示了50mg他喷他多与纳洛酮(0.1mg)、与纳曲酮(0.1mg)以及与纳美芬(0.1mg)的4小时总疼痛缓解评分(TOTPAR)。
图2表示了50mg他喷他多与纳洛酮(0.1mg)、与纳曲酮(0.1mg)以及与纳美芬(0.1mg)的0-12、0-8和0-4小时的每小时疼痛缓解评分。
图3表示了50mg他喷他多与纳洛酮(0.1mg)、与纳曲酮(0.1mg)以及与纳美芬(0.1mg)在四小时、在八小时和十二小时的Δ平均疼痛缓解评分的变化。
图4显示了50mg他喷他多与纳洛酮(0.1mg)、与纳曲酮(0.1mg)以及与纳美芬(0.1mg)的伴随的主要副作用的比较。
图5表示了100mg缓释他喷他多与纳洛酮(0.1mg)、与纳曲酮(0.1mg)和与纳美芬(0.1mg)以及100mg缓释他喷他多与1mg纳洛酮的固定剂量组合的4小时总疼痛缓解评分(TOTPAR)。
图6表示了100mg缓释他喷他多与纳洛酮(0.1mg)、与纳曲酮(0.1mg)和与纳美芬(0.1mg)以及100mg缓释他喷他多与1mg纳洛酮的固定剂量组合的0-12、0-8和0-4小时的每小时疼痛缓解评分。
图7表示了100mg缓释他喷他多与纳洛酮(0.1mg)、与纳曲酮(0.1mg)和与纳美芬(0.1mg)以及100mg缓释他喷他多与1mg纳洛酮的固定剂量组合在四小时、在八小时和十二小时的Δ平均疼痛缓解评分的变化。
图8表示了100mg缓释他喷他多与纳洛酮(0.1mg)、与纳曲酮(0.1mg)和与纳美芬(0.1mg)以及100mg缓释他喷他多与1mg纳洛酮的固定剂量组合的伴随的主要副作用的比较。
图9表示了100mg他喷他多+250mg萘普生与纳曲酮的4小时总疼痛缓解评分(TOTPAR)。
图10表示了100mg他喷他多+250mg萘普生与纳曲酮的0-12、0-8和0-4小时的每小时疼痛缓解评分。
图11表示了100mg他喷他多+250mg萘普生与纳曲酮在四小时、在八小时和十二小时的Δ平均疼痛缓解评分的变化。
图12显示了100mg他喷他多+250mg普瑞巴林与纳曲酮的平均VAS疼痛评分。
图13显示了100mg他喷他多+250mg普瑞巴林与纳曲酮的VAS疼痛的Δ平均VAS疼痛评分变化。
图14表示了50mg他喷他多与甲基纳曲酮(0.01mg)、与甲基纳曲酮(0.1mg)以及与甲基纳曲酮(1mg)的4小时总疼痛缓解评分(TOTPAR)。
图15表示了50mg他喷他多与甲基纳曲酮(0.01mg)、与甲基纳曲酮(0.1mg)以及与甲基纳曲酮(1mg)的0-12、0-8和0-4小时的每小时疼痛缓解评分。
图16表示了50mg他喷他多与甲基纳曲酮(0.01mg)、与甲基纳曲酮(0.1mg)以及与甲基纳曲酮(1mg)在四小时、在八小时和十二小时的Δ平均疼痛缓解评分的变化。
图17显示了50mg他喷他多与甲基纳曲酮(0.01mg)、与甲基纳曲酮(0.1mg)以及与甲基纳曲酮(1mg)伴随的便秘程度的比较。
发明详述
本发明中所用的术语“第二药物”或“第二止痛剂”意在包括用作缓解疼痛药物的任意药物,所述药物选自如下:NSAID、对乙酰氨基酚、GABA类似物、5-羟色胺去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(SNRI)、环氧化酶-(COX)-抑制一氧化氮供体、HT激动剂和质子泵抑制剂、曲马多、氢吗啡酮、faxeladol、阿索马多、羟考酮、氢可酮、芬太尼、吗啡、其药学可接受的盐及其混合物以及用于治疗神经性疼痛综合征但通常不被认为是止痛剂的各种其它药物种类(包括三环类抗抑郁药和抗惊厥药)。
针对本发明目的的术语“条带范围(band range)”被定义为涂层产品生产刚完成时(储存前)的制剂所得的溶解曲线(曲线)和涂层产品被暴露至加速储存条件之后获得的溶解曲线相比时控释制剂的体外溶解量度之间的差异,并表达为活性剂沿溶解曲线的任意溶解时间点从涂层产品释放的百分比的变化。
此处所用的术语“抗镇痛”表示部分内源性应答抵消外源性止痛药物的作用的能力。
此处所用的术语“超兴奋性”表示药物的非正常或过度兴奋作用的状态或状况。
此处所用的术语“身体依赖”指药物长期使用导致的状态。
此处所用的术语“耐受性”指当对象接受药物治疗时常见的生理耐受性或耐药性。
此处所用的术语“改善”指如效力的增强、支持、提高和促进。
此处所用的术语“减少”指如副作用的减缓、阻断、抑制和预防。
此处所用的术语“联合施用”表示在24小时的时间内向患者施用两种化合物。该术语包括分别施用两种各自包含化合物之一的药剂以及当该两种化合物合并在同一制剂或在两个单独制剂时进行同时施用。
此处所用的术语“阿片样物质激动剂”表示通过对阿片样物质受体作用形成生物应答的任意实体。这些包括但不限于可用于本发明的阿片样物质激动剂,其包括但不限于,阿芬他尼、烯丙罗定、阿法罗定、阿尼利定、阿索马多、苄基吗啡、苯腈米特、丁丙诺啡、布托啡诺、氯尼他秦、可待因、地索吗啡、右旋吗酰胺、地佐辛、地恩丙胺、二乙酰吗啡、二氢可待因、二氢吗啡、地美沙多、地美庚醇、二甲基噻吩丁烯胺、吗苯丁酯、地匹哌酮、依他佐辛、乙庚嗪、乙基甲基噻吩丁烯胺、乙基吗啡、依托尼秦、芬太尼、海洛因、氢可酮、氢吗啡酮、羟基哌替啶、异美沙酮、酚哌丙酮、利富吩、左芬啡烷、罗芬太尼、哌替啶、甲氮草酚、美他佐辛、美沙酮、美托酮、吗啡、麦罗啡、那碎因、二烟酰吗啡、去甲利富吩、去甲美沙酮、烯丙吗啡、纳布啡、去甲吗啡、诺匹哌酮、阿片、羟考酮、氧吗啡酮、阿片全碱、戊唑星、苯吗庚酮、非诺吗烷、非那佐辛、苯哌利定、去痛定、哌腈米特、喷他氯铵、普鲁米多、异丙哌替啶、丙氧酚、舒芬太尼、替立定、他喷他多、axamadol和曲马多,以及任意前述的盐。
术语“双重作用阿片样物质激动剂”用于在介导疼痛的伤害性神经元上结合和激活抑制性和兴奋性阿片样物质受体两者的阿片样物质激动剂。所述激动剂对抑制性受体的激活会引起镇痛。所述激动剂对兴奋性受体的激活会导致抗镇痛、超兴奋性、痛觉过敏以及形成身体依赖、耐受和其它不良副作用。
术语“兴奋性阿片样物质受体拮抗剂”用于在介导疼痛的伤害性神经元上结合并作为拮抗剂作用于兴奋性而非抑制性阿片样物质受体的阿片样物质。即,兴奋性阿片样物质受体拮抗剂为以比伤害性神经元中阻断抑制性阿片样物质受体所需浓度低1000至10000倍的浓度结合至兴奋性阿片样物质受体并选择性阻断伤害型DRG神经元兴奋性阿片样物质受体功能的化合物。
此处所用的术语“剂型”定义为表示包含了药物或活性药的剂量的药物制剂或系统。剂型预期包括,例如,速释剂型或缓释剂型,包括各种缓释剂型,例如,渗透性控释剂型、侵蚀性控释剂型、溶解性控释剂型、扩散性控释剂型、控释母核、用至少一种缓释涂层涂覆的控释母核、肠溶包衣剂型、一种持续释放剂型、被至少一种延缓释放涂层所围绕的剂型、胶囊、小片、小胶囊、未涂层微粒、以缓释涂层涂覆的微粒、用延缓释放涂层涂覆的微粒或其任意组合。在本申请的上下文中,此处所述的剂型表示包含用于治疗有此需要的患者的有效量的他喷他多的上文定义的剂型。
此处所用的术语“次佳剂量”表示低于该化合物在用于单化合物疗法中的最佳剂量的剂量。
此处所用的术语“疾病的治疗”表示对已经形成该疾病、病症或紊乱的患者的控制和护理。治疗的目的在于对抗该疾病、病症或紊乱。治疗包括施用活性化合物以消除或控制该疾病、病症或紊乱,以及减缓与该疾病、病症或紊乱关联的症状或并发症。
此处所用的术语“渗透性剂型”、“渗透性传递装置”、“控释渗透性剂型”或“渗透性控制延长释放系统”定义为表示通过迫使他喷他多从渗透性剂型分散的液体渗透或扩散进入核生成的压力使得全部或部分他喷他多受迫分散的剂型。术语“渗透性剂型”、“渗透性传递装置”或“控释渗透性剂型”还包括预期以至少一个缓释涂层涂覆的剂型。
此处所用的术语“疾病的预防”定义为在疾病的临床发病之前对易患该疾病的个体进行控制和护理。预防的目的在于对抗疾病、病症或紊乱的形成,且包括施用活性化合物以预防或延缓症状或并发症的发作以及预防或延缓相关疾病、病症或紊乱的形成。
此处所用的术语“疼痛和疼痛相关的病症”定义为由于医学疾病引起的任意疼痛,包括神经性疼痛、骨关节炎、类风湿性关节炎、纤维肌痛以及背部、肌肉骨骼痛、强直性脊柱炎、青年类风湿性关节炎、偏头痛、牙痛、腹痛、缺血性疼痛、术后疼痛或由于麻醉或手术情况引起的疼痛。
在内部固体微粒相和外部固体连续相中存在的“延长释放材料”指一种或多种亲水聚合物和/或一种或多种疏水聚合物和/或一种或多种其它类型的疏水材料,例如,一种或多种蜡、脂肪醇和/或脂肪酸酯。在内部固体微粒相中存在的“延长释放材料”可与外部固体连续相中存在的“延长释放材料”相同或不同。
此处所用的术语“质子泵抑制剂”表示阻断胃壁细胞的氢/钾腺苷酸三磷酸酶系统(H+/K+ATPase)的任意活性剂,包括奥美拉唑、兰索拉唑、艾美拉唑、泮托拉唑和雷贝拉唑。
此处所用的术语“5-HT激动剂”指作用于5-HT受体的药物,包括舒马曲坦、利扎曲坦、佐米曲坦、阿莫曲坦和夫罗曲普坦。
