CN104206399A - 吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球及其制备方法 - Google Patents
吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球及其制备方法。采用超声乳化-挥发法制备,以聚酯类为载体,阿拉伯胶为分散剂,制备实心球状纳米微球。制备的纳米微球载药量为5.0%~30%,包埋率为65%~90%,体积中径约0.6μm。本发明所述的吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球兼具有快速释放及缓释功能,持效期低于常规微球而高于乳油。本发明制备的纳米微球经过二次加工成常规剂型,可用于叶面喷雾防治各种作物的病害。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于农药领域,涉及一种农药新剂型,具体的涉及一种吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球及其制备方法。
背景技术
常规剂型农药喷雾使用的有效利用率仅为20%~30%,大多数农药有效成分流失到大气、土壤、水体等环境中,不仅污染了环境,而且造成很大的浪费。因此,开发出安全、环境友好、持效期长、降低污染环境的农药新剂型是未来农药剂型的发展方向之一。
微球(Microspheres或Microbeads)是近年来发展起来的具缓释功能的农药新剂型,是以淀粉、壳聚糖、聚乳酸、明胶等高分子材料为载体制备的球状制剂,微球中的药物分散或包埋在材料中而形成均匀球状实体(实心球),是一类均相分散体系,微球粒径大小一般为0.3~300μm,直径小于1μm的微球称为纳米微球(Nanospheres)或毫微球。常见的微球有以明胶、阿拉伯胶等天然高分子材料通过乳化交联制备的明胶微球、以白蛋白为载体利用干燥法或喷雾干燥等方法制备的白蛋白微球、由淀粉水解再经乳化聚合等制备的淀粉微球、通过乳化-溶剂挥发法制备的聚酯类微球。微球所用的高分子载体材料一般均可生物降解,环境相容性友好,随着载体的降解,其有效成分可完全释放,农药利用率高。因此,微球制剂目前在农药中成为研究的热点,国外开发二溴磷聚碳酸酯微球、舞毒蛾性诱素聚砜微球、涕灭威羧甲基纤维素微球、氟草敏乙基纤维素微球、啶虫脒聚乳酸/聚己内酯微球等。国内开发了阿维菌素聚乳酸微球、阿维菌素明胶微球、多杀菌素聚乳酸微球、毒死蜱聚乳酸微球等。
吡唑醚菌酯是由德国巴斯夫公司于1993年开发的兼具吡唑结构的甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂。它通过阻止细胞色素bc1间电子传递而抑制线粒体呼吸作用,使线粒体不能产生和提供细胞正常代谢所需要的能量(ATP),最终导致细胞死亡。吡唑醚菌酯具有较强的抑制病菌孢子萌发能力,对叶片内菌丝生长有很好的抑制作用,其持效期较长,并且具有潜在的治疗活性。吡唑醚菌酯具有保护、治疗作用,并具内吸传导性和耐雨水冲刷性能,且应用范围广泛。该药可用于小麦、花生、水稻、蔬菜、果树、烟草、茶树、观赏植物、草坪等各种作物,防治子囊菌、担子菌、半知菌和卵菌纲真菌引起的叶枯病、叶斑病、黑星病、锈病、白粉病、霜霉病、疫病、炭疽病、疮痂病、褐斑病、立枯病等多种病害。
吡唑醚菌酯现有制剂仅有乳油剂型获得农药登记。而乳油制剂含有大量易挥发的有机溶剂,排放到环境中,不但污染生态环境,而且造成资源浪费;常规农药制剂为速效性,在农作物生长期持效期短,需要多次施药,降低了农药的利用率,增加了农药施用量和劳动力成本。一般微球的粒径为微米级,具有较长的缓释时间,其缺陷为速效性较差,而纳米微球由于粒径为纳米级,释放速度比常规微球快,但其持效期比常规的微球短,而高于常规的乳油制剂,兼具有速效和缓释作用。因此,吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球可用于叶面喷雾防治作物病害,达到及时防治病害并能保护作物在一定的时间内免受病原菌的侵入。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种以吡唑醚菌酯为有效成分的纳米微球制剂。
本发明的另一目的是提供所述该纳米微球的制备方法。
该微球包括有效成分按重量计为吡唑醚菌酯5.0%~41.0%,优选为10.0%~20.0%,以及由高分子聚合物载体组成。有效成分溶于非水溶剂以超声乳化方式分散于含分散剂的水相中制备。
适合的载体选自聚乳酸、聚碳酸酯和聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物。