术语“缓释”在此应用于与速释不同的从制剂中的任意释放,其中该活性成分的释放从性质上比较慢。这包括了在药学领域中可以互换使用的多个术语,例如延长释放、延缓释放、持续释放、受控释放、定时释放、特异性释放、长期释放和靶向释放等。
此处所用的“速释”涂层定义为表示在体外或体内对于他喷他多从剂型中的释放速率实质或明显无影响的涂层。包含该速释涂层的赋形剂没有实质受控释放、溶胀、侵蚀、溶解,或者侵蚀和溶胀特性,这表示该涂层的组成对于他喷他多的释放速率没有实质影响。
此处所用的术语“控释”定义为表示在第一个每天一次的控释剂型或至少一种方式中基本渐变的药物释放速率,从而在体内单位时间内以基本受控方式可控释放。药物释放的速率受到剂型特征和/或与生理或环境条件的组合而非单独的生理或环境条件控制。
此处所用的术语“控释剂型”或显示他喷他多的“控释”的剂型定义为表示每日施用一次的剂型,其以相对恒定的速率释放药物,并在约24小时周期中提供在该活性药物的治疗范围内保持基本不随时间变化的活性药物血浆浓度。
此处所用的术语“持续释放剂型”或显示药物的“持续释放”的剂型定义为表示每日施用一次的剂型,其提供足以在施用后提供治疗剂量的药物释放,然后在延长的期间内逐渐释放从而该持续释放剂量在24小时周期中提供治疗益处。
此处所用的术语“延长释放剂型”或显示药物的“延长释放”的剂型定义为表示每日施用一次的剂型,其缓慢释放药物,使该药物的血浆浓度在延长的时间段中维持治疗水平,从而该持续释放剂型在24小时周期中提供治疗益处。
此处所用的术语“多微粒”或“微颗粒”定义为表示多个含药单元,例如,微球、球体颗粒、微胶囊、颗粒、微颗粒、小粒、球状体、珠子、丸剂或小球。
此处所用的术语“长期释放剂型”或显示药物的“长期释放”的剂型定义为表示每日施用一次的剂型,其在比速释剂型更长的时间段内提供药物吸收,且在24小时周期中提供治疗益处。
术语“生物等效性”定义为通过标准方法测得的他喷他多的生物利用率(AUC)有约90%或更大的可能性成为包含相同剂量他喷他多的第二口服施用剂型的约80%至约125%,以及通过标准方法测得的他喷他多的最大血浆浓度(Cmax)有约90%或更大的可能性为第二口服施用剂型的约80%至约125%。
术语“FDA指南”指本专利申请提交时由美国食品及药品管理局批准的工业生物利用度和生物等效性研究指南。
术语“持续释放候选物”包括了使药物成为配制进入延长释放形式的候选物的所有药物特征,例如短消除半衰期和一天一次以上的后续给药,以延长方式给用单剂量产品以实现更好的临床结果并避免与速释等伴随的副作用。
此处所用的术语“延缓释放剂型”或显示药物的“延缓释放”的剂型定义为表示每日施用一次的剂型,其在施用后基本不立即释放药物,而是在稍后的时间内释放。延缓释放剂型提供了在药物吸收开始前的延时。该种剂型将需要涂覆延缓释放涂层。该延时被称为“滞后时间”(不同于术语“初动时间”),其代表了潜伏期,即,药物达到最小有效浓度所需时间。
此处所用的术语“剂量倾卸”定义为表示预期之外的药物释放的波动,例如,不管出于何种原因形成的短时间内的快速药物释放。
此处所用的术语“增强吸收剂型”或显示药物的“增强吸收”的剂型定义为表示与具有相同或更高量药物的剂型相比,在暴露至类似条件时显示更高的药物释放和/或更高的药物吸收的剂型。
本说明书中所用的术语“结合剂”指任意常规已知的药学可接受的结合剂,例如,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、羟丙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚乙烯醇、蜡等。也可使用前述结合剂的混合物。优选的结合剂是水溶性材料,例如重均分子量为25,000-3,000,000的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮。结合剂还可占核的总重约0至约40%,优选占核的总重约3%至约15%。在一个实施方式中,核中结合剂的使用是任选的。
术语“药学可接受的衍生物”表示他喷他多的各种药学上等同的异构体、对映异构体、盐、水合物、多形体、酯等。
此处所用的术语“调节释放剂型”或显示“调节释放”的药物的剂型定义为表示其时间段和/或位置的药物释放特征被设计为实现速释剂型所不能提供的治疗或便利目的的剂型。调节释放的剂型或剂型通常设计为提供药物血浆浓度的快速增加,该血浆浓度在至少24小时的期间内在该药物治疗范围内保持基本恒定。替代性地,调节释放的剂型通常期望被设计为提供药物血浆浓度的快速增加,尽管该血浆浓度未保持恒定,但其下降的速率使得在24小时的期间内血浆浓度保持在治疗范围内。
术语“治疗有效量”表示在哺乳动物体内引发生物应答的量,包括次佳量。
本发明说明书所用的术语“亲水聚合物”包括,但不限于,羟丙基甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素钠、羧甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钙、藻酸铵、藻酸钠、藻酸钾、藻酸钙、藻酸丙二醇酯、藻酸、聚乙烯醇、聚维酮、卡波姆、果胶酸钾、果胶酯酸钾等。
本发明中所用的术语“疏水聚合物”包括,但不限于,乙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、异丁烯酸铵共聚物(Eudragit RL.TM.或Eudragit RS.TM.)、甲基丙烯酸共聚物(Eudragit L.TM.或Eudragit S.TM.)、甲基丙烯酸-丙烯酸乙酯共聚物(Eudragit L 100-5.TM.)、甲基丙烯酸酯中性共聚物(Eudragit NE 30D.TM.)、二甲氨基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯-甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物(Eudragit E 100.TM.)、乙烯基甲基醚/马来酸酐共聚物、它们的盐和酯(Gantrez.TM.)等。
此处所用的“他喷他多”定义为表示选自如下的至少一种形式的他喷他多:他喷他多碱,单独的光学活性他喷他多对映异构体,例如,他喷他多的(+)或(-)形式,其外消旋混合物,活性代谢产物,药学可接受的盐,例如,他喷他多的酸加成或碱加成盐。常用于形成酸加成盐的酸为无机酸,例如,盐酸、氢溴酸、氢碘酸、硫酸、磷酸等,以及有机酸,例如,对甲苯磺酸、甲磺酸、草酸、对溴苯磺酸、碳酸、琥珀酸、柠檬酸、苯甲酸、乙酸等。该种药学可接受的盐的范例为硫酸盐、焦硫酸盐、硫酸氢盐、亚硫酸盐、重亚硫酸盐、磷酸盐、单氢磷酸盐、二氢磷酸盐、偏磷酸盐、焦磷酸盐、氯化物、溴化物、碘化物、醋酸盐、丙酸盐、癸酸盐、辛酸盐、丙烯酸盐、甲酸盐、异丁酸盐、己酸盐、庚酸盐、丙炔酸盐、草酸盐、丙二酸盐、丁二酸盐、辛二酸盐、癸二酸盐、延胡索酸盐、马来酸盐、丁炔-1,4-二酸盐、己炔-1,6-二酸盐、苯甲酸盐、氯代苯甲酸盐、甲基苯甲酸盐、二硝基苯甲酸盐、羟基苯甲酸盐、甲氧基苯甲酸盐、邻苯二甲酸盐、磺酸盐、二甲苯磺酸盐、苯基醋酸盐、苯基丙酸盐、苯基丁酸盐、柠檬酸盐、乳酸盐、g-羟基丁酸盐、乙醇酸盐、酒石酸盐、甲磺酸盐、丙磺酸盐、萘-1-磺酸盐、萘-2-磺酸盐、苯乙醇酸盐等盐。碱加成盐包括从无机碱衍生的盐,该无机碱为,例如,铵或碱金属或碱土金属氢氧化物、碳酸盐、重碳酸盐等。因此可用于制备本发明的盐的该种碱包括氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氢氧化铵、碳酸钾、碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠、碳酸氢钾、氢氧化钙、碳酸钙等。
此处所用的“快速释放涂层”定义为表示在体外或体内对于药物从剂型中的释放速率实质或明显无影响的涂层。包含该快速释放涂层的赋形剂没有实质受控释放、溶胀、侵蚀、溶解,或者侵蚀和溶胀特性,这表示该涂层的组成对于药物的释放速率没有实质影响。
此处所用的术语“渗透性剂型”、“渗透性传递装置”、“控释渗透性剂型”或“渗透性受控延长释放系统”定义为表示通过迫使药物从渗透性剂型分散的液体渗透或扩散进入核生成的压力使得全部或部分药物受迫分散的剂型。术语“渗透性剂型”、“渗透性传递装置”或“控释渗透性剂型”还包括预期以至少一个缓释涂层涂覆的剂型。
可用于内部固体微粒相和外部固体连续相的其它疏水材料包括,但不限于,蜡,例如蜂蜡、马西棕榈蜡、微晶蜡和地蜡;脂肪醇,例如十六醇十八醇、十八烷醇;十六烷醇、肉豆蔻醇等;以及脂肪酸酯,例如单硬脂酸甘油酯、一油酸甘油酯、乙酰化的单酸甘油酯、三硬脂酰甘油酯、三棕榈酸甘油酯、十六烷基酯蜡、棕榈酸硬脂酸甘油酯、甘油二十二烷酸酯、氢化蓖麻油等。
本发明提供了包含至少一种形式的他喷他多、至少一种拮抗剂的口服剂型,其中所述拮抗剂可提高所述阿片样物质激动剂的效力,并减少所述阿片样物质激动剂的不利副作用。这可通过在该活性药剂的药学产品的制剂配方中添加一种或多种他喷他多拮抗剂,以使所述拮抗剂的生物利用度正好足以提高他喷他多的效力来实现。
该种方便的口服剂型包含最佳或次佳量的至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种拮抗剂,其中所述拮抗剂改善他喷他多的效力,并减少他喷他多的不利副作用,且所述剂型在施用至人类患者时提供了至少约12小时的有效临床缓解。
该种方便口服剂型包含最佳或次佳量的至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种拮抗剂,其中所述拮抗剂改善他喷他多的效力,并减少他喷他多的不利副作用,且所述剂型在施用至人类患者时提供了高达约24小时的有效临床缓解。
本发明提供了施用包含最佳或次佳量的至少一种形式他喷他多和至少一种拮抗剂的口服剂型的方法,其中所述拮抗剂可改善他喷他多的效力并减少他喷他多的不利副作用。这可通过将一种或多种他喷他多拮抗剂放置至该制剂配方中或者与他喷他多和或第二止痛剂联合施用,以使所述拮抗剂的生物利用度正好足以提高他喷他多的效力来实现。
本发明提供了施用包含最佳或次佳量的至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种拮抗剂的口服剂型方法,其中所述拮抗剂改善他喷他多的效力,并减少他喷他多的不利副作用,且所述剂型在施用至人类患者时提供了至少12小时的有效临床缓解。
本发明提供了施用包含最佳或次佳量的至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种拮抗剂的口服剂型方法,其中所述拮抗剂改善他喷他多的效力,并减少他喷他多的不利副作用,且所述剂型在施用至人类患者时提供了高达约24小时的有效临床缓解。
本发明的另一个目标是提供包含至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型,其中该剂型在口服施用时导致了不良事件特征,该不良事件特征优于施用不含阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型时所导致的不良事件特征。
本发明的另一个目标是提供包含至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型,其中该剂型在口服施用时导致的头晕或眩晕的发生少于施用不含阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型时所导致的情况。
在一个实施方式中,本发明提供了包含至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型,其中该剂型在口服施用时导致的恶心的发生少于施用不含阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型时所导致的情况。
在一个实施方式中,本发明提供了包含至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型,其中该剂型在口服施用时导致的呕吐的发生少于施用不含阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型时所导致的情况。
在一个实施方式中,本发明提供了包含至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型,其中该剂型在口服施用时导致的头痛的发生少于施用不含阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型时所导致的情况。
在一个实施方式中,本发明提供了包含至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型,其中该剂型包含约25至约800mg的一种形式的他喷他多。
本发明的剂型包括,但不限于,经皮肤传递系统、口服粘膜传递系统、鼻内施用组合物、可注射组合物和固体口服组合物。
本发明的独特之处在于他喷他多存在的水平使得阿片样物质拮抗剂对于阿片样物质受体的兴奋性而非抑制性具有选择性拮抗作用。然而,由于本发明的剂型具有实现改善他喷他多效力和减少他喷他多不利副作用的双重作用的阿片样物质拮抗剂,阿片样物质激动剂将在较低剂量下施用时有效,否则将为不足以止痛。本发明的含兴奋性阿片样物质受体拮抗剂的至少一种双重作用他喷他多实现止痛的剂量可能比单独施用他喷他多时的剂量低10-100倍。这是因为兴奋性阿片样物质受体拮抗剂可通过减少他喷他多的抗止痛兴奋性副作用来改善效力。因此,在本发明某些优选的实施方式中,在剂型中包含的他喷他多传递的量低于通常被施用来形成止痛效果的量。在本发明某些实施方式中,被传递的他喷他多使得在剂型中包含的他喷他多的量比通常在给药间隔中给用的他喷他多的量低约10至约100倍。
可以使用的阿片样物质拮抗剂包括,但不限于,纳洛酮、纳曲酮、二丙诺啡、埃托芬、二氢埃托芬、nalinefene、环佐辛、莱瓦洛芬,及其药学可接受的盐和其混合物。在某些优选实施方式中,该阿片样物质拮抗剂为纳洛酮或纳曲酮。
在一个优选的实施方式中,阿片样物质激动剂如他喷他多与阿片样物质拮抗剂的比例为1∶3。即,阿片样物质拮抗剂存在的量为阿片样物质激动剂的三倍。该种比例可实现阿片样物质拮抗剂形成增强阿片样物质激动剂如他喷他多的止痛效力和减少副作用的双重作用,还可预防该剂型被回火时的滥用。
在其它优选的实施方式中,该缓释口服剂型提供了包含在一定时间段中释放的他喷他多和阿片样物质拮抗剂的制剂,从而使得该剂型被施用至人类时,他喷他多的血液水平在整个给药期间内都维持在治疗有效水平,而该拮抗剂的水平足以减低与他喷他多相关的副作用,但不足以抵消他喷他多的止痛效果。他喷他多与该拮抗剂的重量比为约1∶1至约5000∶1,更优选约50∶1至约1000∶1,仍然更优选约50∶1至约500∶1。在本发明其它优选的实施方式中,所施用的阿片样物质受体拮抗剂的量比所施用的阿片样物质激动剂的量少约100至约10000倍。
根据本发明的缓释口服剂型可采用本领域技术人员已知的标准方法配制。例如,在缓释基质中包含他喷他多和拮抗剂的缓释片剂。本发明的该缓释基质可包含亲水和/或疏水材料,例如树胶、纤维素醚、丙烯酸树脂、蛋白衍生材料;该列表并非排他性的,且可采用能够使他喷他多缓慢释放的任意药学可接受的疏水材料或亲水材料。在优选的实施方式中,该疏水材料包括药学可接受的丙烯酸聚合物,包括但不限于丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸共聚物、甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物、乙氧基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯、氰基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯、聚(丙烯酸)、聚(甲基丙烯酸)、甲基丙烯酸烷酰胺共聚物、聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)共聚物、聚丙烯酰胺、氨烷基甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物、聚(甲基丙烯酸酐)以及缩水甘油基甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物。为了实现所需的释放特征,可能需要采用两种共聚物的组合物。
本发明采用烷基纤维素来实现所需的释放特征。在一个实施方式中,该制剂采用乙基纤维素,尽管本领域技术人员将容易地用替代性的材料进行替换,且该种替换包含在本发明之内。已有市售的乙基纤维素水分散体为通过标准技术制备的或它们可在用于涂层之前任选地与增塑剂混合。用于本发明的丙烯酸聚合物的合适增塑剂包括,但不限于,柠檬酸酯,例如三乙基柠檬酸酯NF XVI、三丁基柠檬酸酯、二丁基邻苯二甲酸酯以及可能地1,2-丙二醇。已被证实适于增强由丙烯酸膜(例如RL/RS溶漆液)形成的膜的弹性的其它增塑剂包括聚乙二醇、丙二醇、二乙基邻苯二甲酸酯、蓖麻油和甘油三乙酸酯。在水性分散体中的本发明的优选增塑剂为三乙基柠檬酸酯。
本发明预期了膜涂层的应用和与其它的结合来实现所需的体外释放速率。本发明的缓释涂层制剂还可包含例如无毒、惰性和不粘手的涂层添加剂等成分。