适合的分散剂选自明胶、阿拉伯胶、聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素、木质素磺酸钠、木质素磺酸钙、聚丙烯酸钠等,优选阿拉伯胶。
适合的非水溶剂选自二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷。
本发明所述的纳米微球采用本领域已知的方式制备,如乳化-溶剂挥发法。但由于一般乳化分散难于提供纳米级的油珠颗粒,本制备方法采用超声乳化来制备纳米微球。
该纳米微球的制备方法为吡唑醚菌酯和高分子化合物载体溶解于非水溶剂中形成油相,然后将它缓慢滴加到含有分散剂的水相中,快速搅拌,并超声乳化形成O/W乳液,旋转蒸发有机溶剂,离心、洗涤、冷冻干燥,即获得吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球。
适合的靶标作物是小麦、玉米、高粱等粮食作物,棉花、麻类、大豆、花生等经济作物,番茄、茄子、辣椒、莴苣、芹菜、甘蓝、菜豆、蚕豆、豇豆、豌豆等蔬菜作物,黄瓜、南瓜、西瓜等葫芦科作物,烟草、马铃薯等茄科作物,苹果、柑橘、梨、桃、葡萄、香蕉、草莓等果树作物。
适合用于防治黄瓜白粉病、霜霉病,西瓜炭疽病,香蕉黑星病、叶斑病、炭疽病,葡萄霜霉病、炭疽病、白粉病,番茄和马铃薯的早疫病、晚疫病、白粉病和叶枯病,麦类叶枯病、颖枯病、叶锈病、条锈病、叶枯病、网纹病、斑枯病、云纹病,玉米大斑病等病害。
施用本发明的纳米微球的优选方法是经过二次加工成纳米微球悬浮剂进行叶面喷雾防治作物病害,根据防治对象发生情况确定适宜的用量,通常施药量是50~250g a.i./hm2,果树施药剂量为100~300mg/kg。
具体实施方式
本发明用下列实施例进行说明,但不限制本发明的范围。
实施例1:17.2%吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球的制备
称取适量聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)和吡唑醚菌酯原药加入二氯甲烷中,超声使其完全溶解,配制成含5mg/mL吡唑醚菌酯及20mg/mL PLGA的二氯甲烷溶液。在磁力搅拌下,按油水比1∶4,把溶解聚合物与原药的二氯甲烷溶液滴加到2%(W/V)阿拉伯胶水溶液中,快速搅拌5min。将混合液超声破碎54S(99W,每次2s,间隔8s),得到O/W的乳状液,旋转蒸发15min去除有机溶剂,最后在9000r/min离心15min,倒掉上清液,离心后的沉淀物用去离子水洗涤3遍,冷冻干燥,即得吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球。其包埋率是89.74%,载药量17.2%,粒径0.59μm。
按照与实施例1相同的步骤,可以制备以下实施例。
实施例2:40.5%吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球的制备
PLGA、吡唑醚菌酯的浓度均为20mg/mL,水相为2%阿拉伯胶水溶液,其他制备方法同实施例1。制备的微球载药量为40.5%,包埋率为76%,体积中径为0.57μm。可见提高吡唑醚菌酯的用量,可以制备高载药量的纳米微球。
实施例3:24.2%吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球的制备
载体为聚碳酸酯,浓度为20mg/mL,吡唑醚菌酯的浓度为10mg/mL,水相为2%阿拉伯胶水溶液,其他制备方法同实施例1。制备的微球载药量为24.2%,包埋率为69%,体积中径为0.58μm。
实施例4:7.8%吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球的制备
载体为聚乳酸,浓度为20mg/mL,吡唑醚菌酯的浓度为2.5mg/mL,水相为2%阿拉伯胶水溶液,其他制备方法同实施例1。制备的微球载药量为7.8%,包埋率为66.7%,体积中径为0.58μm。
生物测定实施例
生物测定选择棉花枯萎病菌为菌株,以马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基培养病菌,采用菌丝生长速率法进行室内毒力测定,以250g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油作为对照,每个处理3个重复。分别于接菌后第3、6、9、12、15、18d,采用十字交叉法调查每个处理的菌落直径,并计算抑菌率,进行毒力方程回归,计算LC50及相关系数,室内毒力测定结果见表1。由表1可知,纳米微球对菌丝的抑制速效性明显低于乳油,处理后第3天,纳米微球的LC50为135.1mg/mL,而乳油为5.756mg/mL,乳油的毒力是纳米微球的23.5倍。