包含他喷他多和阿片样物质拮抗剂的本发明的剂型可任选地以一种或多种材料涂覆以控制阿片样物质激动剂的释放,保护该制剂。在本发明的一个实施方式中,该制剂为支持在暴露至胃液时进行pH依赖型或非pH依赖型释放的涂层。pH敏感涂层用于在胃肠道的目标区域释放他喷他多,从而该吸收特征能向患者提供至少约八小时至高达约二十四小时的临床效果。然而,当采用了pH不敏感型涂层时,该涂层以促进他喷他多的最佳释放的方式制备,而与胃肠道内的pH变化无关。本发明还可配制使得剂量的一部分在胃肠道的目标区域释放,而该剂量的剩余部分在胃肠道的另一目标区域(例如小肠)释放。
根据本发明的采用pH敏感型涂层的制剂可采用除其它外例如以下成分:虫胶、纤维素醋酸邻苯二甲酸酯(CAP)、聚乙烯醋酸邻苯二甲酸酯(PVAP)、羟丙基甲基纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物、玉米蛋白等。由可作为从Rohm Tech,Inc.购得的二乙氨基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯和其它中性甲基丙烯酸酯可合成得到一个共聚物家族。有多种不同类型的在不同的pH下溶胀,其它的类型例如RL和尽管在水中溶胀,但在剂型中是pH不敏感的。
在某些优选的实施方式中,在含他喷他多和阿片样物质拮抗剂组合的片剂核珠或者基质颗粒的基底上涂覆了疏水材料,例如烷基纤维素或丙烯酸聚合物或其组合。根据本发明的涂层可以是有机或或水溶液或者分散体,且占基底重量的约2%至约25%的范围,从而实现所需的持续释放特征。
本发明的组合物可呈现为,例如,颗粒、球状体、丸剂、多微粒、胶囊、贴剂、片剂、囊剂、控释悬浮液、或者结合了该种颗粒、球状体、丸剂或多微粒的任意其它合适的剂型。
根据本发明的一种或多种活性成分的组合可合适地被结合在基质中。该基质可以是本领域技术人员已知的任意基质,其能在至少十二小时时间内提供缓释他喷他多,并优选提供在治疗有效范围内的他喷他多体外溶解速率和体内吸收速率。根据本发明的组合可优选的使用缓释基质。替代性地,也可使用具有提供缓释他喷他多的涂层的正常释放基质。
用于本发明的组合的缓释基质还可包含其它制药领域常规的药学可接受的成分,例如,稀释剂、润滑剂、结合剂、成粒助剂、着色剂、芳香剂、表面活性剂、pH调节剂、抗粘剂和助流剂,例如,二丁基癸二酸酯、氢氧化铵、油酸和硅胶。制备该组合可使用任意已知的稀释剂,例如,微晶纤维素、乳糖和磷酸二钙。合适的润滑剂为,例如,硬脂酸镁和硬脂酰富马酸钠。合适的结合剂为,例如,羟丙基甲基纤维素、聚维酮和甲基纤维素。合适的崩解剂为淀粉、淀粉羟基乙酸钠、聚乙烯聚吡咯烷酮和交联羧甲基纤维素钠。
适于本发明的表面活性剂为Poloxamer 188.RTM、聚山梨酸酯80和月桂基硫酸钠。用于本发明的合适助流剂为滑石、无水胶体二氧化硅。类似地,可用于制备该基质的合适水溶性聚合物为分子量在1000至6000范围内的聚乙二醇。包含根据本发明的缓释他喷他多的组合可便利地采用制药领域常规的膜涂层材料进行膜涂覆,但优选采用水性膜涂层。
本发明的口服剂型在他喷他多和拮抗剂之外可进一步包含可与他喷他多协同或不与之协同的第二止痛剂。该第二止痛剂选自NSAID、对乙酰氨基酚、GABA类似物、5-羟色胺去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(SNRI)、环氧化酶-(COX)-抑制一氧化氮供体、HT激动剂和质子泵抑制剂、曲马多、氢吗啡酮、faxeladol、阿索马多、羟考酮、氢可酮、芬太尼、吗啡、其药学可接受的盐及其混合物。它们包括用于缓解疼痛的任意药物,包括扑热息痛(对乙酰氨基酚)、布洛芬、双氟芬酸、萘普生、苯噁洛芬、氟吡洛芬、非诺洛芬、氟布芬、酮洛芬、吲哚布洛芬、吡洛芬、卡布洛芬、噁丙嗪、普拉洛芬(pramoprofen)、木若普芬(muroprofen)、三噁普芬(trioxaprofen)、舒洛芬、氨洛芬、噻洛芬酸、氟诺洛芬、布氯酸、吲哚美辛、舒林酸、托美汀、佐美酸、硫平酸、齐多美辛、阿西美辛、芬替酸、环氯茚酸、oxpinac、甲芬那酸、甲氯灭酸、氟芬那酸、尼氟灭酸、托芬那酸、双氟尼酸(diflurisal)、氟苯柳、吡罗昔康、舒多昔康或埃索昔康等。这些药物的有用剂型为本领域技术人员所公知。通常不被认为是止痛剂的其它药物种类被用于治疗神经性疼痛综合征;其包括三环抗抑郁药和抗惊厥药。更进一步的其它药物包括镇咳药、祛痰剂、减充血剂、抗组胺药、局部麻醉药等类型。
在本发明某些优选实施方式中,该缓释口服剂型包含他喷他多和阿片样物质拮抗剂与对乙酰氨基酚联用。根据本发明制备的该缓释制剂有可能包含大范围剂量的对乙酰氨基酚,该剂量对于本领域技术人员是显而易见的,例如50-650mg的剂量,但该剂量将在8小时或更长的较长给药间隔中以缓释的方式释放。
根据本发明的组合可包含具有缓释涂层的正常释放基质。优选地,该组合包含含有活性成分和球化剂(spheronising agent)的膜涂覆球状体。该球化剂可以是能与该活性成分一起球化形成球状体的任意合适的药学可接受的材料。根据本发明的优选球化剂为微晶纤维素。所用的微晶纤维素可以合适地为,例如,Avicel PH 101或Avicel PH 102(Trade Marks,FMC公司)。该球状体可任选地包含制药领域常规的其它药学可接受的成分,例如结合剂、填充剂和着色剂。合适的结合剂可包括水溶性聚合物、水溶性羟烷基纤维素如羟丙基纤维素,或水不溶性聚合物(其也可有助于控制释放特性)如丙烯酸聚合物或共聚物,例如乙基纤维素。合适的填充剂包括乳糖。
该球状体可用允许活性成分在水性介质中以缓慢速率释放的材料涂覆。可用于本发明的合适缓释涂层材料包括水不溶性蜡和聚合物,例如聚甲基丙烯酸酯(例如Eudragit聚合物)或者水不溶性纤维素,特别是乙基纤维素。可选地,可包含水溶性聚合物例如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮或者水溶性纤维素例如羟丙基甲基纤维素或羟丙基纤维素。可选地,可添加其它水溶物例如聚山梨酸酯80。
进一步地在替代性实施方式中,流量促进剂也可包含在该膜中或者该缓释涂层可包含上述聚合物之一。该流量促进剂可提高吸入核中的液体体积以使得该剂型通过通道和/或多孔膜基本分散所有的他喷他多。该流量促进剂可以是水溶性材料或者肠的材料。可用作流量促进剂的优选材料的范例包括但不限于氯化钠、氯化钾、蔗糖、山梨糖醇、甘露糖醇、聚乙二醇(PEG)、丙二醇、羟丙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯、纤维素醋酸邻苯二甲酸酯、聚乙烯醇、甲基丙烯酸共聚物、泊洛沙姆(例如LUTROL F68、LUTROL F127、LUTROL F108,其可由BASF购得)及其混合物。本发明采用的优选流量促进剂为PEG 400。
该流量促进剂也可以是与水混溶/溶于水的药物,例如他喷他多或其药学可接受的盐,或者该流量促进剂可以是在肠道条件下溶解的药物。如果该流量促进剂是药物,本药物组合物的额外优点在于被选为流量促进剂的药物的快速释放。该流量促进剂从该膜或持续释放涂层溶解或泄露,以在该膜或持续释放涂层中形成通道,从而允许液体进入核中并溶解活性成分。在优选的实施方式中,该流量促进剂占涂层总重的约0至约40%,最优选占该涂层总重的约2%至约20%。
公知的赋形剂例如增塑剂也可用于制备膜或缓释涂层。部分公知的增塑剂包括但不限于,己二酸酯、壬二酸酯、苯甲酸酯、柠檬酸酯、硬脂酸酯、isoebucate、癸二酸酯、三乙基柠檬酸酯、三正丁基柠檬酸酯、乙酰基三正丁基柠檬酸酯、柠檬酸酯,以及描述于由John Wiley & Sons公开的Encyclopedia of PolymerScience and Technology,Vol.10(1969)中的所有增塑剂。优选的增塑剂为甘油三乙酸酯、乙酰化的单酸甘油酯、葡萄籽油、橄榄油、芝麻油、乙酰基三丁基柠檬酸酯、乙酰三乙基柠檬酸酯、甘油山梨醇、草酸二乙酯、马来酸二乙酯、富马酸二乙酯、丁二酸二丁酯、丙二酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯、癸二酸二丁酯、柠檬酸三乙酯、柠檬酸三丁酯、甘油三丁酸酯等。尽管确切的使用量取决于所用的增塑剂的类型,通常可采用基于该膜或持续释放涂层的总重的约0至约25%,优选约2%至约15%的增塑剂。
通常,围绕核的膜或缓释涂层占该核和涂层总重的约1%至约20%,优选约2%至约10%。
在优选的实施方式中,围绕核的膜或持续释放涂层可进一步包含通道,其允许药物从核受控释放。此处所用的术语通道包括穴、缝、孔、洞、弱化区域或可靠元件,如凝胶塞,其能腐蚀形成渗透通道以从该剂型释放他喷他多。可用于本发明的通道众所周知,并描述于美国专利3,845,770;3,916,899;4,034,758;4,077,407;4,783,337和5,071,607。
以下实施例用于阐述本发明,其涉及1)包含最佳或次佳量的至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型,2)包含最佳或次佳量的至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的缓释剂型,以及3)包含最佳或次佳量的至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂以及至少一种额外的止痛剂的药物组合物。所有的制剂目的在于增强止痛效力和/或减少一种或多种副作用。
这些实施例进一步阐述了通过向有此需要的患者施用最佳或欠佳量的至少一种形式的他喷他多和用于增强他喷他多止痛效力和/或减少他喷他多的一种或多种副作用的至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂来治疗疼痛和与疼痛相关的病症的方法,还阐述了通过向有此需要的患者施用缓释他喷他多和第二止痛剂来治疗疼痛和与疼痛相关的病症的方法。本领域技术人员将理解如何采用本领域已知的其它技术来调整该剂型和施用方法。
实施例1
生产工艺:
在混合器中混合盐酸他喷他多、Eudragit和ETHOCEL。向充分混合的混合物中添加磨碎的十八烷醇,将这些成分彻底混合在一起,先后加入挤出机和造粒机。对药丸进行筛选以筛分获得所需的他喷他多丸。以类似步骤平行制备纳曲酮丸。通过填充所需量的他喷他多丸和纳曲酮丸制备包含他喷他多和纳曲酮的最终胶囊。
实施例2
*在加工过程中去除
生产工艺:
核制备:混合他喷他多HCl和胶体二氧化硅,并过1.0mm筛。将聚乙烯醇溶解于纯化水中。在流化床造粒机Glatt GPCG1中用聚乙烯醇水溶液粒化混合的他喷他多HCl和胶体二氧化硅粉末,然后干燥。制粒后,将颗粒与硬脂酰富马酸钠混合,然后通过1.0mm筛。然后用Manesty Betapress将混合物压缩成为片核。
涂层制备:称取适当数量的乙醇和异丙醇,并混合在一起。将癸二酸二丁酯和乙基纤维素添加并溶解于用桨式搅拌器Coframo RZR1恒速搅拌下的乙醇和异丙醇混合物,并添加聚乙烯吡咯烷酮。搅拌溶液直至所有成分溶解。将溶液通过高压匀浆机。
在穿孔涂布盘(O′Hara Labcoat I11 36″盘,Vector LCDS)中采用涂层溶液涂覆片核。涂覆的参数列举于表3;
溶解研究
参照下文表4的条件,用装置10目USP网篮评估根据实施例1配制的包含缓释他喷他多和至少一种药物赋形剂的片剂的溶解特征:
本发明的组合物显示了如下体外溶出曲线(采用USP网篮法,在75rpm下900ml 0.1N HCl中37摄氏度下测量):在2小时后,约0%至约30%(重量)的他喷他多被释放,在4小时后,约5%至约55%(重量)的他喷他多被释放,在12小时后,超过约50%(重量)的他喷他多被释放,在24小时后,超过约80(重量)的他喷他多被释放。
更近一步地,本发明的组合物显示了如下的体外溶出曲线(采用USP网篮法,在75rpm下900ml 0.1N HCl中37摄氏度下测量):在2小时后,约0%至约30%(重量)的他喷他多被释放,在4小时后,约5%至约22%(重量)的他喷他多被释放,在6小时后,约15%至约38%(重量)的他喷他多被释放,在8小时后,超过约40%(重量)的他喷他多被释放。
进一步地,本发明的组合物显示了如下的体内溶出曲线(采用USP网篮法,在75rpm下900ml 0.1N HCl中37摄氏度下测量):在2小时后,约2%至约10%的他喷他多被释放,在4小时后,约12%至约20%的他喷他多被释放,在6小时后,约30%至约38%的他喷他多被释放,在8小时后,约48%至约56%的他喷他多被释放,在10小时后,约64%至约72%的他喷他多被释放,且在72小时后,超过约76%的他喷他多被释放。
实施例3:普瑞巴林组合
表5
实施例4:萘普组合
表6
生产工艺1:缓释盐酸他喷他多和萘普生
包含缓释盐酸他喷他多和萘普生的组合可采用标准制粒和涂层工艺通过两个阶段生产。在阶段I,该盐酸他喷他多被配制成核,并进一步用缓释涂层涂覆以得到缓释他喷他多核。在阶段II,用包含萘普生的速释层涂覆上述制备的涂层的缓释盐酸他喷他多核。具体如下:
阶段I:核制备:将他喷他多HCl与微晶纤维素和胶体二氧化硅混合和一种混合物或填充剂混合物,并通过本领域已知的合适方法采用包含聚乙烯吡咯烷酮或聚乙烯醇的结合剂溶液制粒。将制粒的盐酸他喷他多干燥并筛选。用带有或不带有助流剂的氢化植物油进行润滑。采用压缩机将润滑后的混合物压缩成片。
涂层溶液和涂层:涂层溶液可采用乙基纤维素的水不溶性水渗透聚合物与聚乙烯吡咯烷酮或羟丙基甲基纤维素的水溶性聚合物的水性分散体制备得到。采用桨式搅拌器制备聚乙二醇混合物并用合适的匀浆机将其匀浆化。核片可通过标准的涂布器如O’Hara盘式涂布器(尖端设置为4”,喷涂速率25mL/枪/min,排放温度约为45℃,雾化压为10-35psi,盘速度5-8rpm,空气流350CFM)采用涂布溶液进行涂布。
阶段II:在阶段II,采用本领域已知的制粒技术制备萘普生制剂,然后与崩解剂和润滑剂混合。
最终制剂:采用压缩涂布器用萘普生制剂的润滑混合物涂布在阶段I中制备的他喷他多缓释片,其中他喷他多缓释片被用作核,而萘普生制剂的快速层形成外层。
采用上述涂布器将萘普生涂层施加至涂覆的100mg盐酸他喷他多片。在密封涂层的100mg盐酸他喷他多片的萘普生涂层之外,用类似的涂层涂覆着色。喷涂在46-47℃的温度下、40-60psi的雾化压下、180克/分钟/三枪的喷涂速度下进行。盘速度为4-8rpm,空气体积为1000±100。
最后,将可选着色涂层的片剂干燥并用Cindrella蜡光泽化,并将最终的成片包装在含有合适干燥剂的HDPE瓶中,并进行适当的稳定性和临床研究。此处进行了体外溶解研究以确定在表6列举的条件下该组合中的盐酸他喷他多的体外溶解特征。在实施例1中,我们采用了包含100mg缓释他喷他多和250mg萘普生的组合。
实施例5
在仍然另一实施例中,本发明披露了可有效用于有需要的患者的疼痛和疼痛相关病症的治疗的药物组合物可以其它方式配制,其中该组合物包含治疗有效量的缓释他喷他多和盐酸纳曲酮。例如,包含缓释他喷他多和阿片样物质拮抗剂如盐酸纳曲酮的组合可按下文所示配制为双层片:
层1:
层2:
层1的制备:用聚乙烯醇将盐酸他喷他多、微晶纤维素和胶体二氧化硅制粒并干燥。将干燥的颗粒与乙基纤维素和羟乙基纤维素混合,并用硬脂酰富马酸钠润滑。
层2的制备:将盐酸纳曲酮与微晶纤维素混合,并用聚维酮制粒。干燥颗粒,并与交联羧甲基纤维素钠混和,最后用硬脂酸镁润滑。
压制:将层1和层2加载至双层滚动压缩机的加料斗中,以所需的硬度压制。
实施例6
参照表7的配方制备包含他喷他多和盐酸纳曲酮的剂型。
表7
*在加工过程中去除
生产工艺:在无水乙醇中混合盐酸他喷他多、盐酸纳曲酮、聚氧乙烯-9-月桂基醚、甘油、苯酚、月桂基硫酸钠和甘氨胆酸钠,在自动振荡机上彻底振荡,用水稀释以制备200ml胶束溶液。
实施例7
生产工艺:将Eudragit和甘油三乙酸酯混合在一起制备溶液,将盐酸纳曲酮溶解于该溶液。将该溶液在流化床制粒机中施加在羟考酮HCL、乳糖和聚维酮的混合物上,用研磨机研磨,向该粒状物施加十八烷醇熔化物。将粒状物冷却,与硬脂酸镁和滑石混合,并压缩。包含他喷他多HCl和盐酸纳曲酮的压缩片任选地可用密封涂层涂覆。
实施例8
*加工时去除
生产工艺:参照表1的配方制备他喷他多HCl珠和强化的纳曲酮HCl珠。特别而言,将他喷他多和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮溶解于水,并与其它成分混合,然后在60℃下用标准步骤施加至糖珠。用包含了Eudragit、柠檬酸乙酯和滑石分散体的涂布溶液涂布该他喷他多珠。通过在混合机中混合所有的组分以制备纳曲酮珠。将细混合物用水制粒,用挤出机以所需的大小挤出,并筛选分类。用通过溶解Eudragit RS30D、聚山梨酸酯20、乙酰柠檬酸三丁酯(ATBC)并分散滑石制备得到的涂层溶液涂布经筛选的盐酸纳曲酮珠。将珠干燥并与他喷他多HCl珠以及强化纳曲酮珠混合进入胶囊,以制备包含他喷他多以及可有效增强他喷他多止痛效力的量的阿片样物质拮抗剂以及足以减少他喷他多滥用的量的盐酸纳曲酮的剂型。该强化珠和盐酸纳曲酮的防滥用珠可以任选地被着色涂覆以彼此区别。
实施例9:施用方法
本发明的目的可采用五种良好控制的人类临床试验确立。这些试验确立了1)通过向人类对象联合施用至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂治疗疼痛的方法,2)通过向人类对象施用包含至少一种形式的缓释他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的固定剂量组合治疗疼痛的方法,和3)通过向人类对象施用包含缓释他喷他多和至少一种额外的药物如萘普生或普瑞巴林以及阿片样物质拮抗剂的固定剂型治疗人类对象的疼痛的方法,以及4)以三种不同的给药浓度施用包含他喷他多和甲基纳曲酮的组合来确定甲基纳曲酮的最佳浓度的方法。进行所有的研究来评估该组合的效果,以增强他喷他多的止痛效力,并进一步减弱不利副作用。