随着处理时间的延长,纳米微球的缓释性能逐渐显现出来,表现在抑制菌丝生长的能力越来越强。由于处理后第18天乳油的回归方程相关性较低,而纳米微球的数据缺少50%以下的抑制率,故以处理后第15天的数据来比较,纳米微球LC50为17.24mg/mL,而乳油的LC50为175.9mg/mL,其纳米微球毒力是乳油的10倍,缓释效应非常明显。而在处理后的第9天,两种制剂的LC50值相当,表明乳油的毒力降低与纳米微球的累积释放达到相当水平。纳米微球随着时间的延长,其LC50值表现有较大的差异,表明缓释并不是匀速释放,而是有差异的,而乳油随着时间的延长,其LC50值逐渐增大,表明毒力随着时间的延长而降低,而且降低的非常明显。表2、3为乳油及纳米微球对棉花枯萎病菌的抑制率。
表1 吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球对棉花枯萎病菌的室内生测结果
表2 250g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油对棉花枯萎病菌的抑制率
表3 吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球对棉花枯萎病菌的抑制率
本发明的吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球及其制备方法已经通过具体的实施例进行了描述。本领域技术人员可以借鉴本发明的内容适当改变原料、工艺条件等来实现相应的其他目的,其相关改变都没有脱离本发明的内容,所有类似的替换和改动对于本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的,都被视为包括在本发明的范围之内。
Claims (8)
1.一种吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球,其特征是吡唑醚菌酯载药量按重量百分比计为5.0%~41.0%,优选为10.0~20.0%,以及由高分子聚合物载体组成。有效成分溶于非水溶剂以超声乳化方式分散于含分散剂的水相中制备。
2.根据权利要求1所述的吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球,其特征是:载体为合成高分子聚乳酸、聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物和聚碳酸酯。
3.根据权利要求1~2所述的吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球,其特征是高分子载体在油相体系中重量体积浓度为20mg/mL,其中吡唑醚菌酯与高分子载体按重量计比例为1∶1~1∶16,优选为1∶4。
4.根据权利要求1所述的吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球,其特征是:非水溶剂为二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷。
5.根据权利要求1所述的吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球,其特征是:分散剂选自明胶、阿拉伯胶、羧甲基纤维素、木质素磺酸钠、木质素磺酸钙、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸钠,优选阿拉伯胶。
6.根据权利要求5所述的吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球,其特征是阿拉伯胶水溶液的重量体积比浓度为1.0%~2.0%,优选为2.0%。
7.根据权利要求1所述的吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球,其特征是:油相:水相的比例以体积计为1∶2~1∶8,优选为1∶4。
8.根据权利要求1所述的吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球,其制备步骤为:
(1)超声乳化:磁力搅拌下,将油相滴加到水相中,混匀5min,将混合液超声破碎54S(99W,每次2s,间隔8s)形成均相O/W乳液。
(2)旋转挥发:将制备的乳液在旋转蒸发仪上旋蒸15min,除去非水有机溶剂。
(3)高速离心:在9000r/min下离心15min,除去上清液。
(4)去离子水洗涤、冷冻干燥:离心后的沉淀物用去离子水洗涤3次,在冷冻下进行干燥,即得微球。
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