研究1:用他喷他多联合纳曲酮、纳洛酮和纳美芬治疗人;
为了确立本发明,Nectid进行了涉及250名以上疼痛患者的人临床研究。该患者单独施用他喷他多或联合三种不同的阿片样物质拮抗剂施用:纳曲酮、纳洛酮和纳美芬。测定了与阳性和阴性对照相比他喷他多和阿片样物质拮抗剂的联合施用组合的止痛效力。还测定了该种组合对副作用如头晕、恶心、镇静等的作用。
在该随机、双盲、活性对照和安慰剂对照、平行组研究中,一个目标是确定如纳洛酮(以下称为N1)、盐酸纳曲酮(以下称为N2)以及纳美芬(以下称为N3)的阿片样物质拮抗剂是否能够增强盐酸他喷他多(以下称为Tap)对人类对象/患者在牙科手术后的疼痛的止痛作用。另一目的是评估如纳曲酮的阿片样物质拮抗剂是否能减少他喷他多在人类中诱导的不利副作用。
三百零四名(304)对象实际进入研究,其中254名完成了研究。采用了阳性对照他喷他多和阴性对照(安慰剂),人类对象被随机分入如下五个治疗组之一:实际分配进入该五个治疗组的对象数量如下:
阳性对照(Tap,组2)被用于确定临床终点的灵敏度。阴性对照(安慰剂,组1)被用于确立在没有积极治疗时可能发生的临床终点中变化的频率和强度。当对象在手术拔去三至四颗第三磨牙后产生了中度至严重疼痛时施用研究药物的单独口服剂量。
研究2:用缓释他喷他多联合纳曲酮、纳洛酮和纳美芬治疗人;
在该随机、双盲、活性对照和安慰剂对照、平行组研究中,一个目标是确定如纳洛酮(以下称为N1)、盐酸纳曲酮(以下称为N2)以及纳美芬(以下称为N3)的阿片样物质拮抗剂是否能够改善控释盐酸他喷他多在人类对象/患者中的止痛作用。测量了缓释他喷他多(以下称为缓释他喷他多或SRT)和阿片样物质拮抗剂的组合对止痛效力的作用。还测定了该种组合对副作用如头晕、恶心、呕吐等的作用。参照实施例4制备缓释固定剂型,参照实施例2制备缓释他喷他多,在本研究中采用与纳曲酮、纳洛酮和纳美芬的联合施用。
三百六十六名(366)对象实际进入研究,其中307名完成了研究。采用了阳性对照(ST)和阴性对照(安慰剂),人类对象被随机分入如下六个治疗组之一:实际分配进入该六个治疗组的对象数量如下:
阳性对照(SRT,组2)被用于确定临床终点的灵敏度。阴性对照(安慰剂,组1)被用于确立在没有积极治疗时可能发生的临床终点中变化的频率和强度。当对象在手术拔去三至四颗第三磨牙后产生了中度至严重疼痛时施用研究药物的单独口服剂量。
研究3:用他喷他多+萘普生联合纳曲酮治疗人;
相同的临床试验方法被用于确立通过向人类对象施用包含缓释他喷他多和萘普生(实施例4)以及足以增强他喷他多止痛效力并减弱他喷他多不利副作用的量的纳曲酮(N2)的固定剂量组合治疗对象疼痛的方法,该研究中182名最初加入该实验的人类患者中有158名患者完成了该研究。用于该试验的五个治疗组列举如下:
组1(安慰剂+安慰剂);N=31
组2FDC-实施例4(SRT 100mg+N 250mg)+安慰剂),N=30
组3FDC-实施例4(SRT100mg+N 250mg)+纳曲酮(N2)(0.01mg),N=32
组4FDC-实施例4(SRT 100mg+N 250mg)+纳曲酮(N2)(0.1mg),N=33
组5FDC-实施例4(SRT 100mg+N 250mg实施例4)+纳曲酮(N2)(1mg),N=32
阳性对照FDC(SRT+萘普生250mg,组2)被用于确定临床终点的灵敏度。阴性对照(安慰剂,安慰剂组1)被用于确立在没有积极治疗时可能发生的临床终点中变化的频率和强度。当对象在手术拔去三至四颗第三磨牙后产生了中度至严重疼痛时施用研究药物的单独口服剂量。
入组标准:(1)任意种族的男性和女性对象,至少十六岁(十八岁以下的对象仅在独立生活时方可参加,或者在父母(或监护人)给出书面知情同意书时参加);(2)能够说和理解英语,并提供有意义的书面知情同意书;(3)门诊病人总体健康(具体而言,该对象必须没有肝病或肾病史);(4)三至四颗第三磨牙被拔除(至少一颗牙齿必须对下颚骨有影响),且该对象被认为具有手术显著性来足以使用阿片样物质止痛剂;(5)在无、轻微、中度或严重的等级中至少具有中度的初始分类疼痛强度评分,且该对象愿意且能够完成对象评估;(6)在给用研究药物后能够留在研究地点至少八小时;以及(7)如果为女性,绝经后,或者生理上无法生育,或者实施了可接受的节育方法(IUD或激素或隔膜和杀精子药或禁欲),且如果实施了可接受的节育方法,还必须在进入研究前三个月具有正常的月经模式,且在手术前七天内具有阴性的尿妊娠测试。
排除标准:(1)怀孕或哺乳;(2)具有肝病或肾病史;(3)具有癫痫发作史,然而,具有青少年发热性癫痫病史的患者可入组,只要在过去十年内没有癫痫发作史;(4)患有能影响对象出具知情同意书的能力或者适当完成研究评估的医学或精神病症;(5)已知对阿片样物质、他喷他多、曲马多或纳曲酮或纳洛酮或纳美芬具有过敏或显著反应;(6)在研究前六个月内具有长期阿片样物质使用或阿片样物质滥用的病史;(7)在进入研究前四周内曾使用抗惊厥药或三环抗抑郁药(包括5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂和St.John’s Wort的剂量超过1000mg/天)(8)目前正使用单胺氧化酶抑制剂(MAOI)或曾在进入研究前两周内使用MAOI);(9)在手术前十二小时消费了乙醇,或者在八小时观察期内消费了含乙醇或含咖啡因产品;(10)曾在给药前至少四小时直至研究末期摄入了任意如下药物:止痛剂,包括阿斯匹林、对乙酰氨基酚、非类固醇类抗炎药物(NSAIDS)以及阿片样物质(或者阿片样物质组合);轻镇静剂;肌松药和抗组胺药,以及从给药前十二小时直至研究观察结束摄入了长效止痛剂(例如,长效NSAIDs);(11)之前曾参与本研究;以及(12)曾在本研究前三十天内参与了考察药物或装置的研究。
随机化:随机化用于避免将对象分配治疗时的偏见,提高已知和未知对象属性(例如人口统计和基线特征)在各个治疗组间被均匀平衡的可能性,以及增强各个治疗组间统计比较的有效性。盲式治疗用于减少数据采集和临床终点评估过程中的潜在偏见。在随机化之前先完成如下内容:(1)知情同意;(2)医疗史和人口统计;(3)入组和排除标准;以及(4)在先和伴随药物。
根据研究前准备的计算机生成的随机化安排表将对象分配至治疗组。通过区集排列(permuted blocks)对随机化进行平衡。根据随机化代码对每个对象的研究药物进行包装和标记。为了实现治疗组之间相对于初始疼痛的平衡,具有中度初始疼痛的对象被分配了最低有效数量的药物(下一顺序治疗号上升)。具有严重初始疼痛的对象被分配了最高有效数量的药物。
药物:在符合了所有入组/排除标准后,所有具有中度至严重疼痛的对象接受一个剂量的研究药物。对象口服摄入两个胶囊,一个为他喷他多或安慰剂,另一个为纳曲酮或安慰剂。研究药物按对象包装在研究药物容器中。研究药物包装在以对象编号识别的单剂量瓶内,每瓶含有2个胶囊。标识本研究的标记为PROTOCOL TA。每个瓶粘贴了双向药物披露标签,其列出了如下信息:对象编号、注意事项、以及一般说明。该标签中带有说明“当疼痛为中度或严重时服用”。在分配研究药物之前除下标签的撕去部分,并在未启封状态下粘贴至标签页病例报告表。
在手术前二十四小时内对象服用的任意药物(包括维生素、甲状腺剂或其它预防药物)必须在伴随用药病例报告表的基线访问(baseline visit)中报告。如果由于紧急不良事件的治疗而必须施用伴随疗法时,必须将其在合适的病例报告表中汇报。根据排除标准,在施用禁止治疗的任意情形之前(或在施用后尽快)通知医疗监测。
疼痛评估方法:在治疗之前进行疼痛评估。在牙科手术后,由经过培训的观察人员评估对象的疼痛水平。对象同时通过以下两种方式报告初始疼痛强度:(1)表述疼痛分类(0=无,1=轻微,2=中度或3=严重),(2)采用0-100mm的视觉模拟评估尺度(VAS)通过在尺度上放置单斜杠报告,其中0=无疼痛,100=可想象的最严重疼痛。给药的决定仅基于分类反应。当分类疼痛水平为中度或严重时,对象服用研究药物剂量。
在治疗后也进行疼痛评估。给药后,在如下时间记录疼痛强度和疼痛缓解:给药后30分钟、60分钟和此后的每小时(直至12小时)。所有的效力评估由对象在答复经过培训的观察人员的问卷时记录在日记中。观察人员就所有观察事项询问对象,并根据需要提供指导。在答复问题“你现在的疼痛有多少?”时以(1)对象选择分类尺度中的无、轻微、中度和严重,以及(2)在100-mm VAS上标记测定疼痛强度。在答复问题“与服用药物时相比,你的疼痛缓解了多少?”时以对象选择无、很少、有一点、很多、完全来评估相对基线的疼痛缓解。对于疼痛缓解评估,向对象提供计时表,并要求其在感受到有意义的疼痛缓解时停表。
在给药后八小时通过非定向问卷评估不良事件并记录。对于他喷他多在人体最常见的不利副作用(例如,头晕、嗜睡、恶心、呕吐、头痛、瘙痒),也可使用症状核对表。这些评估可由患者在给药后30分钟、60分钟和每小时(直至8小时)自行记录在日记中。
在八小时终末,或者在早于八小时的每小时观察末期,由对象和观察人员通过选择极好、很好、良好、一般或较差回答问题“你如何评价疼痛缓解状况?”来进行总体评估。在急救用药后至少一小时继续评估不良事件。未完成至少1小时观察期的对象被认为不能进行效力评估,并被替换。
该研究在评估十二小时后或接受急救药物时完成。对象可在任意时间终止研究。
向未能得到足够疼痛缓解的对象提供最后的一组疼痛观察。然后,向该对象给予急救药物,并终止研究。鼓励该对象在施用研究药物后至少2小时再使用急救药物。早于1小时再次服药的对象不包括在效力分析中。在评估的八小时中未再次服药的对象得到日记卡,并要求记录他们在离开诊所后再次服药的时间。
要求对象在接受急救药物后至少一小时留在单位,以进行不良事件评估。然而,强烈推荐这些对象在接受研究药物后整个八小时留在现场。
采用主要和次要效力参数进行效力评估。主要效力参数包括:(1)4-小时总疼痛缓解评分(TOTPAR)(见下文);(2)4-小时疼痛强度差总和(SPID),(分类和VAS)(见下文);(3)在8小时内有意义的疼痛缓解出现时间;以及(4)8小时内再次用药患者的百分比。次级效力参数包括:(1)6小时和8小时总疼痛缓解评分(TOTPAR);(2)6小时和8小时疼痛强度差的总和(SPID),(分类和VAS);(3)每小时疼痛缓解评分;(4)每小时疼痛强度差评分(分类和VAS);(5)8小时内的再次用药时间;以及(6)总体评估。
安全评估包括:(1)不良事件(AE);和(2)症状核对表。在研究过程中出现的所有不良事件应当记录在病例报告表中。不良事件被定义为与研究中被治疗的对象相关的不利医疗事件,且不考虑与本研究是否相关。所有严重和预期之外的不良事件(不管是否被认为与研究药物相关)应当按照伦理和规范要求立即(不晚于研究人员得到该信息后二十四小时)电话通知医学检测者。采用上文所述的症状核对表来记录他喷他多对人的最常见不利副作用。
在本研究中采用了标准的测量和测定方法。例如,疼痛强度可同时采用分类尺度和VAS(均为止痛研究中的标准测量仪器)评估。利用分类尺度和急救药物的时间量度进行疼痛缓解总体评估均是标准的方法。安全量度(病史、不良事件和伴随药物)也是标准的确定因素。
数据分析:用于数据分析的计算机参数见下文。疼痛强度在测试期间中改变的程度可通过总疼痛缓解评分(TOTPAR)和疼痛强度差总和(SPID)进行衡量。定义为在4、6和8小时观察期中疼痛缓解评分(PAR)(0=无、1=很少、2=有一点、3=很多、4=完全)的总和。在每个时间点的疼痛强度差(PID)计算为0小时的疼痛强度评分和观察点的评分之间的差(0=无,1=轻微,2=中度、3=严重)。SPID定义为在4、6和8小时观察期的PID的总和。VAS-PID和VAS-SPID与VAS评分的定义类似。缺失的值和在急救用药后进行的评估可通过最后一次观察的结转步骤(LOCF)进行估算。
最初的分析群体为意向治疗(ITT)群体,其包括了所有随机化对象。所有的效力分析在ITT群体上完成。此外,效力分析还可在可评估群体上进行,该可评估群体包括了随机化的、在给药后进行了疼痛或缓解评估以及研究中至少停留一小时的对象。
对TOTPAR、SPID和VAS-SPID进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)。用Fisher最小显著差异测试(LSD)将每个组合治疗与单独的他喷他多治疗进行比较,采用Hochberg(Biometrik 75:800(1988))步骤控制成族的1型错误。对于所有的成对比较,由所有治疗的总体方差分析得到的均方误差被用作误差方差的评估。类似技术被用于疼痛缓解、PID和VAS-PID。
再次服药(或者急救用药)的时间可采用Kaplan-Meier评估进行分析,以计算存活分布函数。采用时序检验(Log Rank Test)在组间进行分布比较。在八小时的时候如果未发生再次用药,则对象被认为被检查过。采用LIFETEST方法进行成对比较。Hochberg步骤被用于控制成族的1型错误。可通过类似方法分析有意义的缓解的产生时间(通过计时表确定)。未实现有意义的缓解或者服用了急救药物的对象被认为治疗失败,并被分配8小时的值或者服用急救药物的时间。在所有上述分析中,基线疼痛强度可用作分层因素(stratificationfactor)。显示了初始疼痛强度、总体评估和不利副作用的分布。样本量可从历史数据和从实际考虑估算,而非从预期测量的差异计算。
对2个群体进行效力分析:ITT群体和可评估群体(表1)。ITT群体包括了所有随机化、服用研究药物和具有随机化后数据的对象。可评估群体仅包括了在给药后进行了疼痛或缓解评估且在给药后第一个小时没有服用急救药物的ITT对象。
研究4:用他喷他多+普瑞巴林联合纳曲酮治疗人;
该研究为双盲、随机化、安慰剂对照和两阶段交叉设计。12小时后,将170名糖尿病患者(患2型糖尿病的90名男性和80名女性,年龄[平均±SE]61.7±1.6岁,患糖尿病时间8,8±1.5年,痛性神经病时间2.2±0.4年)随机接受组1(安慰剂+安慰剂)、组2(Tap 100mg+P 250mg)+安慰剂)、组3(Tap 100mg+P 250mg)+纳曲酮(N2)(0.01mg)、组4(Tap 100mg+P 250mg)+纳曲酮(N2)(0.1mg)、组5(Tap 100mg+P 250mg)+纳曲酮(N2)(1mg)。在入组的患者中,154名患者成功完成了研究。采用视觉模拟评估尺度(VAS)评估每两小时的疼痛和其它感觉症状。患者的特征显示于表4。
*数据为n或平均值,SE.年龄范围;参考范围4.2-5.9%
每一位患者都长期患有难以医治的痛性神经病,并尝试了各种药物,例如对乙酰氨基酚、度洛西汀、阿米替林或加巴喷丁,且由于症状对于用药无响应或由于不可接受的副作用而中断用药。合格的对象包括未针对其神经性疼痛采用任意其它药物且糖尿病受到稳定控制的1型和2型糖尿病患者。排除的标准包括血糖控制不稳定、外周血管疾病(PVD)且没有足部脉搏(foot pulses)、具有主动足部溃疡、用舌下硝酸甘油治疗、使用勃起功能障碍药物的患者、影响患者疼痛评估的因素以及其它周围神经病诱因的存在。在研究过程中对糖尿病的治疗未进行重大变动。
在运行开始后患者随机分配接受组1(安慰剂+安慰剂)、组2(Tap 100mg+P250mg,实施例3)+安慰剂)、组3(Tap 100mg+P 250mg,实施例3)+纳曲酮(N2)(0.01mg)、组4(Tap 100mg+P 250mg,实施例3)+纳曲酮(N2)(0.1mg)、组5(Tap 100mg+P 250mg,实施例3)+纳曲酮(N2)(1mg)任一个的治疗后一定时间内,对患者进行神经性评估。由疼痛患者每两周记录10-cm视觉模拟评估尺度(VAS),其中0表示根本无疼痛,10表示经历的最严重的疼痛。治疗作用定义为对每个治疗阶段在Lickert评估尺度上的最终评分和基线评分之间的差。
本发明的目标通过包含他喷他多和普瑞巴林以及纳曲酮的固定剂量组合得以实现,该组合与他喷他多+普瑞巴林相比,对于与糖尿病神经病变相关的疼痛强度中主要效力的变量生成了统计上显著性和临床上有意义的下降。我们认为临床显著性益处将是相对于其它治疗至少15%的疼痛评分(VAS)降低。
研究5:用他喷他多与甲基纳曲酮治疗人
为了确立本发明,Nectid进行了涉及304名疼痛患者的人临床研究,其中253名患者完成了试验。对患者施用单独的他喷他多或联合三种不同剂量的纳曲酮:0.01、0.1和1.0mg。测定联合施用的他喷他多和不同剂量盐酸甲基纳曲酮的组合的止痛效力,并与阳性和阴性对照比较。还测定了该种组合对于便秘的作用。
在该随机化、双盲、活性对照和安慰剂对照、平行组研究中,一个目标是确定盐酸甲基纳曲酮(以下称为MNTX)是否增强盐酸他喷他多(以下称为Tap)在牙科手术后疼痛的人类对象/患者的止痛效果。另一个目标是评估甲基纳曲酮是否减少他喷他多诱导的人的便秘。
三百零四名(304)对象实际进入研究,其中254名完成了研究。采用了阳性对照他喷他多和阴性对照(安慰剂),人类对象被随机分入如下五个治疗组之一:实际分配进入该五个治疗组的对象数量如下:
组1:安慰剂+安慰剂:51
组2:T(50mg)+安慰剂:50
组3:T(50mg)+甲基纳曲酮(0.01mg):51
组4:T(50mg)+甲基纳曲酮(0.1mg):52
组5:T(50mg)+甲基纳曲酮(1mg):50
阳性对照(他喷他多50mg,组2)被用于确定临床终点的灵敏度。阴性对照(安慰剂,组1)被用于确立在没有积极治疗时可能发生的临床终点中变化的频率和强度。当对象在手术拔去三至四颗第三磨牙后产生了中度至严重疼痛时施用研究药物的单独口服剂量。
结果
本发明可通过如下来自临床研究的代表性结果进行阐述。图中所示仅为阐述目的,并非限制本发明的范围。本领域技术人员能够容易地调节使用阿片样物质激动剂和拮抗剂的研究。
图1表示了以下组的4-小时总疼痛缓解评分(TOTPAR):组1:安慰剂+安慰剂,组2:他喷他多(50mg)+安慰剂,组3:他喷他多(50mg)+纳洛酮(0.1mg),组4:他喷他多(50mg)+纳曲酮(0.1mg),组5:他喷他多(50mg)+纳美芬(0.1mg)。
图2表示了以下组的0-12小时、0-8小时和0-4小时每小时疼痛缓解评分:组1:安慰剂+安慰剂,组2:他喷他多(50mg)+安慰剂,组3:他喷他多(50mg)+纳洛酮(0.1mg),组4:他喷他多(50mg)+纳曲酮(0.1mg),组5:他喷他多(50mg)+纳美芬(0.1mg)。
图3表示了以下组在四小时、在八小时和十二小时的Δ平均疼痛缓解评分的变化:组1:安慰剂+安慰剂,组2:他喷他多(50mg)+安慰剂,组3:他喷他多(50mg)+纳洛酮(0.1mg),组4:他喷他多(50mg)+纳曲酮(0.1mg),组5:他喷他多(50mg)+纳美芬(0.1mg)。
图4显示了他喷他多与不同的阿片样物质拮抗剂的伴随的主要副作用的比较。
图5表示了以下组的4-小时总疼痛缓解评分(TOTPAR):组1:安慰剂+安慰剂,组2:(SRT 100mg,实施例2)+安慰剂,组3:(SRT 100mg,实施例2)+纳曲酮N1(0.1mg),组4:(SRT 100mg,实施例2)+纳洛酮N2(0.1mg),组5:(SRT 100mg,实施例2)+纳美芬N3(0.1mg)以及组6:FDC(SRT 100mg+纳曲酮N1(1mg,实施例7)。
图6表示了以下组的0-12小时、0-8小时和0-4小时每小时疼痛缓解评分:组1:安慰剂+安慰剂,组2:(SRT 100mg,实施例2)+安慰剂,组3:(SRT 100mg,实施例2)+纳曲酮N1(0.1mg),组4:(SRT 100mg,实施例2)+纳洛酮N2(0.1mg),组5:(SRT 100mg,实施例2)+纳美芬N3(0.1mg)以及组6:FDC(SRT 100mg+纳曲酮N1(1mg,实施例7)。
图7表示了以下组在四小时、在八小时和十二小时的Δ平均疼痛缓解评分的变化:组1:安慰剂+安慰剂,组2:(SRT 100mg,实施例2)+安慰剂,组3:(SRT 100mg,实施例2)+纳曲酮N1(0.1mg),组4:(SRT 100mg,实施例2)+纳洛酮N2(0.1mg),组5:(SRT 100mg,实施例2)+纳美芬N3(0.1mg)以及组6:FDC(SRT 100mg+纳曲酮N1(1mg,实施例7)。
图8显示了缓释他喷他多与不同的拮抗剂的伴随的主要副作用的比较。
图9表示了以下组的4-小时总疼痛缓解评分(TOTPAR):组1:安慰剂+安慰剂,组2:FDC-实施例4(他喷他多(100mg)+萘普生250mg)+安慰剂,组3:FDC-实施例4(他喷他多(100mg)+萘普生250mg)+N2(0.01mg),组4:FDC-实施例4(他喷他多(100mg)+萘普生250mg)+N2(0.1mg),组5:FDC-实施例4(他喷他多(100mg)+萘普生250mg)+N2(1mg)。
图10表示了以下组的0-12小时、0-8小时和0-4小时每小时疼痛缓解评分:组1:安慰剂+安慰剂,组2:FDC-实施例4(他喷他多(100mg)+萘普生250mg)+安慰剂,组3:FDC-实施例4(他喷他多(100mg)+萘普生250mg)+N2(0.01mg),组4:FDC-实施例4(他喷他多(100mg)+萘普生250mg)+N2(0.1mg),组5:FDC-实施例4(他喷他多(100mg)+萘普生250mg)+N2(1mg)。
图11表示了以下组在四小时、在八小时和十二小时的Δ平均疼痛缓解评分的变化:组1:安慰剂+安慰剂,组2:FDC-实施例4(他喷他多(100mg)+萘普生250mg)+安慰剂,组3:FDC-实施例4(他喷他多(100mg)+萘普生250mg)+N2(0.01mg),组4:FDC-实施例4(他喷他多(100mg)+萘普生250mg)+N2(0.1mg),组5:FDC-实施例4(他喷他多(100mg)+萘普生250mg)+N2(1mg)。
图12显示了以下组的VAS疼痛评分的平均VAS疼痛评分变化:组1(安慰剂+安慰剂),组2(FDC-实施例3,他喷他多100mg+普瑞巴林250mg)+安慰剂),组3(FDC-实施例3,他喷他多100mg+普瑞巴林250mg)+N2(0.01mg),组4(FDC-实施例3,他喷他多100mg+普瑞巴林250mg)+N2(0.1mg),组5(FDC-实施例3,他喷他多100mg+普瑞巴林250mg)+N2(1mg)。
图13显示了以下组的VAS疼痛的Δ平均VAS疼痛评分变化:组1(安慰剂+安慰剂),组2(FDC-实施例3,他喷他多100mg+普瑞巴林250mg)+安慰剂),组3(FDC-实施例3,他喷他多100mg+普瑞巴林250mg)+N2(0.01mg),组4(FDC-实施例3,他喷他多100mg+普瑞巴林250mg)+N2(0.1mg),组5(FDC-实施例3,他喷他多100mg+普瑞巴林250mg)+N2(1mg)。
图14表示了以下组的4-小时总疼痛缓解评分(TOTPAR):组1:安慰剂+安慰剂,组2:他喷他多(50mg)+安慰剂,组3:他喷他多(50mg)+甲基纳曲酮(0.01mg),组4:他喷他多(50mg)+甲基纳曲酮(0.1mg),组5:他喷他多(50mg)+甲基纳曲酮(1mg)。
图15表示了以下组的0-12小时、0-8小时和0-4小时每小时疼痛缓解评分:组1:安慰剂+安慰剂,组2:他喷他多(50mg)+安慰剂,组3:他喷他多(50mg)+甲基纳曲酮(0.01mg),组4:他喷他多(50mg)+甲基纳曲酮(0.1mg),组5:他喷他多(50mg)+甲基纳曲酮(1mg)。
图16表示了以下组在四小时、在八小时和十二小时的Δ平均疼痛缓解评分的变化:组1:安慰剂+安慰剂,组2:他喷他多(50mg)+安慰剂,组3:他喷他多(50mg)+甲基纳曲酮(0.01mg),组4:他喷他多(50mg)+甲基纳曲酮(0.1mg),组5:他喷他多(50mg)+甲基纳曲酮(1mg)。
图17显示了用不同剂量的甲基纳曲酮对他喷他多诱导的副作用-便秘程度的比较。
Claims (9)
1.包含至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型,所述阿片样物质拮抗剂选自纳洛酮、纳曲酮、纳美芬、甲基纳曲酮;其中在900 ml SGF/SIF组合中在100 rpm和37℃下用USP II型桨式装置测量时,该剂型显示了溶出曲线,从而8%他喷他多在两小时后释放,22%他喷他多在4小时后释放,48%他喷他多在8小时后释放,70%他喷他多在12小时后释放,78%他喷他多在16小时后释放,且不少于80 %他喷他多在20小时后释放。
2.如权利要求1的剂型,其中所述拮抗剂为纳洛酮。
3.如权利要求1的剂型,其中其中所述拮抗剂为纳曲酮。
4.如权利要求1的剂型,其中所述拮抗剂为纳美芬。
5.如权利要求1的剂型,其中所述拮抗剂为甲基纳曲酮。
6.如权利要求1-5中任一项所述的剂型,其中所述剂型是用于口服、舌下、肌肉内、皮下、口腔、静脉内或经皮肤施用。
7.一种用于治疗疼痛的剂型,其包含至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂,所述阿片样物质拮抗剂选自纳洛酮、纳曲酮、纳美芬、甲基纳曲酮;其中在900 ml SGF/SIF组合中在100 rpm和37℃下用USP II型桨式装置测量时,该剂型显示了溶出曲线,从而8%他喷他多在两小时后释放,22%他喷他多在4小时后释放,48%他喷他多在8小时后释放,70%他喷他多在12小时后释放,78%他喷他多在16小时后释放,且不少于80 %他喷他多在20小时后释放。
8.如权利要求7所述的剂型,其中所述剂型是用于口服、舌下、肌肉内、皮下、口腔、静脉内或经皮肤施用。
9.至少一种形式的他喷他多和至少一种阿片样物质拮抗剂在制备治疗患者疼痛的药物剂型中的应用。
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111346078A (zh) * | 2018-12-21 | 2020-06-30 | 宜昌人福药业有限责任公司 | 一种他喷他多或其药学上可接受的盐经鼻粘膜给药的药物组合物及其制备方法和应用 |
| CN111346078B (zh) * | 2018-12-21 | 2022-06-10 | 宜昌人福药业有限责任公司 | 一种他喷他多或其药学上可接受的盐经鼻粘膜给药的药物组合物及其制备方法和应用 |
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